Are companies above the law? BBC Learning English

26,024 views ใƒป 2021-10-12

BBC Learning English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:01
Can anything be done to stop a multinational company
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00:04
that wants to abuse your rights?
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:08
In this episode, we'll show you how international law
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์ด ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
00:11
keeps the world's biggest companies in line.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Coming up: Nike's big ticking off...
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์˜ˆ์ •: Nike์˜ ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต... Cadbury ์ง์›
00:20
A sweet victory for Cadbury's workers...
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๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ...
00:24
And how Shell's oil spills in Africa are dealt with in UK courts...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ Shell์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ์œ ์ถœ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”์ง€...
00:33
First up: is the law strong enough to stop companies breaking it?
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ: ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:40
Sometimes companies take it on themselves
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š”
00:42
to look after their workers well.
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์ง์›์„ ์ž˜ ๋Œ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
Chocolate makers Cadbury have sometimes been praised
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์ธ Cadbury๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋†์žฅ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜
00:48
for actively improving the lives of their plantation workers:
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์‚ถ์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์นญ์ฐฌ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
something called Corporate Social Responsibility, or CSR.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„(Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
But, without an international legal body to enforce rules,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:03
what can be done when companies don't choose to behave well?
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๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:08
Time for some clever legal work.
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์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
In the early 2000s, Nike denied claims its workers
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2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด
01:17
were being mistreated in foreign factories.
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์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ถ€์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
So, a man called Mark Kasky took Nike to court,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ Mark Kasky๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋Š”
01:27
using American advertising laws forbidding companies
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:31
from making 'false and misleading' claims over those denials.
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'๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๋ฐ ์˜คํ•ด์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”' ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Nike๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์ •์— ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
Nike defended themselves aggressively,
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๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค๋Š”
01:40
going all the way to the country's top court
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01:42
to argue that they could say what they liked
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01:45
under free speech rules.
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ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์›๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
Eventually, Nike lost and agreed to pay
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ Nike๋Š”
01:51
to strengthen workplace monitoring.
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์ž‘์—…์žฅ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
We asked Mark whether he was worried about taking on Nike in court.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Mark์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ Nike๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฑ์ •๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
The fact that it was Nike made... made no difference. In fact, there...
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๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€... ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋ฒ•์›์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š”
02:04
there was a level playing field, we felt,
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๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:06
in terms of the way the court would decide.
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.
02:09
Nike may have had a lot more money, but we felt we had the stronger case,
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Nike๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
02:15
even though we had lost at the local Municipal and the Appeals level.
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์ง€์—ญ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด ๋ฐ Appeals ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํŒจํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
And we felt that there was no way โ€“ Nike can't...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ ๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค๋Š”...
02:24
they can't use money to beat you; facts have to beat you.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ด๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
The... the logic of their case has to beat you.
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๊ทธ... ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ด๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
So, that shows that it doesn't matter how much money a company has;
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ค๋ฉด
02:35
you have to rely on facts to win in court.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์˜์กดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:40
How did he actually sue Nike?
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ Nike๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์†Œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:42
First of all, we sued at the... well, I...
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์šฐ์„ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”... ์Œ, ์ €๋Š”...
02:45
we sued at the Municipal Court level, which is local, and we lost there.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ•์› ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ํŒจ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Then we appealed it to the Appeals Court and we lost there as well,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ญ์†Œ ๋ฒ•์›์— ํ•ญ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ํŒจ์†Œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:56
but we still felt we had a legitimate case
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:58
and so we appealed to the California Supreme Court and there we prevailed.
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์— ํ•ญ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์Šน์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
What this tells us is that you can challenge a court's ruling
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์ด์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ๋ฒ•์›์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
03:07
and try to win your case again by going to a higher court.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:12
So, what happened in the Supreme Court?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์„๊นŒ์š” ?
03:15
When the California Supreme Court ruled in my favour, they were saying,
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
03:19
'If you're making statements, factual statements,
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'๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
03:22
about your product โ€“ where they're produced, how they're produced,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์ˆ , ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด โ€“ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์ œํ’ˆ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ
03:25
what's in them โ€“
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๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ โ€“
03:26
and your intention is to convince people to buy your product,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์˜๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
03:31
those statements must be true.
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๊ทธ ์ง„์ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
And if it... if they aren't true, you will be sued and you will lose.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
So, this tells us that if a company lies about how it behaves,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:42
it risks being found out in court.
