Got seeds? Just add bleach, acid and sandpaper - Mary Koga

854,330 views ใƒป 2013-07-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:13
So, the apocalypse has happened.
0
13659
1651
ืื–, ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”.
00:15
The zombies have come and gone,
1
15334
1646
ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื•ื”ืœื›ื•,
00:17
and all plant life on Earth has died somehow.
2
17004
3008
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•.
00:20
All you have are some basic supplies
3
20036
1934
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ื ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
00:21
and some seeds of a few types of essential plants.
4
21994
3514
ื•ื›ืžื” ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:25
So, what should you do
5
25532
1031
ืื–, ืžื” ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:26
to make absolutely sure they grow,
6
26587
2313
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื•,
00:28
seeing how rebuilding human civilization
7
28924
1936
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
00:30
absolutely depends on it?
8
30884
2314
ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื”?
00:33
Well, you'd probably think
9
33222
1239
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
00:34
the last thing you should do
10
34485
1098
ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:35
with these crucially important seeds
11
35607
1758
ืขื ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:37
is something like poking holes in them,
12
37389
2334
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
00:39
or grinding them with sandpaper,
13
39747
1608
ืื• ืœืฉื™ื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืขื ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฃ,
00:41
or throwing them in acid
14
41379
1218
ืื• ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื”
00:42
or hot water.
15
42621
1506
ืื• ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื.
00:44
But, in fact, all of these are methods
16
44151
1810
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช
00:45
that are commonly used
17
45985
1057
ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืคื•ืฅ
00:47
to help seeds start growing.
18
47066
2179
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ืจืขื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
00:50
A typical seed consists of a plant embryo
19
50152
2147
ื–ืจืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™
00:52
encased in a hard seed coat.
20
52323
2584
ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืงืฉื”.
00:54
To start growing,
21
54931
927
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:55
it needs to emerge or sprout
22
55882
1647
ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืงื•ืข ืื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜
00:57
from inside this shell.
23
57553
1833
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืœื™ืคื”.
00:59
This process is called germination.
24
59410
2357
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื”.
01:01
But just as it would be hard
25
61791
1334
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”
01:03
for you to get out of a jail cell
26
63149
1572
ืœื›ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืชื ื›ืœื
01:04
with no windows and no doors,
27
64745
1766
ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื“ืœืชื•ืช,
01:06
the embryo might need a little help
28
66535
1667
ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืงืฆืช ืขื–ืจื”
01:08
escaping from its seed prison,
29
68226
2076
ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื›ืœื ื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœื•,
01:10
and any process that makes this easier
30
70326
1810
ื•ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:12
by wearing down the seed coat
31
72160
1745
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื–ืจืข
01:13
is called scarification.
32
73929
2061
ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ืœื•ืง.
01:16
This lets moisture and nutrients
33
76014
1562
ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื
01:17
get through the seed coat,
34
77600
1386
ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื–ืจืข,
01:19
making the embryo start growing
35
79010
1546
ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
01:20
until it breaks through.
36
80580
2306
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
01:22
Now, you might be wondering
37
82910
1202
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื
01:24
why it is that plants would need humans
38
84136
1932
ืœืžื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
01:26
to do all these weird things to their seeds
39
86092
2077
ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:28
in order to grow,
40
88193
1189
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:29
and, in fact, they don't.
41
89406
1892
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืœื.
01:31
In natural environments,
42
91322
1071
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
01:32
seed coats are worn down by cold temperatures,
43
92417
2573
ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื ืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช,
01:35
bacteria,
44
95014
736
01:35
or even animal digestion.
45
95774
2108
ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:37
Our scarification methods just mimick
46
97906
2282
ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ืงื”
01:40
and accelerate these natural processes
47
100212
2503
ื•ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:42
to increase the chances of successful germination.
48
102739
3226
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
01:45
One technique we can use is called nicking.
