Countries try to change UN climate report: BBC News Review

83,082 views ใƒป 2021-11-02

BBC Learning English


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุชุชู… ุชุฑุฌู…ุชู‡ุง ุขู„ูŠู‹ุง.

00:00
COP26 is under way in Glasgow,
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COP26 ุฌุงุฑูŠ ููŠ ุฌู„ุงุณูƒูˆ ุŒ
00:03
but ahead of the conference a leaked report seen by the BBC
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ุฃุธู‡ุฑ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ู…ุณุฑุจ ุงุทู„ุนุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุจูŠ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ
00:08
showed that some countries were trying to get a change made
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ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ
00:12
to a crucial scientific report.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุนู„ู…ูŠ ู…ู‡ู….
00:15
I'm Neil. This is News Review from BBC Learning English
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ุฃู†ุง ู†ูŠู„. ู‡ุฐุง News Review ู…ู† BBC Learning English
00:18
and joining me is Roy. Hi Roy.
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ูˆุงู†ุถู… ุฅู„ูŠ ุฑูˆูŠ. ู…ุฑุญุจุง ุฑูˆูŠ.
00:20
Hi Neil and hello everybody.
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ู…ุฑุญุจุง ู†ูŠู„ ูˆู…ุฑุญุจุง ุจุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน.
00:23
If you would like to test yourself on the vocabulary around the story,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู†ูุณูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูุฑุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุŒ
00:26
head to our website bbclearningenglish.com to take a quiz.
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ูุชูˆุฌู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ุนู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆูŠุจ bbclearningenglish.com ู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ.
00:31
But now, let's hear more about this story from this BBC News report:
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุณู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ู…ู† ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุจูŠ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ ู†ูŠูˆุฒ:
00:47
OK. So, the story is this: BBC News has seen some leaked documents
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุง. ุฅุฐู† ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ู‡ูŠ ูƒุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ: ู„ู‚ุฏ ุดุงู‡ุฏุช ุจูŠ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ ู†ูŠูˆุฒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุจุฉ
00:52
that suggest that some countries are trying to change
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ
00:56
a crucial scientific report on climate change.
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ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุนู„ู…ูŠ ู…ู‡ู… ุนู† ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ.
01:01
Well, you've been looking at this story
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ุชู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ
01:03
and scanning the various headlines to see how people are talking about it.
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ูˆุชู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ุณุญ ุงู„ุนู†ุงูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ุชุฑู‰ ูƒูŠู ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู†ู‡ุง.
01:09
What three items of vocabulary have you got?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุฑุฏุงุช ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠูƒุŸ
01:12
We have 'water down', 'spanner in the works' and 'lobbying'.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง "ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฃุณูู„" ูˆ "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„" ูˆ "ุงู„ุถุบุท".
01:18
'Water down', 'spanner in the works' and 'lobbying'.
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"ุถุน ุงู„ู…ุงุก" ูˆ "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„" ูˆ "ุงู„ุถุบุท".
01:22
So, let's start with your first headline there please, Roy.
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ู„ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุนู†ูˆุงู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฑูˆูŠ.
01:26
OK. So, our first headline comes from Politico and it reads:
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ู†ุนู…. ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุนู†ูˆุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† Politico ูˆู†ุตู‡:
01:37
'Water down' โ€“ make something less effective; weaken.
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"Water down" - ุงุฌุนู„ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุ› ุชุถุนู.
01:42
OK. So, this expression is spelt:
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ู†ุนู…. ุฅุฐู† ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ:
01:45
W-A-T-E-R. Second word: D-O-W-N.
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W-A-T-E-R. ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ: D-O-W-N.
01:50
And like you said, it makes...
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุนู„ ...
01:52
it's the idea of making something weaker or less effective.
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ู‡ูˆ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌุนู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุฃุถุนู ุฃูˆ ุฃู‚ู„ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
01:58
OK. So, I was a little bit confused, Roy,
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ู†ุนู…. ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูƒู†ุช ู…ุฑุชุจูƒู‹ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุŒ ุฑูˆูŠ ุŒ
02:01
because I assumed because this is a climate change story
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุงูุชุฑุถุช ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ุตุฉ ุนู† ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ
02:05
that we've got the word 'water' and 'down' here
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "ู…ุงุก" ูˆ "ุฃุณูู„" ู‡ู†ุง
02:07
because there's increased flooding or raining.
