What's below the tip of the iceberg? - Camille Seaman

511,173 views ใƒป 2013-07-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: benyamin zinshtein ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Have you ever heard the term,
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’,
00:08
"tip of the iceberg"?
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"ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ?"
00:09
You know that icebergs are mostly underwater,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
00:11
their immense bulk hidden beneath the water.
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
00:14
But why is that so?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”?
00:15
Well, the density of pure ice
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื˜ื”ื•ืจ
00:17
is less than that of sea water.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื.
00:19
Usually only 1/9 of the volume of an iceberg
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืจืง 1/9 ืžื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ
00:22
is above the water.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ื.
00:23
The shape of the underwater portion
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
00:25
is difficult to discern
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
00:26
by looking at the above-surface portion.
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ืข"ื™ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
00:28
This has led to the expression,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™,
00:30
"tip of the iceberg."
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"ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ".
00:31
Here are some thing you might not know
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื
00:33
about the icy islands.
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ืขืœ ืื™ื™ ื”ืงืจื—.
00:35
The life of an iceberg
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ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ
00:36
begins many thousands of years
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
00:37
before it reaches the ocean.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื.
00:39
Unlike sea ice or pack ice,
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืงืจื— ื™ื,
00:41
which form when the ocean freezes,
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืงื•ืคื,
00:43
glaciers are made of fresh water.
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
00:45
For thousands of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:46
these glaciers build layer upon layer of ice,
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ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—,
00:49
constantly compressing,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื,
00:50
moving,
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ื–ื–ื™ื,
00:51
adding snow,
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื’,
00:52
compressing,
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ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื,
00:53
and moving again
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ื•ื–ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘
00:54
as they inch along like a frozen river.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื–ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื”ืจ ืงืคื•ื.
00:56
It is the force of gravity
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
00:58
that pulls them towards the sea,
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื,
01:00
where a glacier may calve off to become an iceberg
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ืฉื‘ื• ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื”ืคืš ืœื’ื•ืฉ ืงืจื— ืฆืฃ
01:02
or continue to spread up as an ice shelf
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ืื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ื”ืคืš ืœืžื“ืฃ ืงืจื—
01:05
or an ice tongue.
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ืื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืจื—.
01:07
Once an iceberg breaks away
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืจ
01:08
from the glacier or ice shelf,
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ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื—,
01:10
it will usually live for three to six years,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:12
floating around, carried by the currents
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ืฆืฃ ืœื•, ื ื™ืฉื ืข"ื™ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื
01:14
and tidal movements of the ocean.
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ื•ืข"ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืคืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:16
As it floats along,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆืฃ ืœื•,
01:17
it is battered by waves,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื,
01:18
melts,
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ื ืžืก,
01:19
and smashes into land
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ื•ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ืื“ืžื”
01:21
and sometimes other icebergs.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:23
Some icebergs are so unstable
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื
01:25
that they have more dramatic ends,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:27
heaving up,
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01:27
collapsing,
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
ืงื•ืจืกื™ื,
01:28
and sometimes even exploding.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื.
01:29
And as they fall apart,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื,
01:31
many icebergs make all sorts of strange sounds.
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
01:35
When a piece of iceberg melts,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื ืžืก,
01:36
it makes a fizzing sound,
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืชืกื™ืกื”,
01:38
called Bergie Seltzer.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืจื’ื™ ื–ืœืฆืจ.
01:40
This sound is made when the water-ice interface
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ืงื•ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืงืจื—-ืžื™ื
01:42
reaches compressed air bubbles trapped in the ice.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก ื”ื›ืœื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื—.
01:45
As this happens, each bubble bursts,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชืคืจืฆืช,
01:47
making a popping sound.
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ.
01:50
There are six official size classifications for icebergs.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื
01:54
The smallest icebergs are called growlers.
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ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ืจืื•ืœืจื™ื.
01:57
They can be up the size of your car
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
01:59
and are very dangerous for ships and boats
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืจื•ืช
02:01
because usually they sit just at the waterline
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ื
02:03
where they are not easy to spot.
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ืงืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
02:05
Next are the bergy bits
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ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงืจื—
02:07
- yes, that is their scientific name -
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœื”ื
02:09
which can be up to the size of your home.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื›ื.
