How to biohack your cells to fight cancer - Greg Foot

1,291,970 views ・ 2019-04-09

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seungmee Yun κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
Ok, so you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
00:08
are a 4 billion year old meat robot.
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40μ–΅ μ‚΄ 먹은 κ³ κΈ° λ‘œλ΄‡μ΄μ—μš”.
00:11
Yeah, you heard me right.
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λ§žμ•„μš”, 잘λͺ» 듀은 κ±° μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
00:13
In fact, as you're made of 30-ish trillion cells,
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사싀, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•½ 30μ‘° 개의 μ„Έν¬λ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ ΈμžˆλŠ”λ°
00:16
and each of those have their own task,
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μ„Έν¬λ§ˆλ‹€ 각자 μž„λ¬΄κ°€ μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆ
00:18
you're a robot made of trillions of mini robots-
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수쑰 개의 μ†Œν˜• λ‘œλ΄‡λ“€λ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ•Όκ² λ„€μš”.
00:22
you are a mega-meat-bot!
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ©”κ°€ κ³ κΈ° λ‘œλ΄‡μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€!
00:25
And your mission, for the past 4 billion years or so-
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μ§€λ‚œ 40μ–΅ μ—¬λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ—λ„ 그랬고
00:27
and for as long as you keep playing this game of life-
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œλ„ 이 생λͺ… κ²Œμž„μ— 계속 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λŠ” ν•œ
00:30
is to safeguard the code.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μž„λ¬΄λŠ” μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ§€ν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
To duplicate it. To pass it on.
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λ³΅μ‚¬ν•΄μ„œ λ¬Όλ €μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
The thing is, you're rubbish at copying your own code.
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그런데 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건, 사싀 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ½”λ“œ 볡사 μ‹€λ ₯이 ν˜•νŽΈμ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
00:38
Every time it's copied, errors crop up.
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볡사할 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ 였λ₯˜κ°€ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
Not good when an error makes a robot worse at surviving,
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였λ₯˜κ°€ λ‘œλ΄‡μ˜ 생쑴을 λ°©ν•΄ν•˜λ©΄ 쒋지 μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
00:45
but sometimes a mistake helps them survive...
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였λ₯˜κ°€ 생쑴에 도움이 λ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
and they pass that glitch in the code on-
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그러면 κ·Έ μ½”λ“œ μ•ˆμ˜ 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό 물렀주게 되죠.
00:50
that's evolution in a nutshell, right?
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ λ§ν•˜λ©΄ 이게 λ°”λ‘œ 진화죠?
00:53
Which means you're not the result of some fancy design, I'm afraid.
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μœ κ°μŠ€λŸ½μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 멋듀어진 μ„€κ³„μ˜ 결과물이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” λœ»μ΄μ—μš”.
00:56
You're a result of billions of years of bad copies.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 년에 걸친 볡사 였λ₯˜μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ¬Όμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
Go you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λ§Œμ„Έ.
01:01
Another reason you're not totally awesome
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ™„μ „ λ©‹μ§€κΈ°λ§Œ ν•œ 건 μ•„λ‹Œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”
01:03
is because that megabot of yours often breaks down.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 즉 메가봇이 자주 λ§κ°€μ§„λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
01:07
Fortunately,
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01:07
cardiologists, immunologists, microbiologists- all the "ists"-
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„
심μž₯병 μ „λ¬Έκ°€, λ©΄μ—­ν•™ μ „λ¬Έκ°€, 미생물 μ „λ¬Έκ°€ λ“±λ“± 이런 전문가듀이
01:11
have spent centuries figuring out our sensors and wiring
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μˆ˜μ„ΈκΈ°μ— 걸쳐 우리의 감지 μž₯μΉ˜μ™€ λ°°μ„ μ˜ 원리λ₯Ό λ°ν˜€λƒˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:15
so if something does go wrong, they can usually fix it.
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λ­”κ°€ 잘λͺ»λ˜λ©΄ 보톡은 κ³ μΉ  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:18
Where they struggle, though, is when the machinery turns on itself-
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ• λ₯Ό λ¨ΉλŠ” λ•Œκ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ° 그건 κΈ°κ³„μ˜ 전원이 μ €μ ˆλ‘œ 켜질 λ•Œμ˜ˆμš”.
01:22
when a copying error leads a cell to start dividing uncontrollably,
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볡사 였λ₯˜ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 세포가 κ±·μž‘μ„ 수 없이 λΆ„μ—΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
01:26
to grow and multiply into a tumor.
