Are companies above the law? BBC Learning English

26,729 views ใƒป 2021-10-12

BBC Learning English


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุชุชู… ุชุฑุฌู…ุชู‡ุง ุขู„ูŠู‹ุง.

00:01
Can anything be done to stop a multinational company
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ูุนู„ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ู„ูˆู‚ู ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุงุช
00:04
that wants to abuse your rights?
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ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงู†ุชู‡ุงูƒ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ูƒุŸ
00:08
In this episode, we'll show you how international law
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ุŒ ุณู†ูˆุถุญ ู„ูƒ ูƒูŠู ูŠุญุงูุธ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฒุงู…
00:11
keeps the world's biggest companies in line.
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ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
00:16
Coming up: Nike's big ticking off...
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: ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู†ุงูŠูƒูŠ ...
00:20
A sweet victory for Cadbury's workers...
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ุงู†ุชุตุงุฑ ุฌู…ูŠู„ ู„ุนู…ุงู„ ูƒุงุฏุจูˆุฑูŠ ...
00:24
And how Shell's oil spills in Africa are dealt with in UK courts...
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ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุชุณุฑุจุงุช ุงู„ู†ูุท ู…ู† ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุดู„ ููŠ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ููŠ ู…ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ...
00:33
First up: is the law strong enough to stop companies breaking it?
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ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹: ู‡ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ู‚ูˆูŠ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ู…ู† ุฎุฑู‚ู‡ุŸ
00:40
Sometimes companies take it on themselves
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ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงุชู‚ู‡ุง
00:42
to look after their workers well.
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ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ. ุชู… ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฏุฉ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง
00:45
Chocolate makers Cadbury have sometimes been praised
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ุจุตุงู†ุนูŠ ุงู„ุดูˆูƒูˆู„ุงุชุฉ Cadbury
00:48
for actively improving the lives of their plantation workers:
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ู„ุฌู‡ูˆุฏู‡ู… ููŠ ุชุญุณูŠู† ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุน ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู…:
00:53
something called Corporate Social Responsibility, or CSR.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุฃูˆ CSR.
00:59
But, without an international legal body to enforce rules,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุŒ ุจุฏูˆู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุŒ
01:03
what can be done when companies don't choose to behave well?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ูุนู„ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู„ุง ุชุฎุชุงุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุชุตุฑู ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏุŸ ุญุงู†
01:08
Time for some clever legal work.
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ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูƒูŠ.
01:12
In the early 2000s, Nike denied claims its workers
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ููŠ ุฃูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุญุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุŒ ุฃู†ูƒุฑุช ุดุฑูƒุฉ Nike ู…ุฒุงุนู… ุชุนุฑุถ ุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง
01:17
were being mistreated in foreign factories.
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ู„ุณูˆุก ุงู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุตุงู†ุน ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ.
01:23
So, a man called Mark Kasky took Nike to court,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฑูุน ุฑุฌู„ ูŠูุฏุนู‰ ู…ุงุฑูƒ ูƒุงุณูƒูŠ ุดุฑูƒุฉ Nike ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุŒ
01:27
using American advertising laws forbidding companies
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ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‹ุง ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช
01:31
from making 'false and misleading' claims over those denials.
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ู…ู† ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ู…ุฒุงุนู… "ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ ูˆู…ุถู„ู„ุฉ" ุจุดุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒุงุฑ.
01:37
Nike defended themselves aggressively,
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ุฏุงูุนุช ุดุฑูƒุฉ Nike ุนู† ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุจู‚ูˆุฉ ุŒ
01:40
going all the way to the country's top court
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ูˆุฐู‡ุจุช ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ
01:42
to argue that they could say what they liked
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ู„ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ู‚ูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠุญู„ูˆ ู„ู‡ู…
01:45
under free speech rules.
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ุจู…ูˆุฌุจ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุญุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ.
01:48
Eventually, Nike lost and agreed to pay
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ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุŒ ุฎุณุฑุช Nike ูˆูˆุงูู‚ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูุน
01:51
to strengthen workplace monitoring.
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ู„ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
01:54
We asked Mark whether he was worried about taking on Nike in court.
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ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ู…ุงุฑูƒ ุนู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‚ู„ู‚ู‹ุง ุจุดุฃู† ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ Nike ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ.
01:59
The fact that it was Nike made... made no difference. In fact, there...