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ููŠุถุงู†ุงุช ุฃูˆ ู‡ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุทุงุฑ.
02:10
Is that not the case?
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ุฃู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŸ
02:13
No, no. That's a more literal meaning.
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ู„ุง ู„ุง. ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุญุฑููŠุฉ.
02:16
So, for example, water levels can go down or they can go up,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู†ุฎูุถ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฃูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฑุชูุน ุŒ
02:20
but in this sense โ€“ first of all, let's talk about...
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ - ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ ูˆู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุŒ ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ...
02:23
it's more of a figurative meaning, so let's talk about coffee.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู…ุฌุงุฒูŠ ุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ.
02:27
Do you like strong coffee?
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ู‡ู„ ุชุญุจ ุงู„ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉุŸ
02:30
I do. I do love strong espresso-style coffee, but you know what, Roy?
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ุฃูุนู„. ุฃู†ุง ุฃุญุจ ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณุจุฑูŠุณูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู„ ุชุนุฑู ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุง ุฑูˆูŠุŸ
02:36
It's... sometimes it's a little bit too strong.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ... ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ูˆูŠู‹ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
02:40
I want something โ€“ a bit of a longer drink, so I have an americano.
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง - ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ู…ุดุฑูˆุจ ุฃุทูˆู„ ุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฏูŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงู†ูˆ.
02:46
OK. So, what... what is an americano then?
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ู†ุนู…. ุฅุฐู† ุŒ ู…ุง ... ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ุฅุฐู†ุŸ
02:48
An americano is an espresso-style coffee,
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ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงู†ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ุฅุณุจุฑูŠุณูˆ ุŒ
02:52
but it's had water added to it โ€“ hot water.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุชู…ุช ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง - ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุณุงุฎู†. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู…
02:55
It's been 'watered down' to make it less strong.
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"ุชุฎููŠูู‡" ู„ุฌุนู„ู‡ ุฃู‚ู„ ู‚ูˆุฉ.
02:58
Yes... So, that's... that's where the expression's from:
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ู†ุนู… ... ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุงุก ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ:
03:00
the idea of adding water to something,
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ููƒุฑุฉ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุŒ
03:02
like the espresso, to make it less strong,
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฅุณุจุฑูŠุณูˆ ุŒ ู„ุฌุนู„ู‡ ุฃู‚ู„ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุŒ
03:05
to make it weaker, to lessen that impact that it has on you.
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ูˆู„ุฌุนู„ู‡ ุฃุถุนู ุŒ ูˆู„ู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุชุฃุซูŠุฑู‡ ุนู„ูŠูƒ.
03:09
Now, in the headline, we're not talking about coffee;
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู†ูˆุงู† ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุ›
03:12
we're talking about a document, so we use this meaning...
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ู…ุณุชู†ุฏ ุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ...
03:16
we used this expression in a figurative way.
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ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฑู…ุฒูŠุฉ.
03:19
So, we say 'water down' the impact of a document and it's the same idea:
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ "ู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู†ุฏ" ูˆู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ:
03:24
to lessen the impact or the importance of something โ€“ to 'water it down'.
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ู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุฃูˆ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง - "ุชุฎููŠูู‡".
03:29
Yeah, that's absolutely right.
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ู†ุนู… ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง.
03:31
There is another word which has the same meaning as 'water down':
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู‡ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู…ุซู„ "water down":
03:37
'dilute' โ€“ so, we have 'dilute' and we have 'water down'.
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"ุชู…ูŠูŠุน" - ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง "ุชู…ูŠูŠุน" ูˆู„ุฏูŠู†ุง "ู…ุงุก ุฃุณูู„".
03:41
'Dilute' sounds like a word that has the same meaning
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ุชุจุฏูˆ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "ู…ุฎูู" ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰
03:45
in many different, especially Latin, languages,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุบุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุŒ ูˆุฎุงุตุฉ ุงู„ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ
03:49
so why can't I just use 'dilute'?
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ูู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "ุชู…ูŠูŠุน"ุŸ
03:51
Why do I need to use this word 'water down'?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "Water down"ุŸ
03:54
Well, this is a great question
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุฑุงุฆุน
03:55
and you absolutely can use 'dilute' if you wish to use it.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… "ู…ุฎูู" ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡.
