Self-assembly: The power of organizing the unorganized - Skylar Tibbits

76,934 views ใƒป 2013-04-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
0
0
7000
ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:14
Have you ever wondered
1
14449
961
ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ืชื
00:15
how things are built within our bodies?
2
15410
2043
ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื•?
00:17
Why our bodies can regrow and repair themselves,
3
17453
2171
ืœืžื” ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
00:19
and how we can pass on genes
4
19624
1292
ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื’ื ื™ื
00:20
from one generation to the next?
5
20916
1875
ืžื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™?
00:22
Yet, none of our man-made objects have these traits;
6
22791
2460
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•;
00:25
they're simply thrown away when they break
7
25251
1552
ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
00:26
and they definitely can't reproduce.
8
26803
2084
ื•ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
00:28
The answer lies in something called self assembly.
9
28887
2704
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
00:31
Self assembly is a system where unordered parts
10
31591
2509
ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื
00:34
come together in an organized structure,
11
34100
2082
ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจ,
00:36
completely on their own.
12
36182
1388
ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
00:37
This means that a pile of parts on your desk should,
13
37570
2214
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืจืžืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืชื•ื›ืœ,
00:39
in theory, be able to move around on their own,
14
39784
2487
ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื–ื•ื– ืœื‘ื“ื”,
00:42
find one another,
15
42271
968
ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:43
and build something useful.
16
43239
1744
ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
00:44
This seems impossible,
17
44983
1166
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™,
00:46
like Transformers
18
46149
827
00:46
or the Sandman,
19
46976
1424
ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื
ืื• ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ,
00:48
but it's exactly how our bodies are built,
20
48400
2044
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืฉื’ื•ืคื ื• ื ื‘ื ื”,
00:50
how our immune system works,
21
50444
1086
ืื™ืš ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
00:51
and why we can reproduce.
22
51530
1787
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:53
Self assembly is the factory and copy machines within our bodies
23
53317
3414
ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืขืชืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื•
00:56
that make proteins fold and DNA replicate.
24
56731
2974
ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืคืœ ื•ืœDNA ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ.
00:59
It's a process that not only happens
25
59705
1799
ื–ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื ืจืง ืงื•ืจื”
01:01
in the biological and chemical world,
26
61504
1504
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
01:03
but is a phenomenon that can be seen from magnets
27
63008
2452
ืืœื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื
01:05
to snowflakes,
28
65460
876
ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื’,
01:06
robotics,
29
66336
797
ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:07
social networks,
30
67133
1002
ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
01:08
the formations of cities and galaxies,
31
68135
2103
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจื™ื ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
01:10
to name just a few.
32
70238
1694
ืื ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืง ื›ืžื”.
01:11
In biology and chemistry,
33
71932
1244
ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
01:13
self assembly is everywhere,
34
73176
1583
ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
01:14
from atomic interactions,
35
74759
997
ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:15
cellular replication
36
75756
1259
ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ืชืื™
01:17
to DNA, RNA, and protein folding.
37
77015
2806
ืœ DNA, RNA ื•ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
01:19
Proteins are like bicycle chains
38
79821
1941
ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
01:21
with sequences of amino acid links.
39
81762
2676
ืขื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•.
01:24
They self assemble into 3-D structures
40
84438
1716
ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื
01:26
because of the interaction
41
86154
992
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:27
between the amino acids along the chain,
42
87146
2503
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช,
01:29
as well as the relationship
43
89649
1045
ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:30
between the chain and the environment.
44
90694
1919
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
01:32
These forces make the flexible chain
45
92613
1709
ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื”
01:34
fold into a 3-D shape
46
94322
1252
ืœื”ืชืงืคืœ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™
01:35
that governs the function in the protein.
47
95574
2968
ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:38
Viruses, on the other hand, are like soccer balls.
48
98542
2536
ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืจื’ืœ.
01:41
They're made up of a series of sub-units with specific shapes.
49
101078
3045
ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
01:44
Those shapes have attraction to one another,
50
104123
2002
ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
01:46
so they fit together in precise ways.
51
106125
2221
ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
01:48
Image you want to build a perfect sphere.
52
108346
2457
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:50
It turns out that making a precise sphere
53
110803
2539
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื
01:53
through traditional means is actually quite difficult.
54
113342
2917
ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื”.
01:56
Alternatively, you could try to self assemble the sphere.
55
116259
3136
ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
01:59
One way would be to inflate the sphere
56
119395
1662
ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคื— ื›ื“ื•ืจ
02:01
like a bubble or a balloon.
57
121057
1461
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืขื” ืื• ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
02:02
Another option would be to create many identical pieces
58
122518
3083
ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช
02:05
that would come together to make a perfect sphere.
59
125601
2547
ืฉื™ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
02:08
You could try to put the pieces together one-by-one,
60
128148
2126
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืื—ืช,
02:10
but it might take a long time
61
130274
1368
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
02:11
and you would still have human errors.
62
131642
2073
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ.
02:13
Instead you could design a connection
63
133715
1617
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ
02:15
between the components like magnets
64
135332
1991
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื
02:17
and dump them into a container.
65
137323
1896
ื•ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื™ื›ืœ.
02:19
When you shook the container,
66
139219
1204
ื›ืฉืชื ืขืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ,
02:20
all the parts would find one another
67
140423
1542
ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
02:21
and build the sphere for you.
68
141965
1670
ื•ื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
02:23
Self assembly is being used as a new design,
69
143635
2793
ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:26
science,
70
146428
502
02:26
and engineering tool
71
146930
1290
ืžื“ืข,
ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื
02:28
for making the next generation of technologies
72
148220
2127
ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:30
easier to build,
73
150347
1142
ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”,
02:31
more adaptive,
74
151489
1082
ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:32
and less reliant on fossil fuels.
75
152571
2324
ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
02:34
Scientists are now making molecular microchips for computers
76
154895
3378
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
02:38
where small, molecular elements are given
77
158273
1805
ื‘ื”ื ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื
02:40
the right conditions to form themselves into organized pathways.
78
160078
3914
ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื.
02:43
Similarly, we can now use self assembly
79
163992
1997
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
02:45
as a way to make 3-D structures with DNA,
80
165989
2503
ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื‘ื ื™ื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื ืขื DNA,
02:48
like capsules that could deliver drugs inside the body,
81
168492
2961
ื›ืžื• ืงืคืกื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:51
releasing them only if certain conditions are met.
82
171453
2793
ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืง ืื ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื™ื™ืžื•.
02:54
Soon, self assembly will be used for larger applications,
83
174246
3578
ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:57
where materials can repair themselves,
84
177824
1980
ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
02:59
water pipes can reconfigure on demand,
85
179804
2680
ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”,
03:02
buildings can adapt on their own
86
182484
2008
ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื‘ื“
03:04
to environment or dynamic loading,
87
184492
2356
ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
03:06
and space structures can self assemble without humans.
88
186848
3402
ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ืœืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:10
Imagine if our factories were more like organisms or brains
89
190250
3935
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื—ื•ืช
03:14
and our construction sites were like gardens
90
194185
1908
ื•ืืชืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ื
03:16
that grow and adapt independently.
91
196093
2181
ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
03:18
The possibilities are endless
92
198274
1455
ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช
03:19
and it's now up to us
93
199729
1124
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืชืœื• ื‘ื ื•
03:20
to design a better world through self assembly.
94
200853
2925
ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7