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ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุดุฑูƒุฉ Nike ... ู„ู… ุชุญุฏุซ ูุฑู‚ู‹ุง. ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ...
02:04
there was a level playing field, we felt,
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุฌุงู„ ู…ุชูƒุงูุฆ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุดุนุฑู†ุง ุŒ
02:06
in terms of the way the court would decide.
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ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชู‚ุฑุฑ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ.
02:09
Nike may have had a lot more money, but we felt we had the stronger case,
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ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏู‰ ู†ุงูŠูƒูŠ ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุดุนุฑู†ุง ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุŒ
02:15
even though we had lost at the local Municipal and the Appeals level.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฎุณุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠ ูˆู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฆู†ุงู.
02:20
And we felt that there was no way โ€“ Nike can't...
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ูˆุดุนุฑู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ - ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน Nike ...
02:24
they can't use money to beat you; facts have to beat you.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู„ุถุฑุจูƒ ุ› ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชู‡ุฒู…ูƒ.
02:28
The... the logic of their case has to beat you.
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... ู…ู†ุทู‚ ู‚ุถูŠุชู‡ู… ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠุถุฑุจูƒ.
02:30
So, that shows that it doesn't matter how much money a company has;
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุชู„ูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุ›
02:35
you have to rely on facts to win in court.
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ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู„ู„ููˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ.
02:40
How did he actually sue Nike?
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ูƒูŠู ุฑูุน ุฏุนูˆู‰ ู‚ุถุงุฆูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู†ุงูŠูƒูŠุŸ ุจุงุฏุฆ ุฐูŠ
02:42
First of all, we sued at the... well, I...
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ุจุฏุก ุŒ ุฑูุนู†ุง ุฏุนูˆู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ... ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ
02:45
we sued at the Municipal Court level, which is local, and we lost there.
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ุฑูุนู†ุง ุฏุนูˆู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ุญู„ูŠ ุŒ ูˆุฎุณุฑู†ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
02:50
Then we appealed it to the Appeals Court and we lost there as well,
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ุซู… ุงุณุชุฃู†ูู†ุงู‡ุง ุฃู…ุงู… ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฆู†ุงู ูˆุฎุณุฑู†ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุŒ
02:56
but we still felt we had a legitimate case
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ุง ุฒู„ู†ุง ู†ุดุนุฑ ุจุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ู…ุดุฑูˆุนุฉ
02:58
and so we appealed to the California Supreme Court and there we prevailed.
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏู…ู†ุง โ€‹โ€‹ุงุณุชุฆู†ุงูู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง ููŠ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุง ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู†ุชุตุฑู†ุง.
03:03
What this tells us is that you can challenge a court's ruling
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ู…ุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุจู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุทุนู† ููŠ ุญูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ
03:07
and try to win your case again by going to a higher court.
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ูˆู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ูƒุณุจ ู‚ุถูŠุชูƒ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุจุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุฃุนู„ู‰.
03:12
So, what happened in the Supreme Court?
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ุงุฐู† ู…ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุงุŸ
03:15
When the California Supreme Court ruled in my favour, they were saying,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุญูƒู…ุช ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง ููŠ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุง ู„ุตุงู„ุญูŠ ุŒ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุŒ
03:19
'If you're making statements, factual statements,
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"ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฏู„ูŠ ุจุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ูˆุงู‚ุนูŠุฉ ุŒ
03:22
about your product โ€“ where they're produced, how they're produced,
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ุญูˆู„ ู…ู†ุชุฌูƒ - ู…ูƒุงู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠุชู… ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ุŒ
03:25
what's in them โ€“
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ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุจุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ -
03:26
and your intention is to convince people to buy your product,
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ูˆู‡ุฏููƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุดุฑุงุก ู…ู†ุชุฌูƒ ุŒ
03:31
those statements must be true.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
03:33
And if it... if they aren't true, you will be sued and you will lose.
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ... ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุŒ ูุณุชุชู… ู…ู‚ุงุถุงุชูƒ ูˆุณุชุฎุณุฑ.
03:38
So, this tells us that if a company lies about how it behaves,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุฐุจุช ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุจุดุฃู† ุณู„ูˆูƒู‡ุง ุŒ
03:42
it risks being found out in court.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฎุงุทุฑ ุจุฃู† ูŠุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ.
03:46
Mark used a clever tactic
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ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ุงุฑูƒ ุชูƒุชูŠูƒู‹ุง ุฐูƒูŠู‹ุง
03:48
by fighting over Nike's statements, not their working conditions.
