Are companies above the law? BBC Learning English

26,335 views ใƒป 2021-10-12

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:01
Can anything be done to stop a multinational company
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
00:04
that wants to abuse your rights?
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืœืจืขื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ืš?
00:08
In this episode, we'll show you how international law
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ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
00:11
keeps the world's biggest companies in line.
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ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื .
00:16
Coming up: Nike's big ticking off...
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘: ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ืžืชืงืชืงืช...
00:20
A sweet victory for Cadbury's workers...
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ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืงื“ื‘ื•ืจื™...
00:24
And how Shell's oil spills in Africa are dealt with in UK courts...
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ื•ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ Shell ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”...
00:33
First up: is the law strong enough to stop companies breaking it?
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ืจืืฉื™ืช: ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจ ืื•ืชื•?
00:40
Sometimes companies take it on themselves
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ
00:42
to look after their workers well.
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ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:45
Chocolate makers Cadbury have sometimes been praised
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืงื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื›ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื
00:48
for actively improving the lives of their plantation workers:
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ืฉื™ืคืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื:
00:53
something called Corporate Social Responsibility, or CSR.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ืช, ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
00:59
But, without an international legal body to enforce rules,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืœื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืื›ื•ืฃ ื›ืœืœื™ื,
01:03
what can be done when companies don't choose to behave well?
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ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื™ืคื”? ื”ื’ื™ืข
01:08
Time for some clever legal work.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”.
01:12
In the early 2000s, Nike denied claims its workers
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000, ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”
01:17
were being mistreated in foreign factories.
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ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
01:23
So, a man called Mark Kasky took Nike to court,
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ืื–, ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืžืืจืง ืงืืกืงื™ ืœืงื— ืืช ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื
01:27
using American advertising laws forbidding companies
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
01:31
from making 'false and misleading' claims over those denials.
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช 'ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืขื•ืช' ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
01:37
Nike defended themselves aggressively,
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ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
01:40
going all the way to the country's top court
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ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
01:42
to argue that they could say what they liked
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื
01:45
under free speech rules.
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ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
01:48
Eventually, Nike lost and agreed to pay
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืฉืœื
01:51
to strengthen workplace monitoring.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
01:54
We asked Mark whether he was worried about taking on Nike in court.
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ืžืืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
01:59
The fact that it was Nike made... made no difference. In fact, there...
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื™ื™ืงื™... ืœื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื...
02:04
there was a level playing field, we felt,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื•,
02:06
in terms of the way the court would decide.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜.
02:09
Nike may have had a lot more money, but we felt we had the stronger case,
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ืœื ื™ื™ืงื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:15
even though we had lost at the local Municipal and the Appeals level.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืกื“ื ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื.
02:20
And we felt that there was no way โ€“ Nike can't...
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ โ€“ ื ื™ื™ืงื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”...
02:24
they can't use money to beat you; facts have to beat you.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ืื•ืชืš; ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื— ืื•ืชืš.
02:28
The... the logic of their case has to beat you.
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ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ืฆื— ืื•ืชืš.
02:30
So, that shows that it doesn't matter how much money a company has;
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”;
02:35
you have to rely on facts to win in court.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
02:40
How did he actually sue Nike?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื ื™ื™ืงื™?
02:42
First of all, we sued at the... well, I...
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืชื‘ืขื ื• ื‘... ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™...
02:45
we sued at the Municipal Court level, which is local, and we lost there.
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ืชื‘ืขื ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ืคืกื“ื ื• ืฉื.
02:50
Then we appealed it to the Appeals Court and we lost there as well,
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขืจืขืจื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉื ื”ืคืกื“ื ื•,
02:56
but we still felt we had a legitimate case
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื™ืง ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™
02:58
and so we appealed to the California Supreme Court and there we prevailed.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืจืขืจื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ืฉื ื ื™ืฆื—ื ื•.
03:03
What this tells us is that you can challenge a court's ruling
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
03:07
and try to win your case again by going to a higher court.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ืง ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืขืจื›ืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:12
So, what happened in the Supreme Court?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ?
03:15
When the California Supreme Court ruled in my favour, they were saying,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืคืกืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื™, ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
03:19
'If you're making statements, factual statements,
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'ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช,
03:22
about your product โ€“ where they're produced, how they're produced,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœืš - ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
03:25
what's in them โ€“
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื -
03:26
and your intention is to convince people to buy your product,
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœืš,
03:31
those statements must be true.
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ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
03:33
And if it... if they aren't true, you will be sued and you will lose.
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ื•ืื ื–ื”... ืื ื”ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืชืชื‘ืขื• ื•ืชืคืกื™ื“ื•.