03:58
And you said it's got a Latin root;
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ูˆู‚ู„ุช ุฃู† ู„ู‡ุง ุฌุฐุฑ ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠ.
04:01
now, quite often these words โ€“ these Latin-origin words โ€“ they're quite formal.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช - ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠ - ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง.
04:05
They're more formal than the, kind of, phrasal-verb counterparts.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู†ุธุฑุงุฆู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฃุดุจุงู‡ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠุฉ.
04:10
Phrasal verbs are much more natural in speech
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ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฃุดุจุงู‡ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู…
04:13
or in, kind of, informal English โ€“ natural, everyday English.
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ุฃูˆ ููŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ - ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ.
04:16
So, if you, kind of, want to sound more natural when you're talking,
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุŒ ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ุง ุŒ ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชุจุฏูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุชุญุฏุซ ุŒ
04:19
use a phrasal verb: use 'water down'.
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ูุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ูุนู„ ุงู„ุงุตุทู„ุงุญูŠ: ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… "water down".
04:21
But, obviously if you want to be formal โ€“
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู†ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฑุณู…ูŠู‹ุง -
04:23
maybe you're writing a scientific report โ€“
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูƒุชุจ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑู‹ุง ุนู„ู…ูŠู‹ุง -
04:26
you would use the word 'dilute' and that word 'dilute'
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ูุณุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "ุชู…ูŠูŠุน" ูˆุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "ู…ุฎูู"
04:28
has the same meaning, both figuratively and literally.
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ู„ู‡ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุŒ ู…ุฌุงุฒูŠู‹ุง ูˆุญุฑููŠู‹ุง.
04:31
You can 'dilute' something with water
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ "ุชู…ูŠูŠุน" ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุจุงู„ู…ุงุก
04:34
or you can 'dilute' the impact of a document.
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ุฃูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ "ุชุฎููŠู" ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู†ุฏ.
04:37
Absolutely. OK. Let's get a summary:
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ู‚ุทุนุงู‹. ู†ุนู…. ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุฎุต:
04:48
If you would like to watch another programme with the topic of coffee,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุขุฎุฑ ุจู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุŒ
04:52
we have the perfect one for you.
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ูู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ูŠ ู„ูƒ.
04:54
Coffee smells great, doesn't it, Roy?
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ุฑุงุฆุญุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุง ุฑูˆูŠุŸ
04:56
But, it never quite tastes as good as it smells. Why is that?
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุฐุงู‚ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุถุงู‡ูŠ ุฑุงุฆุญุชู‡ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง . ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
05:01
Well, I'm not so sure, but this 6 Minute English
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุŒ ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏู‹ุง ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 6 ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚
05:03
has the answers for you, so grab a biscuit,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช ู„ูƒ ุŒ ู„ุฐุง ุงุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุณูƒูˆูŠุช ุŒ
05:06
dunk it in your coffee like Rob would
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ูˆุงุบู…ุณู‡ุง ููŠ ู‚ู‡ูˆุชูƒ ูƒู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ ุฑูˆุจ
05:08
and click the link in the description below to watch it.
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ูˆุงู†ู‚ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุตู ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุชู‡.
05:11
Absolutely. OK. Let's have a look at your next headline.
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ู‚ุทุนุงู‹. ู†ุนู…. ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู†ูˆุงู† ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒ.
05:15
OK. So, our next headline comes from Down To Earth and it reads:
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ู†ุนู…. ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุนู†ูˆุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ู† Down To Earth ูˆูŠู‚ุฑุฃ:
05:25
'Spanner in the works' โ€“ something that stops a plan from succeeding.
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"Spanner in the Works" - ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ู†ุน ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุญ.
05:32
So, Roy, I know what a 'spanner' is:
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ุฑูˆูŠ ุŒ ุฃุนุฑู ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุบูŠ":
05:35
this โ€“ this is a spanner!
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ู‡ุฐุง - ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุบูŠ!
05:38
What are we doing, talking about 'spanners'
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ูุนู„ ุŒ ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† "ุงู„ุจุฑุงุบูŠ"
05:41
in reference to this climate change conference?
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ููŠ ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
05:44
OK. Yeah, well, that is... that is a 'spanner'. There you go โ€“ perfect.
