Countries try to change UN climate report: BBC News Review

82,921 views ・ 2021-11-02

BBC Learning English


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COP26 is under way in Glasgow,
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but ahead of the conference a leaked report seen by the BBC
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showed that some countries were trying to get a change made
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to a crucial scientific report.
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I'm Neil. This is News Review from BBC Learning English
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and joining me is Roy. Hi Roy.
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Hi Neil and hello everybody.
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If you would like to test yourself on the vocabulary around the story,
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head to our website bbclearningenglish.com to take a quiz.
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But now, let's hear more about this story from this BBC News report:
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OK. So, the story is this: BBC News has seen some leaked documents
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that suggest that some countries are trying to change
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a crucial scientific report on climate change.
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Well, you've been looking at this story
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and scanning the various headlines to see how people are talking about it.
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What three items of vocabulary have you got?
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We have 'water down', 'spanner in the works' and 'lobbying'.
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'Water down', 'spanner in the works' and 'lobbying'.
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So, let's start with your first headline there please, Roy.
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OK. So, our first headline comes from Politico and it reads:
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'Water down' – make something less effective; weaken.
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OK. So, this expression is spelt:
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W-A-T-E-R. Second word: D-O-W-N.
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And like you said, it makes...
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it's the idea of making something weaker or less effective.
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OK. So, I was a little bit confused, Roy,
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because I assumed because this is a climate change story
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that we've got the word 'water' and 'down' here
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because there's increased flooding or raining.
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Is that not the case?
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No, no. That's a more literal meaning.
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So, for example, water levels can go down or they can go up,
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but in this sense – first of all, let's talk about...
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it's more of a figurative meaning, so let's talk about coffee.
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Do you like strong coffee?
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I do. I do love strong espresso-style coffee, but you know what, Roy?
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It's... sometimes it's a little bit too strong.
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I want something – a bit of a longer drink, so I have an americano.
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OK. So, what... what is an americano then?
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An americano is an espresso-style coffee,
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but it's had water added to it – hot water.
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It's been 'watered down' to make it less strong.
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Yes... So, that's... that's where the expression's from:
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the idea of adding water to something,
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like the espresso, to make it less strong,
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to make it weaker, to lessen that impact that it has on you.
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Now, in the headline, we're not talking about coffee;
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we're talking about a document, so we use this meaning...
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we used this expression in a figurative way.
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So, we say 'water down' the impact of a document and it's the same idea:
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to lessen the impact or the importance of something – to 'water it down'.
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Yeah, that's absolutely right.
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There is another word which has the same meaning as 'water down':
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'dilute' – so, we have 'dilute' and we have 'water down'.
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'Dilute' sounds like a word that has the same meaning
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in many different, especially Latin, languages,
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so why can't I just use 'dilute'?
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Why do I need to use this word 'water down'?
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Well, this is a great question
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and you absolutely can use 'dilute' if you wish to use it.
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And you said it's got a Latin root;
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now, quite often these words – these Latin-origin words – they're quite formal.
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They're more formal than the, kind of, phrasal-verb counterparts.
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Phrasal verbs are much more natural in speech
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or in, kind of, informal English – natural, everyday English.
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So, if you, kind of, want to sound more natural when you're talking,
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use a phrasal verb: use 'water down'.
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But, obviously if you want to be formal –
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maybe you're writing a scientific report –
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you would use the word 'dilute' and that word 'dilute'
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has the same meaning, both figuratively and literally.
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You can 'dilute' something with water
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or you can 'dilute' the impact of a document.
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Absolutely. OK. Let's get a summary:
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If you would like to watch another programme with the topic of coffee,
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we have the perfect one for you.
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Coffee smells great, doesn't it, Roy?
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But, it never quite tastes as good as it smells. Why is that?
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Well, I'm not so sure, but this 6 Minute English
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has the answers for you, so grab a biscuit,
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dunk it in your coffee like Rob would
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and click the link in the description below to watch it.
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Absolutely. OK. Let's have a look at your next headline.
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OK. So, our next headline comes from Down To Earth and it reads:
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'Spanner in the works' – something that stops a plan from succeeding.
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So, Roy, I know what a 'spanner' is:
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this – this is a spanner!
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What are we doing, talking about 'spanners'
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in reference to this climate change conference?
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OK. Yeah, well, that is... that is a 'spanner'. There you go – perfect.
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So, what we use a 'spanner' for – it's an essential tool
