Countries try to change UN climate report: BBC News Review

82,947 views ใƒป 2021-11-02

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
COP26 is under way in Glasgow,
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COP26 ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื’ืœื–ื’ื•,
00:03
but ahead of the conference a leaked report seen by the BBC
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ืืš ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื“ื•"ื— ื“ืœืฃ ืฉืจืื” ื”-BBC
00:08
showed that some countries were trying to get a change made
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ื”ืจืื” ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
00:12
to a crucial scientific report.
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ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืžื“ืขื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
00:15
I'm Neil. This is News Review from BBC Learning English
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกืงื™ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”-BBC ืœื•ืžื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:18
and joining me is Roy. Hi Roy.
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ื•ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื™ ืจื•ื™. ื”ื™ื™ ืจื•ืขื™.
00:20
Hi Neil and hello everybody.
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ื”ื™ื™ ื ื™ืœ ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื.
00:23
If you would like to test yourself on the vocabulary around the story,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
00:26
head to our website bbclearningenglish.com to take a quiz.
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ืคื ื” ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• bbclearningenglish.com ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
00:31
But now, let's hear more about this story from this BBC News report:
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-BBC:
00:47
OK. So, the story is this: BBC News has seen some leaked documents
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื–, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”-BBC ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื” ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ืœืคื•
00:52
that suggest that some countries are trying to change
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช
00:56
a crucial scientific report on climate change.
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ื“ื•"ื— ืžื“ืขื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
01:01
Well, you've been looking at this story
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:03
and scanning the various headlines to see how people are talking about it.
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ื•ืกืจืงืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:09
What three items of vocabulary have you got?
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ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืš?
01:12
We have 'water down', 'spanner in the works' and 'lobbying'.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 'ืžื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”', 'ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืจื’ื™ื' ื•'ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื’'.
01:18
'Water down', 'spanner in the works' and 'lobbying'.
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'ื”ืฉืงื”', 'ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช' ื•'ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื’'.
01:22
So, let's start with your first headline there please, Roy.
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืจื•ื™.
01:26
OK. So, our first headline comes from Politico and it reads:
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื–, ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืž-Politico ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช:
01:37
'Water down' โ€“ make something less effective; weaken.
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'ื”ืฉืงื”' - ื”ืคื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ; ืœึฐื”ึทื—ืœึดื™ืฉื.
01:42
OK. So, this expression is spelt:
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื–, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืื•ื™ืช:
01:45
W-A-T-E-R. Second word: D-O-W-N.
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W-A-T-E-R. ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ื“-ื•-ื•-ื .
01:50
And like you said, it makes...
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืช, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช...
01:52
it's the idea of making something weaker or less effective.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ.
01:58
OK. So, I was a little bit confused, Roy,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ, ืจื•ื™,
02:01
because I assumed because this is a climate change story
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ
02:05
that we've got the word 'water' and 'down' here
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ืœื ื• ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืžื™ื' ื•'ืœืžื˜ื”'
02:07
because there's increased flooding or raining.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ืื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:10
Is that not the case?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื”?
02:13
No, no. That's a more literal meaning.
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ืœื ืœื. ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:16
So, for example, water levels can go down or they can go up,
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ืื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืคืœืก ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช,
02:20
but in this sense โ€“ first of all, let's talk about...
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ...
02:23
it's more of a figurative meaning, so let's talk about coffee.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงืคื”.
02:27
Do you like strong coffee?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืงืคื” ื—ื–ืง?
02:30
I do. I do love strong espresso-style coffee, but you know what, Roy?
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ืขื™ื“ื•. ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืงืคื” ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืกืคืจืกื• , ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”, ืจื•ื™?
02:36
It's... sometimes it's a little bit too strong.
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ื–ื”... ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื—ื–ืง ืžื“ื™.
02:40
I want something โ€“ a bit of a longer drink, so I have an americano.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื”ื• - ืžืฉืงื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš , ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื•.
02:46
OK. So, what... what is an americano then?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื– ืžื”... ืžื” ื–ื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื• ืื–?
02:48
An americano is an espresso-style coffee,
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ืืžืจื™ืงื ื• ื”ื•ื ืงืคื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืกืคืจืกื•,
02:52
but it's had water added to it โ€“ hot water.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื• ืžื™ื - ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื.
02:55
It's been 'watered down' to make it less strong.