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크기가 컀지고 μ¦μ‹ν•˜λ©΄ 쒅양이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
That's cancer.
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이게 μ•”μ΄μ—μš”.
01:30
And sadly, even with the might of our modern medicine,
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μŠ¬ν”„κ²Œλ„, ν˜„λŒ€ μ˜ν•™μ˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ νž˜μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
01:33
some cancers evade treatment.
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μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜μ§€ λͺ» ν•˜λŠ” 암도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
But this is where a new band of biologists step into the story:
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ“±μž₯ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
The "Synthetic Biologists."
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λ°”λ‘œ "μΈκ³΅μƒλ¬Όν•™μž"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
These biohackers are mashing up science, medicine and engineering
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이듀 생체 해컀듀은 κ³Όν•™, μ˜ν•™, 곡학을 λ’€μ„žμ–΄μ„œ
01:46
to rewrite the code and fix the un-fixable.
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μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œ 짜고 λΆˆμΉ˜λ³‘μ„ κ³ μΉ˜λ €ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
Biohackers are going into a patient's genetic code
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생체 해컀듀은 ν™˜μžμ˜ μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œμ— μ ‘κ·Όν•œ ν›„
01:53
and reprogramming their own immune system
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ 체계가 암세포λ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λ„λ‘
01:56
to recognize cancer cells and destroy them.
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μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μž‘μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
It's called CAR T-cell therapy, and it's awesome.
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CAR(ν‚€λ©”λ¦­ 항원 수용체)-T세포 μΉ˜λ£ŒλΌλŠ” 건데 이게 μ•„μ£Ό λ©‹μ Έμš”.
02:03
See, you're constantly under attack by pathogens-
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λ³΄μ„Έμš”, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 늘 병원체, 즉
02:06
single-celled bacteria, viruses and fungi.
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단세포 μ„Έκ· , λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, 곰팑이의 곡격을 λ°›κ³ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
02:09
Despite deciding, back in the day,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 아무리
02:11
to stay solo and not 'avengers assemble' like you did,
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'μ–΄λ²€μ €μŠ€' 일원이 λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  혼자 μžˆκ² λ‹€κ³  결정해도
02:14
those pathogens see you, in all your mega-meat-bot glory,
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이듀 병원성균은 λ©”κ°€-κ³ κΈ°-λ΄‡μ˜ μ˜κ΄‘μŠ€λŸ° 삢을 μ‚΄κ³ μžˆλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„
02:18
as a fortress ripe for the plundering.
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μ•½νƒˆμ˜ λ•Œκ°€ 무λ₯΄μ΅μ€ μš”μƒˆμ²˜λŸΌ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
Thankfully, you've got a security team in place to battle these invaders-
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λ‹€ν–‰μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„ 이 μΉ¨μž…μžλ“€κ³Ό μ „νˆ¬λ₯Ό ν•  κ²½λΉ„λŒ€κ°€ μ€€λΉ„λΌμžˆμ–΄μš”.
02:25
your immune system-
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
and some of it's top guards are your white blood cells.
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μƒμœ„ κ²½λΉ„λŒ€μ› 쀑 일뢀가 λ°”λ‘œ λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
They trawl the darkness that is your inner space,
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λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ 어둠을 샅샅이 λ’€μ Έμ„œ
02:32
checking the IDs of any cells they pass...
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μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ„Έν¬μ˜ 정체λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•΄μš”.
02:35
although they're not name badges,
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세포가 μ΄λ¦„ν‘œλ₯Ό 달고 μžˆλŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
02:37
but rather protein fragments on the cell's surface called antigens.
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세포 ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ ν•­μ›μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 쑰각을 ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ”κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
There are two types of these guards: T-cells and B-cells.
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이 κ²½λΉ„λŒ€μ—λŠ” 두 μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”. T 세포와 B μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
T-cells check those antigen IDs using special claws-
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T μ„Έν¬λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λ°œν†±, 즉 νŠΉμ • 항원과 λ§žλ¬Όλ¦¬λŠ”
02:49
receptors that lock with a particular antigen.
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수용체λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ 항원을 μ‹λ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
If they find a match, they attach and they release toxic chemicals
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λ§žλŠ” 짝을 찾으면 λ“€λŸ¬λΆ™μ–΄μ„œ
02:56
that burst open the invading cell's membrane.
