How to biohack your cells to fight cancer - Greg Foot

1,279,065 views ใƒป 2019-04-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Ok, so you,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืืชื
00:08
are a 4 billion year old meat robot.
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ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืŸ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:11
Yeah, you heard me right.
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ื›ืŸ, ืฉืžืขืชื ืื•ืชื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:13
In fact, as you're made of 30-ish trillion cells,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื› 30 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื,
00:16
and each of those have their own task,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉืœื•,
00:18
you're a robot made of trillions of mini robots-
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ืืชื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื -
00:22
you are a mega-meat-bot!
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ืืชื ืžื’ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉืจ!
00:25
And your mission, for the past 4 billion years or so-
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš --
00:27
and for as long as you keep playing this game of life-
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ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื—ื™ื™ื --
00:30
is to safeguard the code.
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ื–ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื“.
00:32
To duplicate it. To pass it on.
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ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืื•ืชื•. ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
00:35
The thing is, you're rubbish at copying your own code.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
00:38
Every time it's copied, errors crop up.
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขืชืง, ืฆืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:41
Not good when an error makes a robot worse at surviving,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืœืฉื•ืจื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช,
00:45
but sometimes a mistake helps them survive...
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“...
00:48
and they pass that glitch in the code on-
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ื•ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื”ืœืื” --
00:50
that's evolution in a nutshell, right?
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ื–ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:53
Which means you're not the result of some fancy design, I'm afraid.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ, ืœืฆืขืจื™.
00:56
You're a result of billions of years of bad copies.
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ืืชื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืชืงื”.
01:00
Go you.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื›ื.
01:01
Another reason you're not totally awesome
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืืชื ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
01:03
is because that megabot of yours often breaks down.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื’ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœ.
01:07
Fortunately,
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01:07
cardiologists, immunologists, microbiologists- all the "ists"-
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ,
ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื -- ื›ืœ ื”"ืœื•ื’ื™ื" --
01:11
have spent centuries figuring out our sensors and wiring
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ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•
01:15
so if something does go wrong, they can usually fix it.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชืงืœืงืœ, ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:18
Where they struggle, though, is when the machinery turns on itself-
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืคื•ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืขืฆืžื” -
01:22
when a copying error leads a cell to start dividing uncontrollably,
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ื›ืฉื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืชืงื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืชื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
01:26
to grow and multiply into a tumor.
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ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
01:29
That's cancer.
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ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:30
And sadly, even with the might of our modern medicine,
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
01:33
some cancers evade treatment.
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ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชื—ืžืงื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
01:37
But this is where a new band of biologists step into the story:
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื” ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ:
01:40
The "Synthetic Biologists."
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ื”"ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื."
01:42
These biohackers are mashing up science, medicine and engineering
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ื”ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืืงืจื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”
01:46
to rewrite the code and fix the un-fixable.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
01:51
Biohackers are going into a patient's genetic code
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ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืืงืจื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
01:53
and reprogramming their own immune system
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ื•ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
01:56
to recognize cancer cells and destroy them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื.
01:59
It's called CAR T-cell therapy, and it's awesome.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ CAR T ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:03
See, you're constantly under attack by pathogens-
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื -
02:06
single-celled bacteria, viruses and fungi.
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:09
Despite deciding, back in the day,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
02:11
to stay solo and not 'avengers assemble' like you did,
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ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืฅ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื,
02:14
those pathogens see you, in all your mega-meat-bot glory,
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ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืชื›ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื’ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:18
as a fortress ripe for the plundering.
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ื›ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื–ื™ื–ื”.
02:21
Thankfully, you've got a security team in place to battle these invaders-
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื --
02:25
your immune system-
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื -
02:26
and some of it's top guards are your white blood cells.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:30
They trawl the darkness that is your inner space,
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ื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
02:32
checking the IDs of any cells they pass...
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ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ...
02:35
although they're not name badges,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืชื’ื™ ืฉื,
02:37
but rather protein fragments on the cell's surface called antigens.
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ืืœื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื.