49
105989
2745
ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื ืงืจืืช ืฉืจื™ื˜ื”.
01:48
To do this, we make a small cut or scratch
50
108758
2228
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื™ื˜ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ื—ืชืš
01:51
into the seed coat.
51
111010
1561
ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื–ืจืข.
01:52
Be careful not to cut too deep!
52
112595
1895
ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืขืžื•ืง ืžื“ื™!
01:54
You don't want to damage the plant embryo inside.
53
114514
2683
ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืžื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:57
Another way is to file down the seed coat
54
117221
2190
ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื–ืจืข
01:59
using sandpaper or a nail file.
55
119435
2824
ืขื ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฃ ืื• ืคืฆื™ืจืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื.
02:02
Once again, you don't want to file too much,
56
122283
2207
ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
02:04
just enough to wear down some of the seed coat.
57
124514
2984
ืจืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื™ืฃ ืงืฆืช ืžืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื–ืจืข.
02:07
After applying either of these methods,
58
127522
1981
ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:09
you'll want to spray the seeds with bleach
59
129527
2000
ืืชื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืจืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจืข ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ืจ
02:11
to prevent mold.
60
131551
1301
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื•ื‘ืฉ.
02:12
Seeds can also be soaked in water
61
132876
2008
ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืจื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื
02:14
to soften the coat.
62
134908
1394
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ืš ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื”.
02:16
One way to do this
63
136326
1410
ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
02:17
is to place the seeds in a nylon bag,
64
137760
1762
ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืข ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ,
02:19
then place the bag into hot water.
65
139546
2218
ื•ืื– ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื,
02:21
Turn off the heat immediately
66
141788
1392
ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“
02:23
and allow the water to cool to room temperature
67
143204
2350
ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ
02:25
before removing the seeds.
68
145578
2019
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื.
02:27
It's important not to heat the seed for too long
69
147621
2407
ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ
02:30
as this will kill the embryo.
70
150052
2015
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
02:32
Again, you'll want to spray them
71
152091
1069
ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืจืกืก ืื•ืชื
02:33
with bleach afterwards.
72
153184
2116
ืขื ื›ืœื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
02:35
Finally, you can try immersing the seeds
73
155324
1988
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื
02:37
in a sulfuric acid solution.
74
157336
2344
ื‘ืชืžื™ืกืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ืคืจื™ืชื™ืช.
02:39
Make sure you're wearing protective goggles and gloves
75
159704
2572
ื“ืื’ื• ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืคืคื•ืช
ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
02:42
any time you work with such a dangerous substance.
76
162300
2846
02:45
Place the seeds into a wire mesh pouch
77
165170
2344
ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืงื™ืช ืจืฉืช
02:47
and immerse the pouch in the solution for ten minutes.
78
167538
3138
ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื” ืœืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:50
Then take out the pouch
79
170700
909
ืื– ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืง
02:51
and rinse it with clean water.
80
171633
2187
ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืคื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื.
02:53
Take out the seeds and, as before,
81
173844
1665
ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื,
02:55
spray them with bleach so they don't get moldy.
82
175533
3194
ืจืกืกื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• ืขื•ื‘ืฉ.
02:58
If you try all of these methods,
83
178751
1524
ืื ืชื ืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:00
you will see that some of them
84
180299
1188
ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ
03:01
are more effective than others,
85
181511
1634
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:03
and some work best for different types of plants
86
183169
2286
ื•ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
03:05
that have harder or thicker coats.
87
185479
2084
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืขื‘ื” ืื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:07
So, knowing what seed scarification techniques work best
88
187587
2885
ืื–, ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืง ื–ืจืขื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
03:10
will be useful if you ever need to survive a cataclysm,
89
190496
2868
ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืกื•ืŸ,
03:13
start a farm,
90
193388
1175
ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื”,
03:14
or just want to plant in your own garden.
91
194587
2726
ืื• ืกืชื ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7