02:12
The other four sizes are small,
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ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืงื˜ืŸ,
02:14
medium,
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02:14
large,
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ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:15
and very large.
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ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
02:17
So just how big is a very large iceberg?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“?
02:20
Officially, any iceberg looming larger
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ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื ืฉื
02:22
than 270 feet high above sea level
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 90 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื™ื
02:25
and 670 feet long
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืจืš 220 ืžื˜ืจ
02:27
is considered very large.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
02:30
That's 27 stories of looming, blue ice.
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ื–ื” 27 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
02:34
And how do icebergs get that blue color anyways?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
02:37
When snow on the glacier
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ื›ืฉืฉืœื’ ื‘ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ
02:39
is compressed over many hundreds of years,
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ื ื“ื—ืก ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:41
the weight of the snow
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ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืฉืœื’
02:42
forces the air bubbles out of the ice,
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ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืจื—,
02:44
creating pure ice with very little air trapped inside.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงืจื— ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
02:48
This compression is seen
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ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื ืจืื™ืช
02:49
when the glacier calves,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืจ,
02:50
creating a blue iceberg.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงืจื— ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
02:53
An iceberg that has not experienced
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ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื•ื”
02:54
as much compression
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช
02:55
and has a large amount of air and surface edges
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื˜ื— ืงืฆื•ื•ืช
02:58
reflects light as white.
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ืžืฉืงืฃ ืื•ืจ ื›ืœื‘ืŸ.
03:00
Although they form in far northern or southern areas,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื,
03:03
icebergs can float thousands of miles.
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:06
An iceberg from the Arctic floated
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ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื ืžืฆื ืฆืฃ
03:08
as far south as Bermuda.
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ื”ืจื—ืง ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจืžื•ื“ื”.
03:10
Antarctic icebergs are mostly trapped
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœื•ืื™ื
03:12
in the Circumpolar Current,
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ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
03:13
never giving them a chance to float north.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
03:16
However, they have been known to interrupt
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื”
03:18
shipping lanes between Australia,
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ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
03:19
South America,
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ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
03:20
and South Africa.
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ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
03:22
For all their travelling,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:23
many people think
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:24
that these slabs of ice are barren of life,
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ืฉื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืจื— ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:27
but these seemingly sterile ice slabs
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
03:29
also harbor their own complex ecosystems
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ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
03:32
and they shape the ecosystems
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
03:33
that they pass through.
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ืฉื”ื• ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ.
03:35
They become mobile, floating ecosystems.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฆืคื•ืช.
03:38
Even in the coldest seas,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:39
icebergs are always melting,
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืกื™ื,
03:41
at least a little bit.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆืช.
03:42
This melting has a major impact
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ืœื”ืžืกื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:44
on the ocean around an iceberg.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
03:46
The fresh water from the berg
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ
03:48
creates a pool of fresh water
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
03:49
that can extend a nautical mile away from the iceberg.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืจืข ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:53
This water is colder than the surrounding sea water,
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ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
03:55
and the temperature variation creates thermal currents
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืค' ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื–ืจืžื™ื ืชืจืžื™ื™ื
03:58
in the vicinity of the iceberg.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
04:00
Life thrives on and around an iceberg.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
04:04
Young icefish hide in small ice holes to avoid predators,
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ื“ื’ื™-ืงืจื— ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
04:07
while a variety of invertebrates,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
04:09
like jellyfish and siphonophores,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ื ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื,
04:11
congregate in the area.
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ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
04:13
Many of them come to feed on krill,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืงืจื™ืœ,
04:15
tiny shrimp-like creatures.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฉืจื™ืžืค.
04:17
Snow petrels nest on the icebergs
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ื™ืกืขื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื’ ืžืงื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื
04:19
and feed on the sea life nearby.
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ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ืš.
04:21
Whales and seals and penguins seem to like them too.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื, ืืจื™ื•ืช-ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื’ื.
04:26
And even now that you know all this,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
04:28
we're still at the tip of the iceberg.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
04:30
There are all sorts of things
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:32
we don't know about icebergs.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื.
04:34
Perhaps you'll be the one to see a little deeper.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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