Countries try to change UN climate report: BBC News Review

82,759 views ใƒป 2021-11-02

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
COP26 is under way in Glasgow,
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COP26 ใฏใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚นใ‚ดใƒผใง้€ฒ่กŒไธญ
00:03
but ahead of the conference a leaked report seen by the BBC
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ใงใ™ใŒใ€ไผš่ญฐใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใก ใ€BBC ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใƒชใƒผใ‚ฏใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆ
00:08
showed that some countries were trying to get a change made
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ใฏใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎๅ›ฝ ใŒ้‡่ฆใช็ง‘ๅญฆใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„
00:12
to a crucial scientific report.
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ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:15
I'm Neil. This is News Review from BBC Learning English
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็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ BBC ใƒฉใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅ
00:18
and joining me is Roy. Hi Roy.
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ใฎใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น ใƒฌใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใƒญใ‚คใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใƒญใ‚คใ€‚
00:20
Hi Neil and hello everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ใใ—ใฆ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚
00:23
If you would like to test yourself on the vocabulary around the story,
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒชใƒผใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
00:26
head to our website bbclearningenglish.com to take a quiz.
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็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ bbclearningenglish.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:31
But now, let's hear more about this story from this BBC News report:
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ไปŠใ€ ใ“ใฎ่ฉฑใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ BBC ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‰่ฉณใ—ใ่žใ„ใฆใฟ
00:47
OK. So, the story is this: BBC News has seen some leaked documents
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ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ BBCใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฏ
00:52
that suggest that some countries are trying to change
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ใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎ ๅ›ฝใŒๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹้‡่ฆใช็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„ๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบๅ”†ใ™ใ‚‹ๆผๆดฉๆ–‡ๆ›ธใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸ
00:56
a crucial scientific report on climate change.
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.
01:01
Well, you've been looking at this story
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ใ“ใฎ่จ˜ไบ‹
01:03
and scanning the various headlines to see how people are talking about it.
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ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใ‚’ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใ—ใฆใ€ ไบบใ€…ใŒใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฟในใฆใใพใ—ใŸ.
01:09
What three items of vocabulary have you got?
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ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ 3 ใคๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:12
We have 'water down', 'spanner in the works' and 'lobbying'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใ€ใ€ ใ€Œไฝœๆฅญไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผๆดปๅ‹•ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:18
'Water down', 'spanner in the works' and 'lobbying'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฝœๆฅญไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ ใ€ใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผๆดปๅ‹•ใ€ใ€‚
01:22
So, let's start with your first headline there please, Roy.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใƒญใ‚คใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
01:26
OK. So, our first headline comes from Politico and it reads:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใฏ Politico ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:37
'Water down' โ€“ make something less effective; weaken.
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ใ€‚ ๅผฑใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
01:42
OK. So, this expression is spelt:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่กจ็พใฏ็ถดใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™:
01:45
W-A-T-E-R. Second word: D-O-W-N.
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W-A-T-E-R. 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ˜่ชž: D-O-W-Nใ€‚
01:50
And like you said, it makes...
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ...
01:52
it's the idea of making something weaker or less effective.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ ๅผฑใใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ๅผฑใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใงใ™.
01:58
OK. So, I was a little bit confused, Roy,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€ใƒญใ‚คใ•ใ‚“ใ€็งใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:01
because I assumed because this is a climate change story
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใฎ่ฉฑ
02:05
that we've got the word 'water' and 'down' here
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ใชใฎใงใ€ ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œๆฐดใ€ใจใ€Œใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰
02:07
because there's increased flooding or raining.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ๆดชๆฐดใ‚„้›จใŒๅข—ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:10
Is that not the case?
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ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:13
No, no. That's a more literal meaning.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:16
So, for example, water levels can go down or they can go up,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฐดไฝ ใŒไธ‹ใŒใฃใŸใ‚ŠไธŠใŒใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:20
but in this sense โ€“ first of all, let's talk about...
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใง โ€“ ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†...
02:23
it's more of a figurative meaning, so let's talk about coffee.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆฏ”ๅ–ฉ็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
02:27
Do you like strong coffee?
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ๆฟƒใ„ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฏใŠๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:30
I do. I do love strong espresso-style coffee, but you know what, Roy?