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ู†ุนู…. ู†ุนู… ุŒ ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท". ู‡ุง ุฃู†ุช ุฐุง - ุฑุงุฆุน.
05:48
So, what we use a 'spanner' for โ€“ it's an essential tool
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู…ุง ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุบูŠ" - ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
05:53
for engine maintenance or working on machines.
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ู„ุตูŠุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑูƒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขู„ุงุช.
05:55
So, for example, you can use it, I believe,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุŒ
05:57
to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts.
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ู„ุชุดุฏูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ ููƒ ุงู„ุตูˆุงู…ูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงู…ูŠุฑ.
06:00
Now, what happens, Neil, if you... you hold that spanner
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุŒ ู†ูŠู„ ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ... ุชู…ุณูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญ
06:04
and suddenly you drop the spanner into the engine? What happens?
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ูˆูุฌุฃุฉ ุฃุณู‚ุทุช ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑูƒุŸ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซุŸ
06:08
Oooh, that's going to be bad, isn't it, Roy?
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ุฃูˆูˆู‡ ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุณูŠุฆู‹ุง ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุง ุฑูˆูŠุŸ
06:10
Because the engine is a very smooth-running machine
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุญุฑูƒ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุขู„ุฉ ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุณู„ุงุณุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ
06:14
and if you throw this into it โ€“
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจุฅู„ู‚ุงุก ู‡ุฐุง ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ -
06:17
this hard piece of metal โ€“ it's going to make everything stop,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ - ูุณุชุชูˆู‚ู ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุŒ
06:21
or not work properly.
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ุฃูˆ ู„ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญ.
06:24
So, yeah, basically that's the idea of the 'spanner in the works'.
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ู†ุนู… ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ููƒุฑุฉ "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„".
06:27
Now, we're not talking about the literal meaning.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑููŠ.
06:30
Again, we've gone to a figurative meaning,
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ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ ุชูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฑู…ุฒูŠ ุŒ
06:33
but the idea of a 'spanner in the works'
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ู„ูƒู† ููƒุฑุฉ "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„"
06:35
is that same idea of stopping the engine working.
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ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฅูŠู‚ุงู ุงู„ู…ุญุฑูƒ ุนู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
06:38
So, it's something that is stopping a project,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ูŠูˆู‚ู ู…ุดุฑูˆุนู‹ุง ุŒ
06:42
or for example the impact of a document, from working.
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ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชู†ุฏ ุŒ ุนู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
06:46
So, a 'spanner in the works' is a problem that stops a situation
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูุฅู† "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„" ู‡ูˆ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ู
06:50
from fulfilling itself, if you like.
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ู…ู† ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ู†ูุณู‡ ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ.
06:51
Yeah. Now, you've got an example of a 'spanner in the works', haven't you?
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ู†ุนู…. ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„" ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
06:56
Yes, I have and it's a very sad one to be honest, Neil.
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ู†ุนู… ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุญุฒู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ุตุงุฏู‚ู‹ุง ุŒ ู†ูŠู„.
07:01
My wife and my son โ€“ we all lived together in Brazil and at...
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ุฒูˆุฌุชูŠ ูˆุงุจู†ูŠ - ุนุดู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ู…ุนู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„ ูˆููŠ ...
07:06
about two years ago, we decided to move to the UK together.
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุนุงู…ูŠู† ุŒ ู‚ุฑุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ู…ุนู‹ุง.
07:10
And my wife was getting her visa and everything was organised.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุฒูˆุฌุชูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฃุดูŠุฑุฉ ุฏุฎูˆู„ู‡ุง ูˆูƒุงู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ุธู…ู‹ุง.
07:14
She went back to Brazil to finalise processes and then tragically Covid hit,
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ุนุงุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„ ู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู„ู…ุณุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุซู… ุถุฑุจ ูƒูˆููŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฃุณุงูˆูŠ ุŒ
07:21
which has been tragic for a lot of families around the world,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฃุณุงูˆูŠู‹ุง ู„ู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุŒ
07:23
and my wife and child โ€“ they couldn't get here.
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ูˆุฒูˆุฌุชูŠ ูˆุทูู„ูŠ - ู„ู… ูŠุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง.
07:25
So, it really threw a 'spanner in the works' in our plan.