02:41
There are two types of these guards: T-cells and B-cells.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•: ืชืื™ T ื•ืชืื™ B.
02:45
T-cells check those antigen IDs using special claws-
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ืชืื™ T ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืœืชืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช -
02:49
receptors that lock with a particular antigen.
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื ื ืขืœื™ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
02:52
If they find a match, they attach and they release toxic chemicals
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ืื ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืชืืžื”, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื
02:56
that burst open the invading cell's membrane.
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ืฉืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ.
02:59
Their B-cell workmates create antibodies-
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ืชืื™ B ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื -
03:01
loads of small proteins,
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
03:03
little claws that latch perfectly onto a particular antigen,
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ื˜ืคืจื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืขืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
03:07
marking them for destruction.
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ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื”.
03:12
These two comrades have got your back
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื
03:14
and your immune system is brilliant at spotting and fighting pathogens
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื
03:17
that invade from outside.
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ืฉืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
03:20
However,
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03:20
they're not so good at spotting your own cells that have gone rogue.
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ืขื ื–ืืช,
ื”ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืืชืจ ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช.
03:24
The antigens on cancerous cells don't look weird,
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจ,
03:27
they look a lot like your own cells,
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
03:29
and the T's and B's aren't programmed to attack them.
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ื•ื” T ื•ื” B ืœื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื.
03:33
The usual way to deal with cancer is to try to cut the tumor out,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
03:37
or turn to radiotherapy and then chemotherapy
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ืื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืจื“ื™ื• ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ืื– ืœื›ื™ืžื• ืชืจืคื™ื”
03:40
to destroy or block the growth of cancer cells,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื• ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
03:43
but if it's a blood cancer, if it's floating around your whole body,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื, ืื ื”ื•ื ืฆืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:47
you can't do that.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:49
And if the blood cancer actually starts in your white blood cells-
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ื•ืื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื -
03:53
those key guards in your immune system-
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ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื -
03:55
you'll really struggle to spot it.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืชืชืืžืฆื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
03:58
That's the case with acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขื ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืœื™ืžืคื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ืช ืืงื•ื˜ื™ืช,
04:01
and that's where CAR T-cell therapy is kicking butt.
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ืฉื ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ CAR T ืงื•ืจืขืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”.
04:06
The biohackers are reprogramming a patient's own immune system
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ื”ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืืงืจื™ื ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื•
04:10
to recognize particular antigens- those particular protein fragments-
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื - ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” -
04:14
on the cancer cells.
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ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:17
To do it, you first need millions of a patient's T-cells
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ T ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื
04:21
Then, to get a T-cell to do something different,
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ืื–, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื T ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”,
04:24
you need to replace its normal code with something new,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ,
04:27
something you've designed.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืชื›ื ื ืชื.
04:29
What synthetic biologists can now do with DNA is super cool-
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื DNA ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœ --
04:33
they use a computer to put together their own sequences of bases-
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืจืฆืฃ ืžืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื --
04:37
the chemical letters that spell out the DNA-
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ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื” DNA ืฉืœื ื• --
04:40
then they model what that new genetic code will do on a computer
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืžื“ืœื™ื ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘
04:43
and then make those sequences on a DNA printer-
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขืœ ืžื“ืคืกืช DNA --
04:46
yeah, that's a thing!-
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ! --
04:48
printing not with ink, or with a plastic polymer like in a 3D printer,
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ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ืœื ืขื ื“ื™ื•, ืื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“,
04:51
but with those fundamental building blocks of life,
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ืืœื ืขื ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:54
with those A's and C's and T's and G's.
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ืขื ื” A, ื” C, ื” T ื” G ื”ืืœื”.
04:57
The new code they designed for a T-cell has 3 key instructions:
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ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืชืื™ T ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
05:02
1. It tells it how to recognize and kill a cancer cell.
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1. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืชื ืกืจื˜ื ื™.
05:06
More specifically,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
05:07
how to modify an antibody-
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ืื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ --
05:09
what the B-cells make to latch onto a target antigen.