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆฟƒใ„ใ‚จใ‚นใƒ—ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฝใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใฎ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใŒใ€ใƒญใ‚คใ€็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
02:36
It's... sometimes it's a little bit too strong.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ... ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅผทใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:40
I want something โ€“ a bit of a longer drink, so I have an americano.
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็งใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ โ€“ ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ทใ‚ใฎ ้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใƒผใƒŽใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:46
OK. So, what... what is an americano then?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใƒผใƒŽใฃใฆไฝ•๏ผŸ
02:48
An americano is an espresso-style coffee,
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใƒผใƒŽ ใฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒ—ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฝ ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆฐดใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
02:52
but it's had water added to it โ€“ hot water.
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ใŠๆนฏใŒ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:55
It's been 'watered down' to make it less strong.
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ๅผทๅบฆใ‚’ไธ‹ใ’ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œ้ชจๆŠœใใ€ใซใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:58
Yes... So, that's... that's where the expression's from:
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ใˆใˆโ€ฆใ ใ‹ใ‚‰โ€ฆ ใใ‚ŒใŒ่กจ็พใฎ็”ฑๆฅใงใ™๏ผš
03:00
the idea of adding water to something,
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03:02
like the espresso, to make it less strong,
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ใ‚จใ‚นใƒ—ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฝใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซๆฐดใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆ
03:05
to make it weaker, to lessen that impact that it has on you.
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ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅผฑใใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅผฑใใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซไธŽใˆใ‚‹ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’่ปฝๆธ›ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆ.
03:09
Now, in the headline, we're not talking about coffee;
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใง ใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:12
we're talking about a document, so we use this meaning...
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็งใŸใกใฏๆ–‡ๆ›ธใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™...
03:16
we used this expression in a figurative way.
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ใ“ใฎ่กจ็พ ใ‚’ๆฏ”ๅ–ฉ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:19
So, we say 'water down' the impact of a document and it's the same idea:
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฅใƒกใƒณใƒˆใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ใ€Œๅผฑใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŒใ˜่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚ไฝ•ใ‹
03:24
to lessen the impact or the importance of something โ€“ to 'water it down'.
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ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚„้‡่ฆๆ€งใ‚’่ปฝๆธ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œๅผฑใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ€ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:29
Yeah, that's absolutely right.
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ใˆใˆใ€ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
03:31
There is another word which has the same meaning as 'water down':
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'water down' ใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅˆฅใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™:
03:37
'dilute' โ€“ so, we have 'dilute' and we have 'water down'.
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'dilute' โ€“ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€'dilute' ใจ 'water down' ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:41
'Dilute' sounds like a word that has the same meaning
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ใ€ŒๅธŒ้‡ˆใ€ ใฏใ€
03:45
in many different, especially Latin, languages,
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ๅคšใใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ ่จ€่ชžใ€็‰นใซใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใงๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€
03:49
so why can't I just use 'dilute'?
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ใชใœใ€ŒๅธŒ้‡ˆใ€ใ‚’ใใฎใพใพไฝฟ็”จใงใใชใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
03:51
Why do I need to use this word 'water down'?
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ใชใœ ใ€Œๆฐดใ‚’ไธ‹ใ‚ใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
03:54
Well, this is a great question
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„่ณชๅ•
03:55
and you absolutely can use 'dilute' if you wish to use it.
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ใงใ™ ใ€‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็ตถๅฏพใซใ€ŒๅธŒ้‡ˆใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:58
And you said it's got a Latin root;
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใฎใƒซใƒผใƒ„ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:01
now, quite often these words โ€“ these Latin-origin words โ€“ they're quite formal.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชž็”ฑๆฅใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซๅคšใใ€้žๅธธใซๅฝขๅผ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:05
They're more formal than the, kind of, phrasal-verb counterparts.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ ไธ€็จฎใฎๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅฏพๅฟœ็‰ฉใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
04:10
Phrasal verbs are much more natural in speech
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ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ ใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ
04:13
or in, kind of, informal English โ€“ natural, everyday English.
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ใ‚„ใ€ไธ€็จฎใฎ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ่‡ช็„ถใชๆ—ฅๅธธ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ่‡ช็„ถใงใ™ใ€‚
04:16
So, if you, kind of, want to sound more natural when you're talking,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚‚ใฃใจ่‡ช็„ถใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
04:19
use a phrasal verb: use 'water down'.
