How polarity makes water behave strangely - Christina Kleinberg

1,124,498 views ใƒป 2013-02-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:14
How come some insects are able to walk
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ืœืžื” ื—ืจืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช
00:16
on the surface of a pond,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ื,
00:18
but you quickly sink to the bottom
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช
00:19
when you try to walk on water?
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื?
00:21
And why do lakes freeze from the top down in winter?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื’ืžื™ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ?
00:24
In a word, the answer to all these questions is polarity.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
00:28
Water is a simple molecule
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ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
00:30
made up of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืื˜ื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ,
00:33
but it is essential to life.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื
00:35
In fact, water makes up approximately 60%
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ื ื”ื 60% ื‘ืขืจืš
00:39
of the adult human being's body weight.
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ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
00:41
The polarity within those water molecules
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ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•
00:44
gives this common substance the properties
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ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
00:46
that make it unique and life-sustaining.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:49
Polarity refers to the unequal sharing
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ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”
00:51
of electrons within a molecule.
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ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”.
00:53
For water, the bonding between the oxygen atom
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ืœืžื™ื, ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ
00:56
and two hydrogen atoms within a single water molecule
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
00:59
is like a tug-of-war between a big, strong football player
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื–ืง
01:03
and a cute little toddler.
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ื•ืคืขื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืžื•ื“.
01:05
Oxygen is a larger atom,
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ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:07
with more protons in its nucleus than hydrogen.
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืžื™ืžืŸ.
01:09
These positive charges are like a person's physical strength.
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ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
01:13
They're able to attract
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš
01:14
the negatively charged electrons in the bond,
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ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ,
01:16
just like a strong individual is able to overpower
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืื“ื ื—ื–ืง ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ
01:19
a weaker individual in a tug of war.
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ืขืœ ืื“ื ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืœ.
01:22
So, oxygen is able to attract
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ืื–, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš
01:24
more than its fair share of electrons.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:27
Because hydrogen is smaller and has less strength,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื™ืžืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—,
01:30
or fewer protons,
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ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื,
01:31
it loses the tug of war
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ
01:33
and attracts fewer than its fair share of electrons.
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ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:36
So, the oxygen in water behaves as though it's negative,
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ืื–, ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™,
01:39
and the hydrogens behave as though they're positive.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื.
01:43
The bonds within a single water molecule
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
01:45
are called polar covalent bonds.
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ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:48
Covalent means that the electrons are shared.
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ืงื•ื‘ืœื ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
01:50
But, as we just learned,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:52
polar means that these electrons are not shared equally.
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ืคื•ืœืืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื”.
01:56
In water, the oxygen acts negative
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ื‘ืžื™ื, ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืฉืœื™ืœื™
01:58
and the hydrogens act positive.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
02:01
Since negative and positive attract,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื,
02:03
that oxygen is attracted to the hydrogen atoms
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ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ
02:06
in neighboring water molecules.
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ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื ื•ืช.
02:08
A special type of bond forms between water molecules,
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ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื,
02:11
known as a hydrogen bond.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ.
02:13
Hydrogen bonds don't just happen in water either.
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ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ื ืœื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:16
They can form between a water molecule
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื
02:18
and different substances that are polar or ionic.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืื• ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:22
Water's ability to stick to itself is called cohesion,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ืœืขืฆืžื ื ืงืจืืช ืงืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
02:25
while water's ability to stick to other substances
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:28
is called adhesion.
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ื ืงืจืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช.
02:30
Now, think back to the initial questions.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:32
First, why are some insects able to walk on water?
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœืžื” ื›ืžื” ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื?
02:36
Surface tension due to hydrogen bonding
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ืžืชื— ืคื ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจื ืžืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ
02:39
creates a thin film on the surface of water
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคื™ืœื ื“ืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
02:41
that gives enough resistance
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
02:43
for super-light insects to walk on.
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ืœื—ืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช.
02:45
You can't walk on it
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื
02:46
because the hydrogen bonds aren't strong enough
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืœื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
02:48
to hold you up.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืชื›ื.
02:50
Why does ice float on top of liquid water?
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ืœืžื” ืงืจื— ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื?
02:52
For most other substances,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
02:54
the solid state is more dense than the liquid state,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆืง ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื•ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
02:57
but that is not the case for water!
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืœืžื™ื!
03:00
Hydrogen bonds keep water molecules
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ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
03:02
farther apart in frozen water than in liquid water.
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ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
03:05
The farther apart the molecules are,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:07
the less dense that solid is.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืง ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืก.
03:09
So ice is about 9% less dense than water,
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ืื– ืงืจื— ื”ื•ื 9% ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืก ืžืžื™ื,
03:13
which means it floats on the top.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื.
03:15
That's why lakes freeze from the top down
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื’ืžื™ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”
03:17
and aquatic life is able to survive
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
03:19
through a cold winter every year.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:21
It is the polarity of the water molecule
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ื–ื• ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
03:24
and the resulting hydrogen bonding
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ
03:26
that account for water's unique properties.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
03:29
So, the reason that water is so special,
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ืื–, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
03:33
from inside your cells
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ืžืชื•ืš ืชืื™ื›ื
03:34
to the world's oceans,
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ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:35
is simply because it is a polar molecule.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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