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ื–ื” 'ื”ื•ืฉืงื”' ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง.
02:58
Yes... So, that's... that's where the expression's from:
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ื›ืŸ... ืื–, ื–ื”... ืžืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™:
03:00
the idea of adding water to something,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
03:02
like the espresso, to make it less strong,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืืกืคืจืกื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš
03:05
to make it weaker, to lessen that impact that it has on you.
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ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœื™ืš.
03:09
Now, in the headline, we're not talking about coffee;
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงืคื”;
03:12
we're talking about a document, so we use this meaning...
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืžืš, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื•...
03:16
we used this expression in a figurative way.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:19
So, we say 'water down' the impact of a document and it's the same idea:
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜' ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืžืš ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ:
03:24
to lessen the impact or the importance of something โ€“ to 'water it down'.
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ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• - 'ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช'.
03:29
Yeah, that's absolutely right.
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:31
There is another word which has the same meaning as 'water down':
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื–ื”ื” ืœ"ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ":
03:37
'dilute' โ€“ so, we have 'dilute' and we have 'water down'.
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"ืœื“ืœืœ" โ€“ ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืœื“ืœืœ" ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืœืžื˜ื”".
03:41
'Dilute' sounds like a word that has the same meaning
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'ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ' ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
03:45
in many different, especially Latin, languages,
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ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:49
so why can't I just use 'dilute'?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘'ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ'?
03:51
Why do I need to use this word 'water down'?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• 'ืœืฉืงื•ืข'?
03:54
Well, this is a great question
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช
03:55
and you absolutely can use 'dilute' if you wish to use it.
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘'ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ' ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”.
03:58
And you said it's got a Latin root;
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ื•ืืชื” ืืžืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™;
04:01
now, quite often these words โ€“ these Latin-origin words โ€“ they're quite formal.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” - ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช - ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
04:05
They're more formal than the, kind of, phrasal-verb counterparts.
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ื”ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืขืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
04:10
Phrasal verbs are much more natural in speech
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ืคืขืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
04:13
or in, kind of, informal English โ€“ natural, everyday English.
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ืื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช - ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช.
04:16
So, if you, kind of, want to sound more natural when you're talking,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื”, ื‘ืขืจืš, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
04:19
use a phrasal verb: use 'water down'.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ืช: ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘'ืžืฉื•ืš'.
04:21
But, obviously if you want to be formal โ€“
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ -
04:23
maybe you're writing a scientific report โ€“
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื“ื•"ื— ืžื“ืขื™ -
04:26
you would use the word 'dilute' and that word 'dilute'
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” 'ืžื“ื•ืœืœ' ื•ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• 'ืžื“ืœืœ'
04:28
has the same meaning, both figuratively and literally.
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
04:31
You can 'dilute' something with water
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ 'ืœื“ืœืœ' ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื™ื
04:34
or you can 'dilute' the impact of a document.
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ 'ืœื“ืœืœ' ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืžืš.
04:37
Absolutely. OK. Let's get a summary:
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ:
04:48
If you would like to watch another programme with the topic of coffee,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืงืคื”,
04:52
we have the perfect one for you.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
04:54
Coffee smells great, doesn't it, Roy?
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ืœืงืคื” ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื— ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืœื, ืจื•ืขื™?
04:56
But, it never quite tastes as good as it smells. Why is that?
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื—. ืœืžื”?
05:01
Well, I'm not so sure, but this 6 Minute English
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช
05:03
has the answers for you, so grab a biscuit,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš, ืื– ืงื—ื• ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜,
05:06
dunk it in your coffee like Rob would
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ื˜ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”
05:08
and click the link in the description below to watch it.
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ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื•.
05:11
Absolutely. OK. Let's have a look at your next headline.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื•ื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœืš.
05:15
OK. So, our next headline comes from Down To Earth and it reads:
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื–, ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืž-Down To Earth ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”:
05:25
'Spanner in the works' โ€“ something that stops a plan from succeeding.
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'ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช' - ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
05:32
So, Roy, I know what a 'spanner' is:
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ืื–, ืจื•ืขื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ื” 'ืžืคืชื—':
05:35
this โ€“ this is a spanner!
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ื–ื” โ€“ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื—!
05:38
What are we doing, talking about 'spanners'
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ 'ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช'
05:41
in reference to this climate change conference?
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ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื–ื•?