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุชุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุตุฑูŠุญุงุช ู†ุงูŠูƒูŠ ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุธุฑูˆู ุนู…ู„ู‡ู…. ุชุญุณู†ุช
03:53
Conditions in other countries improved.
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ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
03:56
So, how do you challenge a foreign multinational
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูƒูŠู ุชุชุญุฏู‰ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุงุช
04:00
who's doing something wrong in your country?
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุดูŠุก ุฎุงุทุฆ ููŠ ุจู„ุฏูƒุŸ
04:04
Let's go to Nigeria now, where the Bodo community live,
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ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ุขู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุง ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุนูŠุด ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุจูˆุฏูˆ ุŒ
04:07
relying on fishing and farming.
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ู…ุนุชู…ุฏูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุตูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณู…ุงูƒ ูˆุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ.
04:10
In 2008, two massive oil spills from a Shell oil pipeline
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 2008 ุŒ ุชุณุจุจ ุชุณุฑุจุงู† ู†ูุทูŠุงู† ู‡ุงุฆู„ุงู† ู…ู† ุฎุท ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ู†ูุท ุดู„ ููŠ
04:16
polluted their land and killed much of the marine life they relied on.
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ุชู„ูˆูŠุซ ุฃุฑุงุถูŠู‡ู… ูˆู‚ุชู„ูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนุชู…ุฏูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
04:22
Shell initially offered only food as compensation.
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ุนุฑุถุช ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุดู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ูู‚ุท ูƒุชุนูˆูŠุถ.
04:26
The Bodo community took legal action in UK courts,
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ุงุชุฎุฐ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุจูˆุฏูˆ ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุŒ
04:31
even though the spills were in Nigeria.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุงู†ุณูƒุงุจุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุง.
04:34
In 2014, four months before the case was due to be heard in court,
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 2014 ุŒ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ู…ูˆุนุฏ ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุŒ
04:39
the case was settled for ยฃ55 million.
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ุชู…ุช ุชุณูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุจู…ุจู„ุบ 55 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฌู†ูŠู‡ ุฅุณุชุฑู„ูŠู†ูŠ. ูˆุนู…ู„ุช
04:43
British law firm Leigh Day worked on the case.
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ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู…ุงุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ูŠ ุฏุงูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ. ุฃูˆุถุญ
04:46
Daniel Leader, from Leigh Day, explained
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ุฏุงู†ูŠุงู„ ู„ูŠุฏุฑ ุŒ ู…ู† Leigh Day ุŒ
04:49
why this case was not heard in a Nigerian court.
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ุณุจุจ ุนุฏู… ู†ุธุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุฉ. ุชู…
04:53
The case was heard in the UK because we decided
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ุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุงุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฑุฑู†ุง
04:56
to sue the UK-registered parent company
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ู…ู‚ุงุถุงุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ุงู„ู…ุณุฌู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
05:00
for the failures of its Nigerian subsidiary,
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ู„ุฅุฎูุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุŒ
05:05
and the law in the UK is that if you can demonstrate
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุฅุซุจุงุช ุฃู†
05:08
the parent company was involved in some way
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ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฃู… ู…ุชูˆุฑุทุฉ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง
05:10
in the failures of its subsidiary,
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ููŠ ุฅุฎูุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุŒ
05:15
then there's no reason why you can't hold it to account
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ูู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุณุจุจ ูŠู…ู†ุนูƒ ู…ู† ู…ุญุงุณุจุชู‡ุง
05:19
for those failures in the UK courts.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅุฎูุงู‚ุงุช ููŠ ู…ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
05:22
And the rule, broadly, is that the country
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ
05:26
where the harm occurred
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆู‚ุน ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุถุฑุฑ
05:29
is the system of law that the courts will apply.
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ู‡ูŠ ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุชุทุจู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู….
05:33
So, if you are a Nigerian fishermen suing Shell in the UK,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุตูŠุงุฏู‹ุง ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠู‹ุง ุชู‚ุงุถูŠ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุดู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุŒ
05:38
the UK judge will apply Nigerian law
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ูุณูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ู‚ุงุถูŠ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ ุจุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠ
05:42
and get expert evidence as to what the relevant Nigerian law is.
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ูˆุณูŠุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุฎุจูŠุฑ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠ ุฐูŠ ุงู„ุตู„ุฉ.