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μΉ¨μž… μ„Έν¬μ˜ 막을 ν„°λœ¨λ¦¬λŠ” 독성 ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
Their B-cell workmates create antibodies-
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λ™λ£Œ B μ„Έν¬λŠ” 항체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:01
loads of small proteins,
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ μž‘μ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ‘œ,
03:03
little claws that latch perfectly onto a particular antigen,
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νŠΉμ • 항원에 κΌ­ λ§žλ¬Όλ €μ„œ
03:07
marking them for destruction.
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파괴 ν‘œμ‹œλ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ€ λ°œν†±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
These two comrades have got your back
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이듀 두 가지 세포가 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ’€λ₯Ό λ΄μ£Όκ³ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:14
and your immune system is brilliant at spotting and fighting pathogens
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„λŠ” μ™ΈλΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μΉ¨μž…ν•œ λ³‘μ›μ²΄λŠ”
03:17
that invade from outside.
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잘 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³  잘 μ‹Έμ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
However,
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03:20
they're not so good at spotting your own cells that have gone rogue.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
λ¬΄λ²•μžλ‘œ λ³€ν•œ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 잘 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ§€λ₯Ό λͺ»ν•΄μš”.
03:24
The antigens on cancerous cells don't look weird,
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암세포 ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ 항원은 μ΄μƒν•˜κ²Œ 보이지 μ•Šμ•„μš”.
03:27
they look a lot like your own cells,
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κ·Έλƒ₯ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μžμ‹ μ˜ 세포와 μ•„μ£Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•΄λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
and the T's and B's aren't programmed to attack them.
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T 세포와 B μ„Έν¬λŠ” 이걸 κ³΅κ²©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ 돼 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
03:33
The usual way to deal with cancer is to try to cut the tumor out,
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보톡 암에 λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜λŠ” 방법은 쒅양을 μž˜λΌλ‚΄κ±°λ‚˜
03:37
or turn to radiotherapy and then chemotherapy
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방사선 μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€ ν™”ν•™ 치료λ₯Ό 톡해
03:40
to destroy or block the growth of cancer cells,
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암세포λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ·Έ μ„±μž₯을 λ§‰μ•„λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
but if it's a blood cancer, if it's floating around your whole body,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ•”μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” λͺΈ 전체λ₯Ό ν˜λŸ¬λ‹€λ‹ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:47
you can't do that.
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이런 방법을 μ‹œλ„ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ£ .
03:49
And if the blood cancer actually starts in your white blood cells-
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그리고 λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬μ—μ„œ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ•”μ΄ μ‹œμž‘λ˜λ©΄
03:53
those key guards in your immune system-
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λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€ λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„μ˜ 핡심 경비원듀인데
03:55
you'll really struggle to spot it.
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κ°μ§€ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ 정말 μ–΄λ ΅κ² μ£ .
03:58
That's the case with acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ κΈ‰μ„±λ¦Όν”„λͺ¨κ΅¬λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘인데
04:01
and that's where CAR T-cell therapy is kicking butt.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ CAR T 세포 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ λ§Ήν™œμ•½μ„ ν•˜κ³ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
The biohackers are reprogramming a patient's own immune system
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생체 해컀듀이 ν™˜μžμ˜ λ©΄μ—­ 체계 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ λ‹€μ‹œ μ¨μ„œ
04:10
to recognize particular antigens- those particular protein fragments-
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νŠΉμ • 항원듀, 즉 암세포 ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ νŠΉμ • λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 쑰각을 μΈμ‹ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
on the cancer cells.
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04:17
To do it, you first need millions of a patient's T-cells
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μš°μ„  ν™˜μžμ˜ T 세포가 수백만 개 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
Then, to get a T-cell to do something different,
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그리고 T 세포가 λ‹€λ₯Έ 일을 ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λ €λ©΄
04:24
you need to replace its normal code with something new,
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μ›λž˜μ˜ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것, 즉 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ„€κ³„ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ”μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
something you've designed.
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04:29
What synthetic biologists can now do with DNA is super cool-
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ν˜„μž¬ μΈκ³΅μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ DNA둜 뭘 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό 보면 μ§„μ§œ λ©‹μ Έμš”.
04:33
they use a computer to put together their own sequences of bases-
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컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ„€κ³„ν•œ μ—ΌκΈ° μ„œμ—΄μ„ 쑰립할 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
04:37
the chemical letters that spell out the DNA-
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DNA의 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 화학적 문자인 μ—ΌκΈ° μ„œμ—΄μ΄μš”.