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ุฃู„ู‚ู‰ ุญู‚ู‹ุง "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„" ููŠ ุฎุทุชู†ุง.
07:29
It did. It threw a 'spanner in the works'
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ูุนู„ุช. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃู„ู‚ู‰ ` ` ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ''
07:31
and Covid has been throwing a 'spanner in the works' for...
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ูˆูƒุงู† Covid ูŠู„ู‚ูŠ `` ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ '' ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ...
07:34
for everyone really, hasn't it?
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ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
07:36
Yeah. And I mean in our case, it was a smooth plan that we had,
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ู†ุนู…. ูˆุฃุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุชู†ุง ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุฎุทุฉ ุณู„ุณุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุŒ
07:40
but as it says something came along and it was unexpected,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒู…ุง ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุŒ ุญุฏุซ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ูˆูƒุงู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน ุŒ
07:44
and it threw a 'spanner in the works' there,
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ูˆุฃู„ู‚ู‰ `` ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ '' ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุŒ
07:46
but obviously, to be positive, our love has got us through this
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุŒ ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠูŠู† ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุญุจู†ุง ู†ุฌุญู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชุบู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง
07:51
and I'll be seeing her very soon.
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ูˆุณุฃุฑุงู‡ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
07:53
Brilliant. Yes. So, we have...
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ุจุงู‡ูุฑ. ู†ุนู…. ุฅุฐู† ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ...
07:56
there are a couple of words that go with 'spanner in the works', aren't there?
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุถุน ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุชุชู…ุงุดู‰ ู…ุน "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„" ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
07:59
There's 'throw'.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ "ุฑู…ูŠ".
08:01
Yes. And we also use the word 'put':
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ู†ุนู…. ูˆู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "ูˆุถุน":
08:04
so, you can 'put a spanner in the works'
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ "ูˆุถุน ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„"
08:06
and you can 'throw a spanner in the works'.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ "ุฑู…ูŠ ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„".
08:09
OK. Well, let's get a summary:
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ู†ุนู…. ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุŒ ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุฎุต:
08:19
Well, talking of 'spanners', which are used of course for fixing things,
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุŒ ุจุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† "ุงู„ู…ููƒุงุช" ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู„ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุŒ
08:22
generally, if you don't throw them into machinery,
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ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชุฑู…ูŠู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุขู„ุงุช ุŒ
08:25
we have a programme about fixing things, don't we, Roy?
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ูู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุญูˆู„ ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฑูˆูŠ ุŸ
08:29
Yes, we do and all you need to watch it,
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ู†ุนู… ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌู‡ ู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุชู‡
08:32
is click the link in the description below.
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุตู ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡.
08:34
Let's have a look at your next headline.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู†ูˆุงู† ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒ.
08:36
OK. So, our next headline comes from here
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ู†ุนู…. ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุนู†ูˆุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง
08:39
at home, at the BBC, and it reads:
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ ุŒ ูˆูŠู‚ุฑุฃ:
08:49
'Lobbying' โ€“ trying to persuade someone in authority to do something.
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"ุงู„ุถุบุท" - ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ุดุฎุต ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุจูุนู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง.
08:55
Yes. So, this word is spelt L-O-B-B-Y-I-N-G
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ู†ุนู…. ุฅุฐู† ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉ ุจู€ L-O-B-B-Y-I-N-G
09:01
and it means to try and persuade somebody
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ูˆุชุนู†ูŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ุดุฎุต ู…ุง
09:03
to change something or to do something,
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ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุŒ
09:05
and it's commonly used to talk about governmental figures or politicians.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชูุณุชุฎุฏู… ุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠูŠู†.
09:10
OK. That's interesting. You said it's about changing people's opinions,
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ู†ุนู…. ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ุชุน. ู‚ู„ุช ุฅู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุขุฑุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
09:16
or persuading people, but at the beginning of this word
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ุฃูˆ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ
09:19
we see another word: 'lobby'.
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ู†ุฑู‰ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰: "ุงู„ู„ูˆุจูŠ".
09:22
Now, a 'lobby' is a room or a space between other rooms,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ "ุงู„ู„ูˆุจูŠ" ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุบุฑูุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุบุฑู ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ
09:27
where people might pass each other.
