The pleasure of poetic pattern - David Silverstein

998,333 views ใƒป 2016-06-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Just for a moment,
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ืจืง ืœืจื’ืข,
00:08
focus on your breath.
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื.
00:10
In slowly.
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ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืื˜.
00:12
Out slowly.
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ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืื˜.
00:13
In slowly.
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ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืื˜.
00:15
Out.
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ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
00:16
The same pattern repeats within every one of us
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ืื•ืชื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
00:19
and consider your pulse.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืง.
00:21
The beat is built into the very fabric of our being.
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ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืืจื’ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:25
Simply put, we're creatures of rhythm and repetition.
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ื‘ืชืื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืจื”.
00:29
It's central to our experience,
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ื–ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:31
rhythm and repetition,
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ืžืงืฆื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืจื”,
00:33
rhythm and repetition.
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ืžืงืฆื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืจื”.
00:35
On, and in,
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ื”ืœืื”, ื•ืคื ื™ืžื”,
00:36
and on, and out.
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ื•ื”ืœืื”, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
00:38
And we delight in those aspects everyday,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
00:41
in the rhythm of a song,
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ,
00:42
the beat of the drum,
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ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคื™ื,
00:44
the nod of your head,
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ื”ื”ื ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:45
or in the repetition of soup cans,
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ืื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืžืจืง,
00:47
the rows of an orchard,
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืก,
00:49
the artistry of petals.
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ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช.
00:51
Pattern can be pleasure.
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ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืขื•ื ื’.
00:53
In language, rhythm and repetition are often used
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ื‘ืฉืคื”, ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
00:56
as the building blocks for poetry.
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ื›ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื”.
00:59
There's the rhythm of language,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื”,
01:01
created by syllables and their emphasis,
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:04
such as, "So long as men can breathe or eyes can see."
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ื›ืžื•, "ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉื ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืจื•ืื”."
01:09
And there's the repetition of language at multiple levels:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช:
01:13
the repetition of letters,
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ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
01:14
"So long lives this and this gives life to thee,"
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"ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ื•ืขื ื–ื”ื‘ ื–ื”ืจื”."
01:18
of sounds,
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ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื,
01:19
"breathe," "see," "thee,"
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"ืขืชื™ื," "ืจืงื™ืข," "ืžื“ื™,"
01:21
and of words.
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ื•ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
01:23
With so many uses, repetition is one of the poet's most malleable
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื, ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื
01:27
and reliable tools.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
01:29
It can lift or lull the listener,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ืžื ืื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืื–ื™ืŸ,
01:31
amplify or diminish the line,
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื• ืœืขืžืขื ืืช ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”,
01:34
unify or diversify ideas.
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ืœืื—ื“ ืื• ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:37
In fact, even rhythm itself,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžื•,
01:39
a repeated pattern of stressed syllables,
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ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื•ืช,
01:42
is a form of repetition.
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ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื”.
01:44
Yet for all its varied uses,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:46
too much repetition can backfire.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืžืจื ื’.
01:48
Imagine writing the same sentence on the blackboard twenty times,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ืขืฉืจื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื,
01:53
again, and again, and again, and again,
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
01:55
or imagine a young child clamoring for her mother's attention,
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ืื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื”,
01:59
"Mom, mom, mommy, mom, mom."
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"ืืžื, ืืžื, ืื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืืžื, ืืžื."
02:03
Not exactly what we might call poetry.
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ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืฉื™ืจื”.
02:06
So what is poetic repetition, and why does it work?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช?
02:09
Possibly most familiar is rhyme,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื™ื–ื”,
02:12
the repetition of like sounds in word endings.
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ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
02:15
As with Shakespeare's example,
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ื›ืžื• ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ,
02:17
we often encounter rhyme at the ends of lines.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช.
02:20
Repetition in this way creates an expectation.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื”.
02:23
We begin to listen for the repetition of those similar sounds.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:27
When we hear them, the found pattern is pleasurable.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ืžืขื ื’ืช.
02:31
Like finding Waldo in the visual chaos,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืืคื™ ื‘ื›ืื•ืก ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™,
02:33
we hear the echo in the oral chatter.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™.
02:36
Yet, rhyme need not surface solely at a line's end.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ืจื”.
02:41
Notice the strong "i" sound in,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื”"ืื™" ื”ื—ื–ืง,
02:43
"So long lives this and this gives life to thee."
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ื‘"ืขืชื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ืจืงื™ืข ื—ืžื” ืžื“ื™,"
02:47
This repetition of vowel sounds is called assonance
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ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื”ื•"ื™ ื ืงืจืืช ื—ืจื•ื– ืฆืœื™ืœื™
02:50
and can also be heard in Eminem's "Lose Yourself."
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืœื•ื– ื™ื•ืจืกืœืฃ" ืฉืœ ืืžื™ื ื.
02:53
Notice how the "e" and "o" sounds repeat both within in
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”"ื" ื•ื” "ืื•" ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš
02:57
and at the end of each line:
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” [ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช]:
02:59
"Oh, there goes gravity,
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"ืื•, ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
03:01
Oh, there goes rabbit, he choked,
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ืื•, ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ืืจื ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื ืง,
03:03
he so mad but he won't give up that easy,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื•ืขืก ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
03:05
no, he won't have it,
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ืœื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”,
03:06
he knows his whole back's to these ropes."
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”."
03:09
The alternating assonance creates its own rhythm,
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ื”ื—ืจื•ื– ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืงืฆื‘ ืžืฉืœื•,
03:12
and invites us to try our own voices in echoing it.
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ื•ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
03:15
Similarly, consonance is the repetition of like consonant sounds,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืงื•ื ืกื•ื ื ืก ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
03:20
such as the "l" and "th" in,
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ื›ืžื• ื” "ืจ",
03:22
"So long lives this and this gives life to thee."
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ื‘"ืจื•ื—-ืกืขืจ ืžืจืขื™ื“ื” ืคืจื—ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืจื™ืช,"
03:26
In fact, this type of specific consonance,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ื ื ืก ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื [ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™]
03:28
which occurs at the beginning of words
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03:31
may be familiar to you already.
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03:33
It's called alliteration, or front rhyme.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื• ืžืงืฆื‘ ืงื“ืžื™.
03:36
Great examples include tongue twisters.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ.
03:38
Betty bought some butter but the butter was bitter
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ืฉืจื” ืฉืจื” ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžื— ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžื— ืฉืจื” ืฉืจื”
03:41
so Betty bought some better butter to make the bitter butter better.
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ื’ื ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืœ ื“ื’ืŸ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื“ื’ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ืŸ.
03:44
Here, the pleasure in pattern is apparent as we trip over the consonance
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ืคื”, ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกื•ื ื ืก
03:49
both within words and at their start.
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ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:52
Yet tongue twisters also reflect the need for variation in poetic repetition.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช.
03:57
While challenging to say,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื”,
03:58
they're seen by some as lesser imitations of poetry,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื”,
04:02
or gimmicky because they hammer so heavily on the same sounds,
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ืื• ื’ื™ืžื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื,
04:06
closer to that blackboard-style of repetition.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืœื•ื—.
04:09
Ultimately, this is the poet's balancing act,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืื–ืŸ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“
04:12
learning when to repeat
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ืžืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
04:13
and when to riff,
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ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื,
04:15
when to satisfy expectations,
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ืžืชื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช,
04:17
and when to thwart them,
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ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ,
04:19
and in that balance, it may be enough to remember
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
04:21
we all live in a world of wild variation
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื
04:25
and carry with us our own breath and beat,
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ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:27
our own repetition wherever we go.
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ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ืœืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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