04:40
then they model what that new genetic code will do on a computer
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ „ μ½”λ“œκ°€ 무슨 μž‘μš©μ„ 할지 컴퓨터에 λͺ¨ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
04:43
and then make those sequences on a DNA printer-
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이 μ—ΌκΈ° μ„œμ—΄μ„ DNA μΈμ‡„κΈ°λ‘œ μ°μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
yeah, that's a thing!-
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μ§„μ§œ 이런 게 μžˆμ–΄μš”!
04:48
printing not with ink, or with a plastic polymer like in a 3D printer,
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μž‰ν¬ 인쇄도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  3D 인쇄기같은 ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± 쀑합체 인쇄도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
04:51
but with those fundamental building blocks of life,
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생λͺ…μ˜ 근본적인 ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œκ°€λ˜λŠ”
04:54
with those A's and C's and T's and G's.
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ACTGλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ 인쇄λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
The new code they designed for a T-cell has 3 key instructions:
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T 세포λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ μ„€κ³„λœ μ½”λ“œμ˜ 3 가지 핡심 지령은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
1. It tells it how to recognize and kill a cancer cell.
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1. 암세포λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  죽일 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
More specifically,
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더 ꡬ체적으둜 λ§ν•˜λ©΄
05:07
how to modify an antibody-
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B 세포가 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 항체λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μˆ˜μ •ν•΄μ„œ
05:09
what the B-cells make to latch onto a target antigen.
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λͺ©ν‘œ 항원에 맞물리게 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
The antibody is modified to make a new receptor
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항체λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•΄μ„œ νŠΉμ • μ•”μ„Έν¬μ˜ νŠΉμ • 항원을
05:15
that can detect the particular antigens on the specific cancer.
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탐지할 수 μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 수용체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
2. It tells it to make copies of itself when it finds that cancer cell
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2. νŠΉμ • 암세포가 발견되면 μžκ°€ λ³΅μ œν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
and 3. It tells it to survive in the patient's body.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 3. ν™˜μžμ˜ μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 살아남도둝 μ§€μ‹œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
To get this new code into the patient's T-cells,
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이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό ν™˜μžμ˜ T 세포에 λ„£κΈ°μœ„ν•΄
05:31
you use a vector-
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맀개체λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
it's something that will easily infect the T-cell
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T 세포λ₯Ό μ‰½κ²Œ κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” 맀개체λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
05:35
and carry that bespoke DNA in with it.
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맞좀 μ„€κ³„λœ 이 DNAλ₯Ό μš΄λ°˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
And voila! One CAR T-cell.
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μ§ ! CAR(ν‚€λ©”λ¦­ 항원 수용체) T 세포가 ν•˜λ‚˜ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
The name comes from a fire-breathing monster from Ancient Greece,
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이 이름은 μ‚¬μžμ˜ 머리, μ—Όμ†Œμ˜ λͺΈ, λ±€μ˜ 꼬리λ₯Ό 가진
05:44
that had a lion's head, a goat's body and a serpent's tail.
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κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀의 뢈 λΏœλŠ” κ΄΄λ¬Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μœ λž˜λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
It was called "Chimera"- a name that has now come to be used
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이 괴물은 "킀메라"라고 λΆˆλ ΈλŠ”λ° μ΄μ œλŠ” λ‘˜ λ˜λŠ” 보닀 더 λ§Žμ€
05:51
for something that contains two or more different types of tissues or cells.
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μ΄ν˜•μ˜ μ‘°μ§μ΄λ‚˜ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ 것을 μ§€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” 말둜 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  있죠.
05:56
As this newly engineered cell's genetic code is part T-cell, part antibody,
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이 μƒˆλ‘œ μ‘°μž‘λœ μ„Έν¬μ˜ μœ μ „ μ½”λ“œκ°€ μΌλΆ€λŠ” T 세포, μΌλΆ€λŠ” ν•­μ²΄μ—¬μ„œ
06:01
it's a "C"himera and it goes in search of the cancer's "A"ntigen
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킀메라(C)이고 이 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ•”μ„Έν¬μ˜ 항원(A)을 찾을 λ•Œ
06:04
using its new "R"eceptor.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 수용체(R)λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
Before you put the multiplied up T-cells back into the patient,
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T 세포λ₯Ό μ¦μ‹μ‹œν‚¨ ν›„ 이λ₯Ό ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ λ‹€μ‹œ μ£Όμž…ν•˜κΈ° 전에
06:14
you give them a mild dose of chemotherapy to wipe their existing T-cells.
