What is chirality and how did it get in my molecules? - Michael Evans

312,150 views ใƒป 2012-09-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yifat Adler ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:17
In the early days of organic chemistry,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
00:19
chemists understood that molecules were made of atoms
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ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
00:22
connected through chemical bonds.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
00:24
However, the three-dimensional shapes of molecules
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
00:27
were utterly unclear, since they couldn't be observed directly.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
00:31
Molecules were represented using simple connectivity graphs
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
00:34
like the one you see here.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช.
00:37
It was clear to savvy chemists of the mid-19th century
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
00:40
that these flat representations couldn't explain
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
00:44
many of their observations.
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:46
But chemical theory hadn't provided a satisfactory explanation
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ืืš ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืœื ืกื™ืคืงื” ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืง
00:49
for the three-dimensional structures of molecules.
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ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
00:51
In 1874, the chemist Van't Hoff published a remarkable hypothesis:
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1874, ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื•ืืŸ'ื˜ ื”ื•ืฃ ืคืจืกื ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
00:57
the four bonds of a saturated carbon atom
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ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืจื•ื•ื™
01:01
point to the corners of a tetrahedron.
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ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ.
01:03
It would take over 25 years
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ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-25 ืฉื ื™ื
01:06
for the quantum revolution to theoretically validate his hypothesis.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื ืชื ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืœื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื•.
01:10
But Van't Hoff supported his theory using optical rotation.
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ืืš ื•ืืŸ'ื˜ ื”ื•ืฃ ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:14
Van't Hoff noticed that only compounds containing a central carbon
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ื•ืืŸ'ื˜ ื”ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืง ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™
01:17
bound to four different atoms or groups
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ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:21
rotated plane-polarized light.
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ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:24
Clearly there's something unique about this class of compounds.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
01:26
Take a look at the two molecules you see here.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช.
01:29
Each one is characterized by a central, tetrahedral carbon atom
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืื˜ื•ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื˜ื˜ืจื”ื“ืจืœื™
01:34
bound to four different atoms:
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ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
01:36
bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and hydrogen.
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ื‘ืจื•ื, ื›ืœื•ืจ, ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ืžืŸ.
01:39
We might be tempted to conclude that the two molecules
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช,
01:41
are the same, if we just concern ourselves with what they're made of.
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ืื ื ืขืกื•ืง ืจืง ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:45
However, let's see if we can overlay the two molecules
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ืืš ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืคื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:48
perfectly to really prove that they're the same.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
01:51
We have free license to rotate and translate both of the molecules
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:55
as we wish. Remarkably though,
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ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•.
01:58
no matter how we move the molecules,
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ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
02:00
we find that perfect superposition is impossible to achieve.
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ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
02:04
Now take a look at your hands.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:07
Notice that your two hands have all the same parts:
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ื:
02:10
a thumb, fingers, a palm, etc.
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ืื’ื•ื“ืœ, ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ื•ื›ื•'.
02:14
Like our two molecules under study,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
02:17
both of your hands are made of the same stuff.
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ืฉืชื™ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
02:20
Furthermore, the distances between stuff in both of your hands are the same.
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ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
02:25
The index finger is next to the middle finger,
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ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื ืžืฆืืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืžื”,
02:27
which is next to the ring finger, etc.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงืžื™ืฆื”, ื•ื›ื•'.
02:30
The same is true of our hypothetical molecules.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:33
All of their internal distances
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ื.
02:35
are the same. Despite the similarities between them,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ,
02:38
your hands, and our molecules,
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ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
02:40
are certainly not the same.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
02:43
Try superimposing your hands on one another.
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ื ืกื• ืœื—ืคื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื–ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื•.
02:46
Just like our molecules from before,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:48
you'll find that it can't be done perfectly.
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ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช.
02:51
Now, point your palms toward one another.
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื–ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื•.
02:54
Wiggle both of your index fingers.
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ื ืขื ืขื• ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
02:56
Notice that your left hand looks as if it's looking
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื™ื“ื›ื ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื•
03:00
in a mirror at your right.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
03:02
In other words, your hands are mirror images.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจืื”.
03:05
The same can be said of our molecules.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:08
We can turn them so that one looks at the other
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•
03:11
as in a mirror. Your hands - and our molecules -
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืจืื”. ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื - ื•ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• -
03:14
possess a spatial property in common called chirality,
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ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช,
03:18
or handedness.
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ืื• ื™ื“ื ื•ืช.
03:20
Chirality means exactly what we've just described:
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ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืชืืจื ื• ื–ื” ืขืชื”:
03:23
a chiral object is not the same as its mirror image.
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื–ื”ื” ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื•.
03:25
Chiral objects are very special in both chemistry and everyday life.
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
03:30
Screws, for example, are also chiral.
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ื‘ืจื’ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื’ื ื”ื ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื.
03:33
That's why we need the terms right-handed and left-handed screws.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื™ืžื ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉืžืืœื™.
03:37
And believe it or not, certain types of light
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
03:40
can behave like chiral screws.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื.
03:42
Packed into every linear, plane-polarized beam of light
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืงื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช
03:47
are right-handed and left-handed parts
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ื™ืฉื ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื
03:50
that rotate together to produce plane polarization.
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ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:55
Chiral molecules, placed in a beam of such light,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจ ื›ื–ื•,
03:58
interact differently with the two chiral components.
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
04:01
As a result, one component of the light gets temporarily slowed down
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™
04:06
relative to the other. The effect on the light beam
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื ื™. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ
04:09
is a rotation of its plane from the original one,
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
04:13
otherwise known as optical rotation.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื•ืคื˜ื™.
04:16
Van't Hoff and later chemists realized that the chiral nature
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ื•ืืŸ'ื˜ ื”ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืจืืœื™
04:21
of tetrahedral carbons can explain this fascinating phenomenon.
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ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžื ื™ื ื˜ื˜ืจื”ื“ืจืœื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืจืชืงืช ื”ื–ื•.
04:24
Chirality is responsible for all kinds of other fascinating effects
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ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืจืชืงื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
04:29
in chemistry, and everyday life.
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ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
04:31
Humans tend to love symmetry
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
04:34
and so if you look around you, you'll find that chiral objects
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื, ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื
04:36
made by humans are rare.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื.
04:38
But chiral molecules are absolutely everywhere.
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ืืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:42
Phenomena as separate as optical rotation,
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ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื•ืคื˜ื™,
04:45
Screwing together furniture,
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื’ื”,
04:47
and clapping your hands
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ื•ืžื—ื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื
04:49
all involve this intriguing spatial property.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื”ื–ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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