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for engine maintenance or working on machines.
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So, for example, you can use it, I believe,
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to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts.
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Now, what happens, Neil, if you... you hold that spanner
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and suddenly you drop the spanner into the engine? What happens?
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Oooh, that's going to be bad, isn't it, Roy?
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Because the engine is a very smooth-running machine
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and if you throw this into it –
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this hard piece of metal – it's going to make everything stop,
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or not work properly.
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So, yeah, basically that's the idea of the 'spanner in the works'.
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Now, we're not talking about the literal meaning.
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Again, we've gone to a figurative meaning,
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but the idea of a 'spanner in the works'
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is that same idea of stopping the engine working.
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So, it's something that is stopping a project,
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or for example the impact of a document, from working.
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So, a 'spanner in the works' is a problem that stops a situation
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from fulfilling itself, if you like.
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Yeah. Now, you've got an example of a 'spanner in the works', haven't you?
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Yes, I have and it's a very sad one to be honest, Neil.
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My wife and my son – we all lived together in Brazil and at...
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about two years ago, we decided to move to the UK together.
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And my wife was getting her visa and everything was organised.
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She went back to Brazil to finalise processes and then tragically Covid hit,
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which has been tragic for a lot of families around the world,
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and my wife and child – they couldn't get here.
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So, it really threw a 'spanner in the works' in our plan.
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It did. It threw a 'spanner in the works'
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and Covid has been throwing a 'spanner in the works' for...
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for everyone really, hasn't it?
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Yeah. And I mean in our case, it was a smooth plan that we had,
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but as it says something came along and it was unexpected,
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and it threw a 'spanner in the works' there,
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but obviously, to be positive, our love has got us through this
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and I'll be seeing her very soon.
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Brilliant. Yes. So, we have...
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there are a couple of words that go with 'spanner in the works', aren't there?
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There's 'throw'.
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Yes. And we also use the word 'put':
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so, you can 'put a spanner in the works'
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and you can 'throw a spanner in the works'.
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OK. Well, let's get a summary:
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Well, talking of 'spanners', which are used of course for fixing things,
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generally, if you don't throw them into machinery,
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we have a programme about fixing things, don't we, Roy?
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Yes, we do and all you need to watch it,
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is click the link in the description below.
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Let's have a look at your next headline.
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OK. So, our next headline comes from here
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at home, at the BBC, and it reads:
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'Lobbying' – trying to persuade someone in authority to do something.
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Yes. So, this word is spelt L-O-B-B-Y-I-N-G
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and it means to try and persuade somebody
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to change something or to do something,
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and it's commonly used to talk about governmental figures or politicians.
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OK. That's interesting. You said it's about changing people's opinions,
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or persuading people, but at the beginning of this word
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we see another word: 'lobby'.
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Now, a 'lobby' is a room or a space between other rooms,
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where people might pass each other.
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What is the connection between a 'lobby' and changing people's opinion?
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Well, that's a really great question.
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Now, in most parliaments around the world, they have these huge entrances...
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these huge rooms that we know as 'lobbies',
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and politicians would pass through there
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and people would try and grab them – not necessarily physically
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but try and get their attention – to try and persuade them to do things,
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in this 'lobby'. So, that's where the origin of this word probably comes from.
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Yeah, that's right and a person who does this –
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it's actually a job – is called a 'lobbyist'.
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Absolutely. And also a group of people that are trying to achieve this
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or do this are known as 'a lobby' as well, so...
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and one thing that's really important to talk about here
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is the propositions that we use after it:
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you can 'lobby for' something, when you're pro an idea,
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or you can 'lobby against' something, when your anti.
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And also, we use it commonly with the infinitive:
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so, you can 'lobby to change' something or 'lobby to do' something,
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or you can 'lobby the government to do' something or to change something.
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Absolutely right. OK. Let's get a summary:
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Time now for a recap of the vocabulary please, Roy.
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Yes. We had 'water down' – make something less effective; weaken.
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We had 'spanner in the works' –
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something that stops a plan from succeeding.
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And we had 'lobbying' – trying to persuade someone
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in authority to do something.
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If you want to test yourself, there's a quiz on our website
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bbclearningenglish.com and we're all over social media.
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Join us again next time. Goodbye.
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  Bye.
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