How bees help plants have sex - Fernanda S. Valdovinos

173,953 views ใƒป 2014-06-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:11
Bees are very busy little matchmakers.
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืกื•ืงื•ืช.
00:14
Wingmen in every sense of the word.
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ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”.
00:17
You see, the bees' side of the whole "birds and the bees" business
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
00:20
is to help plants find mates and reproduce.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:23
In their work as pollinators,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืžืื‘ื™ืงื•ืช,
00:26
honeybees are integral to the production
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ
00:28
of nearly 1/3 of the food that we eat.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 1/3 ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
00:31
And these bees,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
00:33
dutifully helping lonely plants have sex,
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงืก,
00:35
aren't alone.
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ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
00:37
But rather are part of a very complex network
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ืืœื ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
00:40
of matchmaking creatures,
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ื,
00:41
critical for the pollination of natural ecosystems and crops.
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
00:46
Plants in many natural ecosystems need help to have sex.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงืก.
00:51
Like many of us, they're too busy to find a relationship.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื”ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
00:54
They have too much photosynthesis to do,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
00:56
and they can't find the time to evolve feet
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื
00:58
and walk to a singles bar.
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ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืจ ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื.
01:00
Those places are called meat markets for a reason,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืฉื•ืงื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
01:03
because plants can't walk.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช.
01:05
So they need matchmaker pollinators
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ืื– ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ื
01:07
to transport their pollen grains
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ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:09
to flowers of the same plant species,
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ืœืคืจื—ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—,
01:11
and they pay these pollinators with food.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:14
Today, around 170,000 plant species
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 170,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
01:18
receive pollination services
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืื‘ืงื”
01:20
from more than 200,000 pollinator species.
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ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 200,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื.
01:24
Pollinators include many species of bees,
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ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
01:26
butterflies, moths, flies, wasps, beetles, even birds and bats,
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ืคืจืคืจื™ื, ืขืฉื™ื, ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฆืจืขื•ืช, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื,
01:33
who together help pollinate many species of trees,
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ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ืื‘ื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื,
01:36
shrubs and other flowering plants.
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ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:39
In return, flowering plants are an abundant and diverse food source for pollinators.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืคืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื.
01:45
For instance, fossil records suggest
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื
01:47
bees may have evolved from wasps that gave up hunting
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ืฉื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืฆืจืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“
01:50
after they acquired a taste for nectar.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื›ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื ืงื˜ืจ.
01:53
Plant pollinator networks are everywhere.
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
01:56
Ecologists record these networks in the field
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ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชืขื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืฉื“ื”
01:59
by observing which pollinators visit which plants,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:03
or by analyzing the identity of pollen loads on their bodies.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:07
Networks, registered in these ways,
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช, ืฉื ืจืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•,
02:09
contain from 20 to 800 species.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ 800 ืžื™ื ื™ื.
02:12
These networks show a repeated structure, or architecture.
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ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืจืื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืื• ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”.
02:16
Pollinators interact with plants in a very heterogenous way.
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ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช.
02:20
Most plants are specialists,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื,
02:22
they have only one or a few matchmakers.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืง ืžืฉื“ืš ืื—ื“ ืื• ืžืขื˜ื™ื.
02:25
Meanwhile, only a few generalist plants
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื
02:27
hire a diverse team of matchmakers,
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ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ื,
02:30
getting visits from almost all the pollinators of the network.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช.
02:34
The same occurs with pollinators.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื.
02:36
Most are specialists that feed on only a few plant species,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืจืง ืžื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:40
while a few pollinators, including the honeybee usually,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
02:43
are generalists, busily feeding from and matchmaking for
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ื”ื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื, ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื“ื—ืชื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื“ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ
02:47
almost all the plant species in that ecosystem.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ื.
02:51
What's interesting is that specialists and generalists
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื
02:54
across both plants and pollinators,
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ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื,
02:57
sort themselves out in a particular pattern.
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ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
02:59
Most pollinator networks, for which we have data, are nested.
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ืจื•ื‘ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื, ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข, ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืช.
03:04
In a nested network, specialists tend to interact more
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ืžืงื•ื ื ืช, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:07
with generalists than with other specialists.
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ืขื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:10
This is because if you're a specialist plant,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืืชื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื,
03:13
and your only matchmaker also specializes on you
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ื•ื”ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ื
03:16
as its only food source,
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™,
03:18
you're each more vulnerable to extinction.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
03:20
So, you're better off specializing on a generalist pollinator
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ืื–, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื
03:24
that has other sources of food
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื
03:26
to ensure its persistence in bad years.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืจืขื•ืช.
03:29
The same goes if you're a specialist pollinator.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื.
03:32
You're better off in the long run
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš
03:34
specializing on a generalist plant
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ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื
03:37
that gets pollinated by other species
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ืฉืžื•ืื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:39
in times when you're not around to help.
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
03:41
Finally, in addition to nestedness,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื™ื ื•ืŸ,
03:44
the networks are usually modular.
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ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
03:46
This means that the species in a network
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช
03:48
are compartmentalized into modules of plants and animals
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ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:52
that interact more with each other
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ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™
03:54
than with species in other modules.
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ืžืขื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:56
Think of them like social cliques.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืงืœื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
03:58
A plant or pollinator dying off
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ืฆืžื— ืื• ืžืื‘ื™ืง ืฉืžืช
04:01
will effect the species in its module,
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ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
04:03
but those effects will be less severe on the rest of the network.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืจืฉืช.
04:07
Why's all that important?
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ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
04:08
Because plant pollinator network structure effects the stability of ecosystems.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื ื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
04:13
Heterogeneous distribution, nestedness and modularity
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ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช, ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
04:17
enable networks to better prevent and respond to extinctions.
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช.
04:22
That's critical because nature is never static.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
04:25
Some species may not show up every year.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
04:28
Plants flower at different times.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:30
Pollinators mature on varying schedules.
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ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:33
Generalist pollinators have to adapt their preferences
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ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:36
depending on who's flowering when.
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ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ ืคื•ืจื— ืžืชื™.
04:39
So from one flowering season to the next,
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ืื– ืžืขื•ื ืช ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช,
04:41
the participants and patterns of matchmaking
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ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื•ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ื
04:44
can drastically change.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช.
04:46
With all those variables,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:47
you can understand the importance of generalist pollinators,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื,
04:50
like bees, to the stability of not only a crop harvest,
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื,
04:53
but the entire network of plants and pollinators
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ืืœื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื
04:56
we see in nature, and rely on for life.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžื—ื™ื”.
04:59
Next time you see a bee fly by,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืคื”,
05:02
remember that it belongs to a complex network of matchmakers
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืจืฉืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ื
05:05
critical to the love lives of plants all around you.
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ืฉืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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