03:38
So, this tells us that if a company lies about how it behaves,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืงืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช,
03:42
it risks being found out in court.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื›ื ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
03:46
Mark used a clever tactic
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ืžืืจืง ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื›ืžื”
03:48
by fighting over Nike's statements, not their working conditions.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืงื™, ืœื ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:53
Conditions in other countries improved.
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ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจื•.
03:56
So, how do you challenge a foreign multinational
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืืชื’ืจ ืžื•ืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื–ืจ
04:00
who's doing something wrong in your country?
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš?
04:04
Let's go to Nigeria now, where the Bodo community live,
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื™ืกืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ื—ื™ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื
04:07
relying on fishing and farming.
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ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
04:10
In 2008, two massive oil spills from a Shell oil pipeline
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ื‘-2008, ืฉื ื™ ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื ืคื˜ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ Shell
04:16
polluted their land and killed much of the marine life they relied on.
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ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื“ืžืชื ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•.
04:22
Shell initially offered only food as compensation.
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Shell ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.
04:26
The Bodo community took legal action in UK courts,
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ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
04:31
even though the spills were in Nigeria.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
04:34
In 2014, four months before the case was due to be heard in court,
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ื‘-2014, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
04:39
the case was settled for ยฃ55 million.
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ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื•ืกื“ืจ ื‘-55 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜.
04:43
British law firm Leigh Day worked on the case.
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ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื™ื™ ื“ื™ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืง.
04:46
Daniel Leader, from Leigh Day, explained
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ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœื™ื“ืจ, ืžืœื™ื™ ื“ื™ื™, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
04:49
why this case was not heard in a Nigerian court.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™.
04:53
The case was heard in the UK because we decided
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ื”ืชื™ืง ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื•
04:56
to sue the UK-registered parent company
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ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
05:00
for the failures of its Nigerian subsidiary,
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”,
05:05
and the law in the UK is that if you can demonstrate
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
05:08
the parent company was involved in some way
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
05:10
in the failures of its subsidiary,
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ื‘ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื”,
05:15
then there's no reason why you can't hold it to account
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
05:19
for those failures in the UK courts.
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ืœื›ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
05:22
And the rule, broadly, is that the country
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ื•ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
05:26
where the harm occurred
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ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”
05:29
is the system of law that the courts will apply.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ื™ืœื•.
05:33
So, if you are a Nigerian fishermen suing Shell in the UK,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ ืฉืชื•ื‘ืข ืืช Shell ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
05:38
the UK judge will apply Nigerian law
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™
05:42
and get expert evidence as to what the relevant Nigerian law is.
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ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
05:47
You can sometimes sue a parent company in one country
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
05:51
for the actions of its subsidiary in another country.
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ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
05:55
You need to show the parent was controlling the subsidiary.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ืช.
05:59
What problems do multinational companies present lawyers?
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ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ?
06:04
The fundamental issue is that
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื
06:05
they will not only hide behind their corporate structure
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื™ืชื—ื‘ืื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
06:08
but they'll also argue that they should be held to account locally,
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ืืœื ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
06:12
in the local jurisdictions,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
06:15
and the problem with that is actually you can't get justice
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฆื“ืง
06:17
if you are a poor community in Nigeria, or Kenya, or Zambia,
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ืื ืืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ืื• ืงื ื™ื”, ืื• ื–ืžื‘ื™ื”,
06:23
because you simply don't have the resources to take on
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ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื
06:26
multinational companies within those legal systems.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
06:30
Multinational companies can argue cases should be heard locally
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:34
to make it easier for them to win, rather than going to foreign courts,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ืจื™ื,
06:39
which may be more affordable for poor communities.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
06:43
So, do multinationals have to follow international human rights laws?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื?
06:49
So, the answer is increasingly they... they do,
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ืื–, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื... ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
06:51
following the creation of something called
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื
06:54
the UN general principles on business and human rights,
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื,
06:58
which everyone agreed to internationally โ€“
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช -
07:01
all countries and corporations agreed to internationally โ€“
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช -
07:04
about ten years ago, which applies human rights norms to companies.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื” ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
07:08
At the moment, they do not have the force of law: they are voluntary.
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง: ื”ื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ.
07:13
But, there are moves afoot to give them legal standing.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™.
07:19
There are voluntary rules on human rights for companies,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื•ืœื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
07:22
called the UN Guiding Principles.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื.
07:26
Many countries and organisations accept them.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
07:29
Campaigners are pushing for them to be binding.
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ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื.
07:33
We've seen how using law internationally can mean
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš
07:37
you can fight cases in courts that suit you better.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:41
Sometimes this means companies can't hide from the law.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ืง.
07:45
Mark Kasky's case showed us how using national law cleverly
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ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืืจืง ืงืืกืงื™ ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
07:50
can have a big, and positive, international impact.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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