05:47
You can sometimes sue a parent company in one country
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง ู…ู‚ุงุถุงุฉ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุฃู… ููŠ ุจู„ุฏ ู…ุง
05:51
for the actions of its subsidiary in another country.
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ุจุณุจุจ ุชุตุฑูุงุช ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุจู„ุฏ ุขุฎุฑ.
05:55
You need to show the parent was controlling the subsidiary.
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ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุงู„ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูŠุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ.
05:59
What problems do multinational companies present lawyers?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุฏู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุงุช ู„ู„ู…ุญุงู…ูŠู†ุŸ ุชูƒู…ู†
06:04
The fundamental issue is that
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฃู†ู‡ู…
06:05
they will not only hide behind their corporate structure
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ู„ู† ูŠุฎุชุจุฆูˆุง ูˆุฑุงุก ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ูุญุณุจ ุŒ
06:08
but they'll also argue that they should be held to account locally,
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ุจู„ ุณูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ู…ุญุงุณุจุชู‡ู… ู…ุญู„ูŠู‹ุง ุŒ
06:12
in the local jurisdictions,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ
06:15
and the problem with that is actually you can't get justice
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุนุฏุงู„ุฉ
06:17
if you are a poor community in Nigeria, or Kenya, or Zambia,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ูƒุฐู„ูƒ. ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ูู‚ูŠุฑ ููŠ ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุง ุŒ ุฃูˆ ูƒูŠู†ูŠุง ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฒุงู…ุจูŠุง ุŒ
06:23
because you simply don't have the resources to take on
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ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ู„ุง ุชู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ู„ุชูˆู„ูŠ
06:26
multinational companies within those legal systems.
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ุดุฑูƒุงุช ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุงุช ุถู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
06:30
Multinational companies can argue cases should be heard locally
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุงุช ุฃู† ุชุฌุงุฏู„ ููŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุงุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงูŠุง ู…ุญู„ูŠู‹ุง ู„ุชุณู‡ูŠู„
06:34
to make it easier for them to win, rather than going to foreign courts,
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ููˆุฒู‡ุง ุŒ ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ุŒ
06:39
which may be more affordable for poor communities.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูŠุณูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ.
06:43
So, do multinationals have to follow international human rights laws?
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ุฅุฐู† ุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุงุช ุงุชุจุงุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŸ
06:49
So, the answer is increasingly they... they do,
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ... ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
06:51
following the creation of something called
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ุจุนุฏ ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰
06:54
the UN general principles on business and human rights,
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ุจุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุฃู…ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุจุดุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุŒ
06:58
which everyone agreed to internationally โ€“
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุงูู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฏูˆู„ูŠู‹ุง - ูˆุงูู‚ุช
07:01
all countries and corporations agreed to internationally โ€“
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ - ู…ู†ุฐ
07:04
about ten years ago, which applies human rights norms to companies.
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุนุดุฑ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช.
07:08
At the moment, they do not have the force of law: they are voluntary.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†: ุฅู†ู‡ู… ุทูˆุนูŠูˆู†.
07:13
But, there are moves afoot to give them legal standing.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู… ูˆุณุงู‚ ู„ู…ู†ุญู‡ู… ู…ูƒุงู†ุฉ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
07:19
There are voluntary rules on human rights for companies,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุทูˆุนูŠุฉ ุจุดุฃู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุŒ
07:22
called the UN Guiding Principles.
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ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ุชูˆุฌูŠู‡ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฃู…ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ. ุชู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง
07:26
Many countries and organisations accept them.
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ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช.
07:29
Campaigners are pushing for them to be binding.
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ุงู„ู†ุดุทุงุก ูŠุฏูุนูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู„ุฒู…ุฉ. ู„ู‚ุฏ
07:33
We've seen how using law internationally can mean
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ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ูŠู‹ุง ุฃู†ู‡
07:37
you can fight cases in courts that suit you better.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู…ุญุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุงุณุจูƒ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูุถู„.
07:41
Sometimes this means companies can't hide from the law.
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†.
07:45
Mark Kasky's case showed us how using national law cleverly
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ุฃุธู‡ุฑุช ู„ู†ุง ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุงุฑูƒ ูƒุงุณูƒูŠ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ ุจุฐูƒุงุก
07:50
can have a big, and positive, international impact.
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ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠ.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7