05:44
OK. Yeah, well, that is... that is a 'spanner'. There you go โ€“ perfect.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ... ื–ื” 'ืžืคืชื—'. ื”ื ื” ืœืš - ืžื•ืฉืœื.
05:48
So, what we use a 'spanner' for โ€“ it's an essential tool
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืคืชื— - ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
05:53
for engine maintenance or working on machines.
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ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืžื ื•ืข ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
05:55
So, for example, you can use it, I believe,
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ืื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ,
05:57
to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืง ืื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื‘ืจื’ื™ื.
06:00
Now, what happens, Neil, if you... you hold that spanner
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื ื™ืœ, ืื ืืชื”... ืืชื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื–ื”
06:04
and suddenly you drop the spanner into the engine? What happens?
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืืชื” ืžืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืข? ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
06:08
Oooh, that's going to be bad, isn't it, Roy?
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ืื•ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืข, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื™?
06:10
Because the engine is a very smooth-running machine
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื” ืžืื•ื“
06:14
and if you throw this into it โ€“
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ื•ืื ืชื–ืจืงื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื” -
06:17
this hard piece of metal โ€“ it's going to make everything stop,
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ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื• - ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ,
06:21
or not work properly.
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ืื• ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
06:24
So, yeah, basically that's the idea of the 'spanner in the works'.
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ืื–, ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”'.
06:27
Now, we're not talking about the literal meaning.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
06:30
Again, we've gone to a figurative meaning,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
06:33
but the idea of a 'spanner in the works'
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืจื’ื™ื'
06:35
is that same idea of stopping the engine working.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข.
06:38
So, it's something that is stopping a project,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜,
06:42
or for example the impact of a document, from working.
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ืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืžืš, ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
06:46
So, a 'spanner in the works' is a problem that stops a situation
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ืื–, 'ืžืคืชื—' ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื‘
06:50
from fulfilling itself, if you like.
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ืžืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืื ืชืจืฆื”.
06:51
Yeah. Now, you've got an example of a 'spanner in the works', haven't you?
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ื›ึผึตืŸ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœ'ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช', ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:56
Yes, I have and it's a very sad one to be honest, Neil.
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื ื™ืœ.
07:01
My wife and my son โ€“ we all lived together in Brazil and at...
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ืืฉืชื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ - ื’ืจื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ื‘...
07:06
about two years ago, we decided to move to the UK together.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
07:10
And my wife was getting her visa and everything was organised.
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ื•ืืฉืชื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ.
07:14
She went back to Brazil to finalise processes and then tragically Covid hit,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืื– ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“,
07:21
which has been tragic for a lot of families around the world,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
07:23
and my wife and child โ€“ they couldn't get here.
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ื•ืืฉืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ - ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืืŸ.
07:25
So, it really threw a 'spanner in the works' in our plan.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืจืง 'ืžืคืชื— ' ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:29
It did. It threw a 'spanner in the works'
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”. ื–ื” ืขืฉื” 'ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช'
07:31
and Covid has been throwing a 'spanner in the works' for...
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ื•ืงื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืจืง 'ืžืคืชื—' ืขื‘ื•ืจ...
07:34
for everyone really, hasn't it?
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช, ืœื?
07:36
Yeah. And I mean in our case, it was a smooth plan that we had,
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ื›ึผึตืŸ. ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืœืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•,
07:40
but as it says something came along and it was unexpected,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™,
07:44
and it threw a 'spanner in the works' there,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื 'ืžืคืชื— ',
07:46
but obviously, to be positive, our love has got us through this
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื”
07:51
and I'll be seeing her very soon.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
07:53
Brilliant. Yes. So, we have...
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ืžึทื‘ืจึดื™ืง. ื›ืŸ. ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•...
07:56
there are a couple of words that go with 'spanner in the works', aren't there?
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืœื•ื•ืช ืœ'ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช', ืœื?
07:59
There's 'throw'.
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ื™ืฉ 'ืœื–ืจื•ืง'.
08:01
Yes. And we also use the word 'put':
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ื›ืŸ. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” 'ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก':
08:04
so, you can 'put a spanner in the works'
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ืื–, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ 'ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืจื’ื™ื'
08:06
and you can 'throw a spanner in the works'.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ 'ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืจื’ื™ื'.