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ืžื” ืฉืชืื™ B ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืืคืก ืขืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื”.
05:12
The antibody is modified to make a new receptor
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
05:15
that can detect the particular antigens on the specific cancer.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
05:19
2. It tells it to make copies of itself when it finds that cancer cell
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2. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
05:25
and 3. It tells it to survive in the patient's body.
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ื•3. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
05:29
To get this new code into the patient's T-cells,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื• ืœืชืื™ ื” T ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
05:31
you use a vector-
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ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ --
05:33
it's something that will easily infect the T-cell
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืชืื™ T
05:35
and carry that bespoke DNA in with it.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื” DNA ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืชื•.
05:38
And voila! One CAR T-cell.
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ื•ื”ื ื”! ืชื CAR T ืื—ื“.
05:41
The name comes from a fire-breathing monster from Ancient Greece,
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ื”ืฉื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืคืœืฆืช ื™ื•ืจืงืช ืืฉ ืžื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
05:44
that had a lion's head, a goat's body and a serpent's tail.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื”, ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขื– ื•ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉ.
05:48
It was called "Chimera"- a name that has now come to be used
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืื” ื›ื™ืžืจื” - ืฉื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
05:51
for something that contains two or more different types of tissues or cells.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื• ืชืื™ื.
05:56
As this newly engineered cell's genetic code is part T-cell, part antibody,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืชื T, ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ,
06:01
it's a "C"himera and it goes in search of the cancer's "A"ntigen
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ื–ื” "C"ื™ืžืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ "A"ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ
06:04
using its new "R"eceptor.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘"R"ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ.
06:11
Before you put the multiplied up T-cells back into the patient,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื” T ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
06:14
you give them a mild dose of chemotherapy to wipe their existing T-cells.
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ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืชืื™ ื” T ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
06:18
Then you simply reinsert the now modified T-cells-
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ืื– ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืื™ ื” T ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื --
06:22
the CAR T-cells-
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ืชืื™ ื” CAR T --
06:23
and they follow their normal DNA programming to move and search.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื” DNA ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ.
06:27
However, thanks to their new butt-kicking code,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืกืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
06:30
they've changed what they're looking for:
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื:
06:32
they're now on a mission to find the cancerous cells and destroy them.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื.
06:38
Unlike conventional chemical-based drugs
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช
06:40
that get used up or excreted from the body pretty quickly,
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ืฉื ื’ืžืจื•ืช ืื• ื ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
06:43
CAR T-cells are living drugs that stay in the patient's bloodstream for years.
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ืชืื™ CAR T ื”ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
06:48
That's a huge pro.
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ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ.
06:50
The flip side is that they're expensive-
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืงืจื•ืช --
06:53
each CAR T-cell treatment is bespoke to the patient-
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ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ CAR T ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื” --
06:56
and it's more difficult to get them to work with common cancers
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื
06:59
like breast or lung, because you need a specific antigen on the cancer cells
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ ืื• ืจืื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
07:03
for the CAR T-cell to target-
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืื™ CAR T --
07:05
and it's much easier to find that in blood cancers.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื.
07:08
It's still early days, though,
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืขื ื–ืืช,
07:10
and there's an exciting future for CAR T-cell therapy.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ CAR T.
07:13
Researchers like Dr. Martin Pule and his team at UCL,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืจ. ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ UCL,
07:16
are working on improving the leukemia and lymphoma treatments even further,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:21
and there's recently been some promising work on solid cancers.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
07:24
Thanks to CAR T-cell therapy,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ CAR T,
07:26
the survival rate for B acute lymphoblastic leukemia has improved hugely
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืœื™ืžืคื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ืช ืืงื•ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ B ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
07:31
-nearly all patients go into remission-
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-- ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื” --
07:33
which means that leukemia cannot be detected anymore-
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ --
07:36
and most patients stay in remission.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”.
07:39
Biohacking is here,
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ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืืงื™ื ื’ ืคื”,
07:41
and it can reprogram your own genetic code to enable your mega-meat-bot
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื’ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื
07:46
to do things it's never been able to do before!
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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