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๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
Mark used a clever tactic
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Mark๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฌด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:48
by fighting over Nike's statements, not their working conditions.
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Nike์˜ ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ „์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:53
Conditions in other countries improved.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
So, how do you challenge a foreign multinational
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:00
who's doing something wrong in your country?
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:04
Let's go to Nigeria now, where the Bodo community live,
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04:07
relying on fishing and farming.
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๋‚š์‹œ์™€ ๋†์—…์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:10
In 2008, two massive oil spills from a Shell oil pipeline
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2008๋…„์— Shell ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฑด์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ์œ ์ถœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ
04:16
polluted their land and killed much of the marine life they relied on.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋•…์ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜์กดํ•˜๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
Shell initially offered only food as compensation.
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Shell์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์‹๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
The Bodo community took legal action in UK courts,
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Bodo ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ์ด ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์  ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:31
even though the spills were in Nigeria.
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. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ธฐ
04:34
In 2014, four months before the case was due to be heard in court,
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4๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์ธ 2014๋…„์—
04:39
the case was settled for ยฃ55 million.
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์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ 5,500๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์— ํ•ฉ์˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
British law firm Leigh Day worked on the case.
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์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ Leigh Day๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Leigh Day
04:46
Daniel Leader, from Leigh Day, explained
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์˜ Daniel Leader๋Š”
04:49
why this case was not heard in a Nigerian court.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
The case was heard in the UK because we decided
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์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:56
to sue the UK-registered parent company
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์˜๊ตญ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:00
for the failures of its Nigerian subsidiary,
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05:05
and the law in the UK is that if you can demonstrate
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•์€
05:08
the parent company was involved in some way
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๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“ 
05:10
in the failures of its subsidiary,
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์žํšŒ์‚ฌ
05:15
then there's no reason why you can't hold it to account
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๋ผ๋ฉด
05:19
for those failures in the UK courts.
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์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
And the rule, broadly, is that the country
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ทœ์น™์€
05:26
where the harm occurred
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ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
05:29
is the system of law that the courts will apply.
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๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ• ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
So, if you are a Nigerian fishermen suing Shell in the UK,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ Shell์„ ๊ณ ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์–ด๋ถ€๋ผ๋ฉด
05:38
the UK judge will apply Nigerian law
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์˜๊ตญ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉ
05:42
and get expert evidence as to what the relevant Nigerian law is.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
You can sometimes sue a parent company in one country
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05:51
for the actions of its subsidiary in another country.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
You need to show the parent was controlling the subsidiary.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
What problems do multinational companies present lawyers?
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๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?
06:04
The fundamental issue is that
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
06:05
they will not only hide behind their corporate structure
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ
06:08
but they'll also argue that they should be held to account locally,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:12
in the local jurisdictions,
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์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์—์„œ
06:15
and the problem with that is actually you can't get justice
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
if you are a poor community in Nigeria, or Kenya, or Zambia,
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๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„, ์ผ€๋ƒ, ์ž ๋น„์•„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”
06:23
because you simply don't have the resources to take on
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06:26
multinational companies within those legal systems.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๋งก์„ ์ž์›์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
Multinational companies can argue cases should be heard locally
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๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ
06:34
to make it easier for them to win, rather than going to foreign courts,
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์™ธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์Šน์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:39
which may be more affordable for poor communities.
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.
06:43
So, do multinationals have to follow international human rights laws?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ธ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:49
So, the answer is increasingly they... they do,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 10๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ธ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
06:51
following the creation of something called
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06:54
the UN general principles on business and human rights,
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UN ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์›์น™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ›„
06:58
which everyone agreed to internationally โ€“
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07:01
all countries and corporations agreed to internationally โ€“
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
about ten years ago, which applies human rights norms to companies.
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๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”.
07:08
At the moment, they do not have the force of law: they are voluntary.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ•์  ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
But, there are moves afoot to give them legal standing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
There are voluntary rules on human rights for companies,
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07:22
called the UN Guiding Principles.
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์œ ์—” ์ดํ–‰ ์›์น™(UN Guiding Principles)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
Many countries and organisations accept them.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Campaigners are pushing for them to be binding.
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์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
We've seen how using law internationally can mean
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:37
you can fight cases in courts that suit you better.
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์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
Sometimes this means companies can't hide from the law.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋ฒ•์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ˆจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
Mark Kasky's case showed us how using national law cleverly
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Mark Kasky์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์„ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
07:50
can have a big, and positive, international impact.
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ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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