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ใ€ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œwater downใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:21
But, obviously if you want to be formal โ€“
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ ใซๆญฃๅผใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
04:23
maybe you're writing a scientific report โ€“
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ ็ง‘ๅญฆใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
04:26
you would use the word 'dilute' and that word 'dilute'
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅธŒ้‡ˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใ€ŒๅธŒ้‡ˆใ™ใ‚‹ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰
04:28
has the same meaning, both figuratively and literally.
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ใฏ ใ€ๆฏ”ๅ–ฉ็š„ใซใ‚‚ๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใซใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใกใพใ™.
04:31
You can 'dilute' something with water
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฐดใงใ€ŒๅธŒ้‡ˆใ€ใ—
04:34
or you can 'dilute' the impact of a document.
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฅใƒกใƒณใƒˆใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ใ€ŒๅธŒ้‡ˆใ€ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:37
Absolutely. OK. Let's get a summary:
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็ตถๅฏพใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใซใ—ใŸ
04:48
If you would like to watch another programme with the topic of coffee,
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ๅˆฅใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ‚’่ฆ–่ดใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
04:52
we have the perfect one for you.
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ใฏใ€ๆœ€้ฉใช็•ช็ต„ใ‚’ใ”็”จๆ„ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:54
Coffee smells great, doesn't it, Roy?
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ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฎใ„ใ„ๅŒ‚ใ„ใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใญใ€ใƒญใ‚ค๏ผŸ
04:56
But, it never quite tastes as good as it smells. Why is that?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅŒ‚ใ„ใปใฉใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ไฝ•ๆ•…ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:01
Well, I'm not so sure, but this 6 Minute English
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎ 6 ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชž
05:03
has the answers for you, so grab a biscuit,
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ใซใฏ็ญ”ใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ“ใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ–ใ‚Šใ€
05:06
dunk it in your coffee like Rob would
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Rob ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใซๆตธใ—ใฆใ€
05:08
and click the link in the description below to watch it.
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ไธ‹ใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆ่ฆ–่ดใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:11
Absolutely. OK. Let's have a look at your next headline.
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็ตถๅฏพใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:15
OK. So, our next headline comes from Down To Earth and it reads:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฎๆฌกใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ— ใฏ Down To Earth ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใ‹
05:25
'Spanner in the works' โ€“ something that stops a plan from succeeding.
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ใ‚Œใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:32
So, Roy, I know what a 'spanner' is:
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒญใ‚คใ€็ง ใฏใ€Œใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™:
05:35
this โ€“ this is a spanner!
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ โ€“ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใงใ™! ใ“ใฎๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ไผš่ญฐใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—
05:38
What are we doing, talking about 'spanners'
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ใ€็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ
05:41
in reference to this climate change conference?
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ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
05:44
OK. Yeah, well, that is... that is a 'spanner'. There you go โ€“ perfect.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใˆใˆใ€ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ... ใใ‚Œ ใฏใ€Œใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใปใ‚‰ใ€ๅฎŒ็’งใงใ™ใ€‚
05:48
So, what we use a 'spanner' for โ€“ it's an essential tool
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
05:53
for engine maintenance or working on machines.
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็†็”ฑใฏใ€ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใฎใƒกใƒณใƒ†ใƒŠใƒณใ‚น ใ‚„ๆฉŸๆขฐใงใฎไฝœๆฅญใซไธๅฏๆฌ ใชใƒ„ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
05:55
So, for example, you can use it, I believe,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใ‚„ใƒŠใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’็ท ใ‚ใŸใ‚Š ็ทฉใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
05:57
to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts.
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ใ€‚
06:00
Now, what happens, Neil, if you... you hold that spanner
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ใงใฏใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ ใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฆ
06:04
and suddenly you drop the spanner into the engine? What happens?
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ใ€็ช็„ถใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠ ใ‚’ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใซ่ฝใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:08
Oooh, that's going to be bad, isn't it, Roy?
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏใพใšใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใญใ€ใƒญใ‚ค๏ผŸ
06:10
Because the engine is a very smooth-running machine
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ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใƒณ ใฏ้žๅธธใซใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใซๅ‹•ใๆฉŸๆขฐใง
06:14
and if you throw this into it โ€“
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
06:17
this hard piece of metal โ€“ it's going to make everything stop,
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ใ“ใฎ็กฌใ„้‡‘ๅฑž็‰‡ใ‚’ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใซๆŠ•ใ’่พผใ‚€ ใจใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒๅœๆญขใ™ใ‚‹
06:21
or not work properly.