08:09
OK. Well, let's get a summary:
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ:
08:19
Well, talking of 'spanners', which are used of course for fixing things,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ 'ืžืคืชื—ื™ื', ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:22
generally, if you don't throw them into machinery,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืื ืืชื” ืœื ื–ื•ืจืง ืื•ืชื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
08:25
we have a programme about fixing things, don't we, Roy?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ืขื™. ?
08:29
Yes, we do and all you need to watch it,
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื•,
08:32
is click the link in the description below.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื”.
08:34
Let's have a look at your next headline.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœืš.
08:36
OK. So, our next headline comes from here
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื–, ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ืืŸ
08:39
at home, at the BBC, and it reads:
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ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘-BBC, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”:
08:49
'Lobbying' โ€“ trying to persuade someone in authority to do something.
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'ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื’' - ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
08:55
Yes. So, this word is spelt L-O-B-B-Y-I-N-G
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ื›ืŸ. ืื–, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืื•ื™ืชืช L-O-B-B-Y-I-N-G
09:01
and it means to try and persuade somebody
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
09:03
to change something or to do something,
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•,
09:05
and it's commonly used to talk about governmental figures or politicians.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
09:10
OK. That's interesting. You said it's about changing people's opinions,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืืžืจืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:16
or persuading people, but at the beginning of this word
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ืื• ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
09:19
we see another word: 'lobby'.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื”: 'ืœื•ื‘ื™'.
09:22
Now, a 'lobby' is a room or a space between other rooms,
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ื›ืขืช, 'ืœื•ื‘ื™' ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืจ ืื• ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
09:27
where people might pass each other.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ื”.
09:30
What is the connection between a 'lobby' and changing people's opinion?
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ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืœื•ื‘ื™' ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
09:34
Well, that's a really great question.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช.
09:36
Now, in most parliaments around the world, they have these huge entrances...
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”...
09:40
these huge rooms that we know as 'lobbies',
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ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ 'ืฉื“ื•ืœื”',
09:43
and politicians would pass through there
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ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื
09:46
and people would try and grab them โ€“ not necessarily physically
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื - ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช
09:49
but try and get their attention โ€“ to try and persuade them to do things,
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ืืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ โ€“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
09:53
in this 'lobby'. So, that's where the origin of this word probably comes from.
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ื‘'ืœื•ื‘ื™' ื”ื–ื”. ืื–, ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
09:57
Yeah, that's right and a person who does this โ€“
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” -
10:00
it's actually a job โ€“ is called a 'lobbyist'.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ื ืงืจื 'ืœื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜'.
10:04
Absolutely. And also a group of people that are trying to achieve this
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ื•ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”
10:08
or do this are known as 'a lobby' as well, so...
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ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ 'ืœื•ื‘ื™', ืื–...
10:13
and one thing that's really important to talk about here
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
10:16
is the propositions that we use after it:
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”:
10:18
you can 'lobby for' something, when you're pro an idea,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ 'ืœืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื“' ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืขื“ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
10:22
or you can 'lobby against' something, when your anti.
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ 'ืœืœื•ื‘ื™ ื ื’ื“' ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืื ื˜ื™.
10:25
And also, we use it commonly with the infinitive:
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ื”ืื™ื ืคื™ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘:
10:28
so, you can 'lobby to change' something or 'lobby to do' something,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ 'ืœืœื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช' ืžืฉื”ื• ืื• 'ืœืœื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช' ืžืฉื”ื•,
10:32
or you can 'lobby the government to do' something or to change something.
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ 'ืœืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช' ืžืฉื”ื• ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
10:36
Absolutely right. OK. Let's get a summary:
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ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ:
10:47
Time now for a recap of the vocabulary please, Roy.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืจื•ืขื™.
10:50
Yes. We had 'water down' โ€“ make something less effective; weaken.
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ื›ืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• 'ืžื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”' - ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ; ืœึฐื”ึทื—ืœึดื™ืฉื.
10:56
We had 'spanner in the works' โ€“
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• 'ืžืคืชื—' -
10:59
something that stops a plan from succeeding.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
11:02
And we had 'lobbying' โ€“ trying to persuade someone
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• 'ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื’' - ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
11:06
in authority to do something.
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ื‘ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
11:08
If you want to test yourself, there's a quiz on our website
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžืš, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
11:11
bbclearningenglish.com and we're all over social media.
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bbclearningenglish.com ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
11:14
Join us again next time. Goodbye.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”. ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื.
11:16
ย  Bye.
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ื‘ื™ื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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