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기쑴의 T 세포λ₯Ό 쓸어버리기 μœ„ν•΄ μ†ŒλŸ‰μ˜ ν™”ν•™ 치료제λ₯Ό νˆ¬μ•½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:18
Then you simply reinsert the now modified T-cells-
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κ·Έ 후에 이제 μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ λ³€ν˜•λœ T 세포, 즉 CAR T 세포λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ§‘μ–΄λ„£κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄
06:22
the CAR T-cells-
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06:23
and they follow their normal DNA programming to move and search.
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기쑴에 μ›λž˜ DNA ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ— μ§œμ—¬μ§„ λŒ€λ‘œ 움직이며 탐색을 λ‹€λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
However, thanks to their new butt-kicking code,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ 뢀여받은 λλ‚΄μ£ΌλŠ” μ½”λ“œκ°€ μžˆκΈ°μ—
06:30
they've changed what they're looking for:
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탐색 λŒ€μƒμ΄ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
they're now on a mission to find the cancerous cells and destroy them.
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암세포λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„μ„œ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이 이제 μƒˆ μž„λ¬΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
Unlike conventional chemical-based drugs
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κΈ°μ‘΄ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ μ•½λ¬Όμ˜ 경우
06:40
that get used up or excreted from the body pretty quickly,
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금방 μ†Œμ§„λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ²΄μ™Έλ‘œ λ°°μΆœλ˜λŠ”λ°
06:43
CAR T-cells are living drugs that stay in the patient's bloodstream for years.
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CAR T μ„Έν¬λŠ” ν•œμžμ˜ 혈λ₯˜ 속에 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ λ¨Έλ¬΄λŠ” μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ•½λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
That's a huge pro.
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μ•„μ£Ό 큰 μž₯점이죠.
06:50
The flip side is that they're expensive-
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단점은 λΉ„μ‹Έλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
each CAR T-cell treatment is bespoke to the patient-
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각각의 CAR T μ„Έν¬λŠ” 각각의 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 맞좀 μ œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
and it's more difficult to get them to work with common cancers
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그리고 μœ λ°©μ•”μ΄λ‚˜ 폐암과 같은 보톡 μ•”μ—λŠ” μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
like breast or lung, because you need a specific antigen on the cancer cells
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CAR T 세포가 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ 삼을 μ•”μ„Έν¬μ˜
07:03
for the CAR T-cell to target-
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νŠΉμ • 항원이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
07:05
and it's much easier to find that in blood cancers.
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μ•”μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” κ·Έ 항원을 μ°ΎλŠ” 게 훨씬 더 μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
It's still early days, though,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ CAR T 세포 μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ” 아직 초기 단계에 있고
07:10
and there's an exciting future for CAR T-cell therapy.
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ν₯λ―Έ μ§„μ§„ν•œ λ―Έλž˜κ°€ 기닀리고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
Researchers like Dr. Martin Pule and his team at UCL,
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λŸ°λ˜λŒ€ν•™κ΅ UCL Dr. Martin Puleκ³Ό κ·Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ§„μ²˜λŸΌ
07:16
are working on improving the leukemia and lymphoma treatments even further,
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λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘, λ¦Όν”„μ’…μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²• ν–₯상에 λ§€μ§„ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ 있으며
07:21
and there's recently been some promising work on solid cancers.
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μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” κ³ ν˜•μ•” 연ꡬ에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 희망적인 μ„±κ³Όκ°€ μ’€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
Thanks to CAR T-cell therapy,
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CAR T 세포 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²• 덕뢄에
07:26
the survival rate for B acute lymphoblastic leukemia has improved hugely
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B-세포 κΈ‰μ„±λ¦Όν”„λͺ¨κ΅¬λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘ ν™˜μžμ˜ 생쑴λ₯ μ΄ 크게 ν–₯μƒλ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
07:31
-nearly all patients go into remission-
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ 병에 차도λ₯Ό 보여
07:33
which means that leukemia cannot be detected anymore-
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더 이상 λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ΄ κ²€μ§„λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©°
07:36
and most patients stay in remission.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ κ·Έ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
Biohacking is here,
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생체 해킹은 ν˜„μ‹€μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
and it can reprogram your own genetic code to enable your mega-meat-bot
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ©”κ°€-κ³ κΈ°-봇 μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μž¬μ„€κ³„ν•΄μ„œ
07:46
to do things it's never been able to do before!
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μ „μ—λŠ” λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλ˜ 것듀을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 있게 λμ–΄μš”!
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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