Why fish are better at breathing than you are - Dan Kwartler

532,098 views ใƒป 2024-07-09

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jinsol Song ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:07
In 2019, Eliud Kipchoge finished a Vienna marathon
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2019๋…„ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ํ‚ต์ดˆ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋น„์—”๋‚˜ ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค์—์„œ
00:11
in one hour, 59 minutes, and 40 seconds.
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1์‹œ๊ฐ„ 59๋ถ„ 40์ดˆ ๋งŒ์— ์™„์ฃผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
This staggering time broke the two-hour barrier
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2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊นจํŠธ๋ฆฐ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:19
that most runners previously deemed impossible.
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:23
However, some researchers weren't as surprised.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋†€๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Recent studies investigating if humans could maintain such a high pace
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
00:31
for the length of a marathon had found that elite runners
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์‹ค๋ ฅ ์ข‹์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด
00:35
can take in twice as much oxygen as non-runners.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ์„ญ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
And itโ€™s likely that this superhuman ability played a role in Eliudโ€™s victory.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดˆ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—˜๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์ฃ .
00:44
But when it comes to breathing efficiently,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ธํก ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”
00:47
not even the best runners in the world can compete with the average fish.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ผ๋„ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
Thatโ€™s rightโ€” youโ€™re looking at some of the best breathers on Earth;
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ˜ธํก์„ ์ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
which actually makes sense when you consider how little oxygen there is
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์ˆ˜์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ ์€์ง€๋ฅผ
01:02
in their aquatic environments.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ง์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
01:04
Fish can breathe in a variety of ways,
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธํกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:07
but the most common is through the use of gills.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
These branching organs typically come in four pairs,
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง„ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ค ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ
01:14
all enclosed in gill chambers.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
These chambers are protected by opercle, or gill covers,
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์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋ฐฉ์€ ์•„๊ฐ๋”ฑ์ง€, ์ฆ‰, ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:22
which are just as essential to underwater breathing as the gills themselves.
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์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค‘ํ˜ธํก์— ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:27
When most fish take a breath,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ด ๋•Œ,
01:29
they first close these covers and take a gulp of water.
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์šฐ์„  ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ซ์€ ํ›„ ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ ๋งˆ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Then, they open their opercle,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์•„๊ฐ๋”ฑ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด์„œ
01:35
creating a pressure differential that pulls water through the gills,
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์••๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
which are composed of thread-like filaments spaced evenly along a gill arch.
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์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ์•„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋œ
์‹ค ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:46
These filaments are covered in countless small blood vessels called capillaries,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
01:52
in addition to tiny extensions known as gill lamellae
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๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์ธต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
01:56
which further increase the gillโ€™s surface area.
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์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋„“์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
When water passes over these capillaries,
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๋ฌผ์ด ์ด ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ,
02:02
the membrane is thin enough for the fishโ€™s red blood cells
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๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์กฐ์ง๋ง‰์ด ์–‡์€ ๋•์— ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
02:07
to pull dissolved oxygen from the water into the bloodstream.
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๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
And just like when we breathe with our lungs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ๋กœ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ด ๋•Œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
02:14
this process releases carbon dioxide,
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:17
which passes out into the water through the open gill cover.
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์—ด๋ฆฐ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌผ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์ง€์š”.
02:21
This technique only works underwaterโ€”
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค‘์—์„œ๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:24
on the surface, the pressure differential created by opening and closing gill covers
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๋ฌผ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋‹ซ์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€
02:29
isnโ€™t strong enough to pull in sufficient air.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ผ ๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:32
But under the surface, itโ€™s remarkably efficient.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Inside the lamellae, blood flows in the opposite direction to the water,
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์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์ธต ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ,
02:40
creating a counter-current system that optimizes gas exchange.
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๊ตํ™˜์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
In fact, gills can absorb roughly 75% of the oxygen passing through them;
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋Š”
์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์•ฝ 75% ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
thatโ€™s twice the percentage of oxygen our lungs extract from a breath of air.
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์ด๋Š” ํ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ด๋งˆ์‹ค ๋•Œ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:58
Fish also breathe much more frequently than we do.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ํ˜ธํกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
The average adult human breathes 12 to 18 times a minute,
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ํ‰๊ท  ์„ฑ์ธ์€ ๋ถ„๋‹น 12ํšŒ์—์„œ 18ํšŒ ์ •๋„ ํ˜ธํก์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:06
while most fish pull water over their gills
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:09
anywhere from 20 to 80 times a minute.
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๋ถ„๋‹น 20ํšŒ์—์„œ 80ํšŒ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Those numbers would raise even a marathonerโ€™s eyebrows.
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๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ์„ ์ˆ˜๋งˆ์ €๋„ ๋†€๋ž„ ๋งŒํ•œ ํšŸ์ˆ˜์ด์ฃ .
03:16
Thanks to this fast, frequent, and efficient breathing
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ , ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ณ , ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ˜ธํก ๋•๋ถ„์—
03:20
fish process far more oxygen than we do.
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
It's also why some species can live at great depths.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ด์ข…์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:27
Bodies of water get most of their oxygen from the surface,
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์ˆ˜์—ญ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:31
where O2 dissolves into the water and begins circulating.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ O2๋Š” ๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์•„ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:36
But further down, there are oxygen minimum zones,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๊ทน์†Œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
with concentrations as low as 0.5 milligrams of oxygen per liter.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋‹น 0.5 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
To get the oxygen they need,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
03:47
fish living at these depths rely on increased gill ventilation
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:51
and hearts that pump high volumes of oxygenated blood throughout the body.
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๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
Even with these tricks, sometimes there's still not enough oxygen to go around,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
forcing fish to adapt more extreme solutions.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:06
For example, the Australian lungfish lives in a habitat
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ํ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์€
04:10
where the water level drops precipitously in August and September,
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8์›”-9์›”์— ์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:15
making it almost impossible to survive with gills alone.
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์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ์กด์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Fortunately, these fish have gills and lungs.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์™€ ํ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Using their long, thin limbs,
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š๋‹ค๋ž€ ํŒ”๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
04:25
they can lift their mouths above the surface and take deep breaths of air,
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์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์œ„๋กœ ์ž…์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์€ ์ฑ„ ๊นŠ์€ ์ˆจ์„ ๋งˆ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์จ
04:31
allowing them to survive out of the water for several days.
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๋ฌผ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:35
And other species of lungfish can survive above ground even longer
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ์–ด์ข…์€ ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:40
in cocoons of mud and mucus.
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์ง„ํ™๊ณผ ์ ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์ธ ๊ณ ์น˜์†์—์„œ ๋ฒ„ํŒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Fortunately, for most fish these extreme adaptations arenโ€™t necessary.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์–ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ ์‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
After all, 71% of Earth is covered in H2O,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ 71%๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
04:53
giving these aquatic animals plenty of room to flaunt their gillsโ€™ skills.
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์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฝ๋‚ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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