Particles and waves: The central mystery of quantum mechanics - Chad Orzel

1,087,314 views ใƒป 2014-09-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
One of the most amazing facts in physics is this:
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ืื—ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
00:10
everything in the universe, from light to electrons to atoms,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื, ืžืื•ืจ ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
00:13
behaves like both a particle and a wave at the same time.
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:18
All of the other weird stuff you might have heard about quantum physics,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช,
00:21
Schrodinger's Cat, God playing dice, spooky action at a distance,
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ื“ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง,
00:26
all of it follows directly from the fact
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
00:28
that everything has both particle and wave nature.
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ืฉืœื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื.
00:33
This might sound crazy.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
00:34
If you look around, you'll see waves in water and particles of rock,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื,
00:38
and they're nothing alike.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
00:39
So why would you think to combine them?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื?
00:41
Physicists didn't just decide to mash these things together out of no where.
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืกืชื ื›ืš.
00:46
Rather, they were led to the dual nature of the universe
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ื”ื•ื‘ืœื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:49
through a process of small steps,
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ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
00:51
fitting together lots of bits of evidence, like pieces in a puzzle.
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ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืื–ืœ,
00:56
The first person to seriously suggest the dual nature of light
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
01:00
was Albert Einstein in 1905,
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ื”ื™ื” ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ 1905,
01:03
but he was picking up an earlier idea from Max Planck.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืก ืคืœืื ืง.
01:06
Planck explained the colors of light emitted by hot objects,
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ืคืœืื ืง ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืคืฅ ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื,
01:09
like the filament in a light bulb,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ื•ืจื”,
01:11
but to do it, he needed a desperate trick:
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ืง ื ื•ืืฉ:
01:14
he said the object was made up of oscillators
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžืชื ื“ื™ื
01:17
that could only emit light in discrete chunks,
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
01:20
units of energy that depend on the frequency of the light.
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ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:23
Planck was never really happy with this, but Einstein picked it up and ran with it.
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ืคืœืื ืง ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื— ืขื ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื–ื”.
01:28
He applied Planck's idea to light itself, saying that light,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืœืื ืง ืœืื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืจ,
01:31
which everybody knew was a wave, is really a stream of photons,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื,
01:36
each with a discrete amount of energy.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:38
Einstein himself called this the only truly revolutionary thing he did,
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืขืฉื”,
01:43
but it explains the way light shining on a metal surface knocks loose electrons.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:49
Even people who hated the idea had to agree that it works brilliantly.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื ืื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”.
01:53
The next puzzle piece came from Ernest Rutherford in England.
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ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืืจื ืกื˜ ืจื˜ืจืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
01:57
In 1909, Ernest Marsden and Hans Geiger, working for Rutherford,
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ื‘ 1909, ืืจื ืกื˜ ืžืจืกื“ืŸ ื•ื”ืื ืก ื’ื™ื™ื’ืจ, ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“,
02:01
shot alpha particles at gold atoms
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ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืืœืคื ืืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื–ื”ื‘
02:04
and were stunned to find that some bounced straight backwards.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื™ืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื”.
02:08
This showed that most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจ.
02:14
The cartoon atom you learn in grade school,
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ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืžืื•ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™,
02:16
with electrons orbiting like a miniature solar system,
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ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื”,
02:19
that's Rutherford's.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“.
02:21
There's one little problem with Rutherford's atom: it can't work.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“: ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
02:24
Classical physics tells us that an electron
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ
02:26
whipping around in a circle emits light,
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ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืจ,
02:29
and we use this all the time to generate radio waves and X-rays.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ.
02:33
Rutherford's atoms should spray X-rays in all directions for a brief instant
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ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ
02:37
before the electron spirals in to crash into the nucleus.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจืกืง ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ.
02:41
But Niels Bohr, a Danish theoretical physicist working with Rutherford,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืœืก ื‘ื•ื”ืจ, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื“ื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“,
02:45
pointed out that atoms obviously exist,
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ื”ืจืื” ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
02:48
so maybe the rules of physics needed to change.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
02:51
Bohr proposed that an electron in certain special orbits
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ื‘ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
02:54
doesn't emit any light at all.
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ืœื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
02:57
Atoms absorb and emit light only when electrons change orbits,
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื,
03:01
and the frequency of the light depends on the energy difference
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ื•ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
03:04
in just the way Planck and Einstein introduced.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืคืœื ืง ื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื•.
03:08
Bohr's atom fixes Rutherford's problem
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ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืจ ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“
03:10
and explains why atoms emit only very specific colors of light.
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ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืจืง ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
03:15
Each element has its own special orbits,
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ืœื›ืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•,
03:17
and thus its own unique set of frequencies.
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ื•ื›ืš ืืช ืกื˜ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:20
The Bohr model has one tiny problem:
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ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ืงื˜ื ื”:
03:22
there's no reason for those orbits to be special.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
03:25
But Louis de Broglie, a French PhD student,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ืื™ืก ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื™ื™ืœื™, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฆืจืคืชื™,
03:28
brought everything full circle.
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœื.
03:30
He pointed out that if light, which everyone knew is a wave,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืื ื”ืื•ืจ, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืœ,
03:33
behaves like a particle,
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืง,
03:35
maybe the electron, which everyone knew is a particle,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืง,
03:38
behaves like a wave.
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื’ืœ.
03:40
And if electrons are waves,
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ื•ืื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืœื™ื,
03:42
it's easy to explain Bohr's rule for picking out the special orbits.
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
03:46
Once you have the idea that electrons behave like waves,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื,
03:49
you can go look for it.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื.
03:51
And within a few years, scientists in the US and UK
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
03:54
had observed wave behavior from electrons.
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ืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
03:57
These days we have a wonderfully clear demonstration of this:
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”:
04:00
shooting single electrons at a barrier with slits cut in it.
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ื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืกื•ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื—ืชื›ื™ื.
04:04
Each electron is detected at a specific place at a specific time,
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ื›ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
04:08
like a particle.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืง.
04:10
But when you repeat the experiment many times,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื,
04:12
all the individual electrons trace out a pattern of stripes,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื,
04:16
characteristic of wave behavior.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื.
04:18
The idea that particles behave like waves, and vice versa,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืคืš,
04:22
is one of the strangest and most powerful in physics.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
04:25
Richard Feynman famously said
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ืืžืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ
04:27
that this illustrates the central mystery of quantum mechanics.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช.
04:31
Everything else follows from this,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืžื–ื”,
04:33
like pieces of a puzzle falling into place.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืื–ืœ ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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