The race to sequence the human genome - Tien Nguyen

602,306 views ใƒป 2015-10-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Packed inside every cell in your body is a set of genetic instructions,
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ืืจื•ื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
00:11
3.2 billion base pairs long.
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ื‘ืื•ืจืš 3.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก.
00:14
Deciphering these directions would be a monumental task
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ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
00:17
but could offer unprecedented insight about the human body.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:22
In 1990, a consortium of 20 international research centers
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ื‘ 1990, ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ 20 ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:25
embarked on the world's largest biological collaboration
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ื™ืฆืื• ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:29
to accomplish this mission.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:31
The Human Genome Project proposed to sequence the entire human genome
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
00:35
over 15 years with $3 billion of public funds.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ืฉื ื” ืขื 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
00:40
Then, seven years before its scheduled completion,
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ืื–, ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ,
00:42
a private company called Celera announced that they could accomplish the same goal
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืกืœืจื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื”
00:47
in just three years and at a fraction of the cost.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
00:51
The two camps discussed a joint venture, but talks quickly fell apart
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”
00:55
as disagreements arose over legal and ethical issues of genetic property.
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
01:00
And so the race began.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ืœ.
01:03
Though both teams used the same technology to sequence the entire human genome,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:07
it was their strategies that made all the difference.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
01:10
Their paths diverged in the most critical of steps:
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ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื:
01:13
the first one.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:15
In the Human Genome Project's approach,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:17
the genome was first divided into smaller, more manageable chunks
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ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ืœืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
01:22
about 150,000 base pairs long
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ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 150,000 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก
01:25
that overlapped each other a little bit on both ends.
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ืฉื—ืคืคื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
01:28
Each of these fragments of DNA
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ DNA
01:30
was inserted inside a bacterial artificial chromosome
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ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
01:33
where they were cloned and fingerprinted.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ืคืœื• ื•ื ืœืงื—ื” ืžื”ื ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข.
01:36
The fingerprints showed scientists where the fragments overlapped
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ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืจืื• ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืคืคื•
01:39
without knowing the actual sequence.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืจืฆืฃ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:41
Using the overlapping bits as a guide,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš,
01:43
the researchers marked each fragment's place in the genome
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื• ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื’ื ื•ื
01:46
to create a contiguous map,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืช,
01:49
a process that took about six years.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:51
The cloned fragments were sequenced in labs around the world
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื›ืคืœื• ืจื•ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
01:55
following one of the project's two major principles:
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ื•ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
01:59
that collaboration on our shared heritage was open to all nations.
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ืฉืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช.
02:04
In each case, the fragments were arbitrarily broken up
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™
02:06
into small, overlapping pieces about 1,000 base pairs long.
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 1,000 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก.
02:11
Then, using a technology called the Sanger method,
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ืื–, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืกื ื’ืจ,
02:14
each piece was sequenced letter by letter.
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ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ืจื•ืฆืคื” ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืช.
02:16
This rigorous map-based approach called hierarchical shotgun sequencing
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ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ื”ื–ื• ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช
02:22
minimized the risk of misassembly,
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ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”,
02:24
a huge hazard of sequencing genomes with many repetitive portions,
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ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื,
02:28
like the human genome.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:30
The consortium's "better safe than sorry" approach
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ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื•ืจืกื™ื•ื "ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ"
02:33
contrasted starkly with Celera's strategy called whole genome shotgun sequencing.
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ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืจื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืžืœืื”.
02:38
It hinged on skipping the mapping phase entirely,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
02:42
a faster, though foolhardy, approach according to some.
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื›ื™ ื ืžื”ืจืช ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื”.
02:46
The entire genome was directly chopped up
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื ื—ืชืš ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
02:48
into a giant heap of small, overlapping bits.
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ืœืขืจืžื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื.
02:52
Once these bits were sequenced via the Sanger method,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืจื•ืฆืคื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืกื ื’ืจ,
02:55
Celera would take the formidable risk of reconstructing the genome
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ืกืœืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื
02:59
using just the overlaps.
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ื‘ืฉืžื•ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ื—ืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:02
But perhaps their decision wasn't such a gamble
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ
03:04
because guess whose freshly completed map was available online for free?
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื?
03:10
The Human Genome Consortium,
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:11
in accordance with the project's second major principle
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜
03:14
which held that all of the project's data
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ืฉืงื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜
03:16
would be shared publicly within 24 hours of collection.
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ื™ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ,
03:21
So in 1998, scientists around the world
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ืื– ื‘ 1998, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
03:24
were furiously sequencing lines of genetic code
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ืจื™ืฆืคื• ื‘ืฉืฆืฃ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ื’ื ื˜ื™
03:27
using the tried and true, yet laborious, Sanger method.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืกื ื’ืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ืื ื›ื™ ืžืคืจื›ืช.
03:31
Finally, after three exhausting years of continuous sequencing and assembling,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”,
03:35
the verdict was in.
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ื”ืคื•ืจ ื ืคืœ.
03:37
In February 2001, both groups simultaneously published
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ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2001, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื™ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ
03:41
working drafts of more than 90% of the human genome,
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ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 90% ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:45
several years ahead of the consortium's schedule.
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ื.
03:48
The race ended in a tie.
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ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:50
The Human Genome Project's practice of immediately sharing its data
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ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
03:54
was an unusual one.
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
03:56
It is more typical for scientists to closely guard their data
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื
03:59
until they are able to analyze it and publish their conclusions.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืžืกืงื ื•ืช.
04:03
Instead, the Human Genome Project accelerated the pace of research
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
04:07
and created an international collaboration on an unprecedented scale.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื.
04:12
Since then, robust investment in both the public and private sector
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ืžืื–, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
04:16
has led to the identification of many disease related genes
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื
04:20
and remarkable advances in sequencing technology.
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ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ.
04:24
Today, a person's genome can be sequenced in just a few days.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฆืฃ ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:29
However, reading the genome is only the first step.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:32
We're a long way away from understanding what most of our genes do
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
04:36
and how they are controlled.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื.
04:38
Those are some of the challenges
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ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื
04:39
for the next generation of ambitious research initiatives.
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ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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