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ใ‹ใ€้ฉๅˆ‡ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใชใใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:24
So, yeah, basically that's the idea of the 'spanner in the works'.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใใ‚Œ ใŒใ€Œใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใƒปใ‚คใƒณใƒปใ‚ถใƒปใƒฏใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚นใ€ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚
06:27
Now, we're not talking about the literal meaning.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ .
06:30
Again, we've gone to a figurative meaning,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ๆฏ”ๅ–ฉ็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
06:33
but the idea of a 'spanner in the works'
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ใŒใ€ ใ€Œไฝœๆฅญไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใฎ
06:35
is that same idea of stopping the engine working.
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏ ใ€ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใƒณใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’ๅœๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™.
06:38
So, it's something that is stopping a project,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆ
06:42
or for example the impact of a document, from working.
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ใ‚„ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฅใƒกใƒณใƒˆใฎๅฝฑ้ŸฟใŒๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใชใใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
06:46
So, a 'spanner in the works' is a problem that stops a situation
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œไฝœๆฅญไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ ใจใฏ
06:50
from fulfilling itself, if you like.
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ใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€็ŠถๆณใŒๅฎŸ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅฆจใ’ใ‚‹ๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
06:51
Yeah. Now, you've got an example of a 'spanner in the works', haven't you?
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ ใ€Œ้–‹็™บไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใฎไพ‹ใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใญ?
06:56
Yes, I have and it's a very sad one to be honest, Neil.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ† ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€‚
07:01
My wife and my son โ€“ we all lived together in Brazil and at...
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ๅฆปใจๆฏๅญ ใฏใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซใงไธ€็ท’ใซๆšฎใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
07:06
about two years ago, we decided to move to the UK together.
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2 ๅนดใปใฉๅ‰ใซ ไธ€็ท’ใซใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ™ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:10
And my wife was getting her visa and everything was organised.
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ๅฆปใฏใƒ“ใ‚ถใ‚’ๅ–ๅพ—ใ—ใฆ ใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒๆ•ด็†ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:14
She went back to Brazil to finalise processes and then tragically Covid hit,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซใซๆˆปใฃใฆ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๆ‚ฒๅŠ‡็š„ใชใ“ใจใซCovidใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ€
07:21
which has been tragic for a lot of families around the world,
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ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎๅคšใใฎๅฎถๆ—
07:23
and my wife and child โ€“ they couldn't get here.
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ใจ็งใฎๅฆปใจๅญไพ›ใซใจใฃใฆๆ‚ฒๅŠ‡็š„ใงใ—ใŸ- ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ“ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ.
07:25
So, it really threw a 'spanner in the works' in our plan.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎ่จˆ็”ปใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€Œไฝœๆฅญไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใ‚’ๆŠ•ใ’ใ‹ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ .
07:29
It did. It threw a 'spanner in the works'
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ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ€Œๅทฅไบ‹ไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใ‚’ๆŠ•ใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆCovidใฏใ€Œๅทฅไบ‹ไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€
07:31
and Covid has been throwing a 'spanner in the works' for...
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ใ‚’ๆŠ•ใ’ใฆใ ใพใ—ใŸ...
07:34
for everyone really, hasn't it?
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใฟใ‚“ใชใฎใŸใ‚ใซใญ๏ผŸ
07:36
Yeah. And I mean in our case, it was a smooth plan that we had,
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใช่จˆ็”ปใงใ—ใŸใŒใ€
07:40
but as it says something came along and it was unexpected,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Š ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏไบˆๆœŸใ›ใฌใ‚‚ใฎใง
07:44
and it threw a 'spanner in the works' there,
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ“ใซใ€Œใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใŒๆŠ•ใ’่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸใจ่จ€ใ‚ ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
07:46
but obviously, to be positive, our love has got us through this
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ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ€ๅ‰ๅ‘ใใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ ็งใŸใกใฎๆ„›ใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œ
07:51
and I'll be seeing her very soon.
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ใ‚’ไน—ใ‚Š่ถŠใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ™ใใซๅฝผๅฅณใซไผšใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:53
Brilliant. Yes. So, we have...
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏ...
07:56
there are a couple of words that go with 'spanner in the works', aren't there?
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ใ€Œ้–‹็™บไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใซๅˆใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใญใ€‚
07:59
There's 'throw'.