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ุญูŠุซ ู‚ุฏ ูŠู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุจุนุถู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
09:30
What is the connection between a 'lobby' and changing people's opinion?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุตู„ุฉ ุจูŠู† "ุงู„ู„ูˆุจูŠ" ูˆุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฑุฃูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŸ
09:34
Well, that's a really great question.
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุฑุงุฆุน ุญู‚ู‹ุง.
09:36
Now, in most parliaments around the world, they have these huge entrances...
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุจุฑู„ู…ุงู†ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ ...
09:40
these huge rooms that we know as 'lobbies',
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑู ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง ุจุงุณู… "ู„ูˆุจูŠุงุช" ุŒ
09:43
and politicians would pass through there
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠูˆู† ูŠู…ุฑูˆู† ุจู‡ุง
09:46
and people would try and grab them โ€“ not necessarily physically
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ูˆุณูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุงุณุชูŠู„ุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง - ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุฌุณุฏูŠู‹ุง
09:49
but try and get their attention โ€“ to try and persuade them to do things,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง. ุงู„ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ - ู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุนู‡ู… ุจูุนู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุŒ
09:53
in this 'lobby'. So, that's where the origin of this word probably comes from.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง "ุงู„ู„ูˆุจูŠ". ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุตู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ู†.
09:57
Yeah, that's right and a person who does this โ€“
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ู†ุนู… ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญ ูˆุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ -
10:00
it's actually a job โ€“ is called a 'lobbyist'.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูˆุธูŠูุฉ - ูŠุณู…ู‰ "ุงู„ู„ูˆุจูŠ".
10:04
Absolutely. And also a group of people that are trying to achieve this
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ู‚ุทุนุงู‹. ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ
10:08
or do this are known as 'a lobby' as well, so...
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ูŠูุนุฑููˆู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุงุณู… "ู„ูˆุจูŠ" ุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ...
10:13
and one thing that's really important to talk about here
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง
10:16
is the propositions that we use after it:
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑุญุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ:
10:18
you can 'lobby for' something, when you're pro an idea,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ "ุงู„ุถุบุท ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„" ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุคูŠุฏู‹ุง ู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ุง ุŒ
10:22
or you can 'lobby against' something, when your anti.
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ุฃูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ "ุงู„ุถุบุท ุถุฏ" ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุถุฏูƒ.
10:25
And also, we use it commonly with the infinitive:
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ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุŒ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุดุงุฆุน ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ:
10:28
so, you can 'lobby to change' something or 'lobby to do' something,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ "ุงู„ุถุบุท ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ" ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุฃูˆ "ุงู„ุถุบุท ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู…" ุจุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุŒ
10:32
or you can 'lobby the government to do' something or to change something.
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ุฃูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ "ุงู„ุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุฃูˆ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง.
10:36
Absolutely right. OK. Let's get a summary:
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ุตุญ ุชู…ุงู…ุง. ู†ุนู…. ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุฎุต: ุญุงู†
10:47
Time now for a recap of the vocabulary please, Roy.
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ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุชู„ุฎูŠุต ุงู„ู…ูุฑุฏุงุช ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฑูˆูŠ.
10:50
Yes. We had 'water down' โ€“ make something less effective; weaken.
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ู†ุนู…. ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง "ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ุงู„ู…ุงุก" - ู†ุฌุนู„ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุ› ุชุถุนู.
10:56
We had 'spanner in the works' โ€“
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง "ู…ูุชุงุญ ุฑุจุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„" - ูˆู‡ูˆ
10:59
something that stops a plan from succeeding.
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ู†ุน ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุญ. ูˆูƒุงู†
11:02
And we had 'lobbying' โ€“ trying to persuade someone
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง "ุถุบุท" - ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ุดุฎุต ู…ุง
11:06
in authority to do something.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุจูุนู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง.
11:08
If you want to test yourself, there's a quiz on our website
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู†ูุณูƒ ุŒ ูู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ุนู†ุง ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ
11:11
bbclearningenglish.com and we're all over social media.
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bbclearningenglish.com ูˆู†ุญู† ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ.
11:14
Join us again next time. Goodbye.
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ุงู†ุถู… ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ. ู…ุน ุงู„ุณู„ุงู…ุฉ.
11:16
ย  Bye.
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ุงู„ูˆุฏุงุน.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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