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ใ€ŒๆŠ•ใ’ใ‚‹ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:01
Yes. And we also use the word 'put':
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใ€'put' ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
08:04
so, you can 'put a spanner in the works'
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'put a spanner in the works'
08:06
and you can 'throw a spanner in the works'.
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ใจ 'throw a spanner in the works' ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:09
OK. Well, let's get a summary:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†:
08:19
Well, talking of 'spanners', which are used of course for fixing things,
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ ใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ
08:22
generally, if you don't throw them into machinery,
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€ ๆฉŸๆขฐใซๆŠ•ใ’่พผใพใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€
08:25
we have a programme about fixing things, don't we, Roy?
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็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€ใƒญใ‚ค ?
08:29
Yes, we do and all you need to watch it,
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ใฏใ„
08:32
is click the link in the description below.
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ใ€‚ไธ‹ใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง่ฆ–่ดใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:34
Let's have a look at your next headline.
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ๆฌกใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:36
OK. So, our next headline comes from here
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฎๆฌกใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ— ใฏใ“ใ“ BBC ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆ
08:39
at home, at the BBC, and it reads:
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ใŠใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใ‹
08:49
'Lobbying' โ€“ trying to persuade someone in authority to do something.
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ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:55
Yes. So, this word is spelt L-O-B-B-Y-I-N-G
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ็ถดใ‚ŠใŒ L-O-B-B-Y-I-N-G ใง
09:01
and it means to try and persuade somebody
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ใ€
09:03
to change something or to do something,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใŸใ‚Šไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ— ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๅพ—ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ๆ”ฟๅบœใฎไบบ็‰ฉใ‚„ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถ
09:05
and it's commonly used to talk about governmental figures or politicians.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:10
OK. That's interesting. You said it's about changing people's opinions,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ใ€‚ ไบบใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹
09:16
or persuading people, but at the beginning of this word
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ใจใ‹ใ€ไบบใ‚’่ชฌๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใจใŠใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎ้ ญ
09:19
we see another word: 'lobby'.
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ใซใฏใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:22
Now, a 'lobby' is a room or a space between other rooms,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใ€ใจใฏใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒใ™ใ‚Œ้•ใ†ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฎ้–“ใฎใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚น
09:27
where people might pass each other.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:30
What is the connection between a 'lobby' and changing people's opinion?
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ใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใ€ใจไบบใ€…ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใจใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
09:34
Well, that's a really great question.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:36
Now, in most parliaments around the world, they have these huge entrances...
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็พๅœจใ€ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ่ญฐไผšใซ ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅทจๅคงใชๅ…ฅใ‚ŠๅฃใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™...
09:40
these huge rooms that we know as 'lobbies',
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็งใŸใกใŒใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใ€ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅทจๅคงใช้ƒจๅฑ‹ใง
09:43
and politicians would pass through there
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ใ€ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถ ใŒใใ“ใ‚’้€š้Žใ—
09:46
and people would try and grab them โ€“ not necessarily physically
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ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใ‚‚ใ†ใจใ—ใพใ™- ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚็‰ฉ็†็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
09:49
but try and get their attention โ€“ to try and persuade them to do things,
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ใŒใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ ๆณจๆ„ - ใ“ใฎใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใ€ใง ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’่ชฌๅพ—ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ™
09:53
in this 'lobby'. So, that's where the origin of this word probably comes from.
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ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎ่ชžๆบใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚
09:57
Yeah, that's right and a person who does this โ€“
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ใˆใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ไบบ (
10:00
it's actually a job โ€“ is called a 'lobbyist'.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏไป•ไบ‹ ใงใ™) ใฏใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใ‚คใ‚นใƒˆใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:04
Absolutely. And also a group of people that are trying to achieve this
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็ตถๅฏพใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้”ๆˆใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚‚
10:08
or do this are known as 'a lobby' as well, so...
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ใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใ€ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใง่ฉฑใ™
10:13
and one thing that's really important to talk about here
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ใ“ใจใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใฎ
10:16
is the propositions that we use after it:
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ๅพŒใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‘ฝ้กŒ
10:18
you can 'lobby for' something, when you're pro an idea,
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซ่ณ›ๆˆใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผๆดปๅ‹•ใ€ใ‚’่กŒใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:22
or you can 'lobby against' something, when your anti.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅๅฏพใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€Œๅๅฏพใฎใƒญใƒ“ใƒผๆดปๅ‹•ใ€ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:25
And also, we use it commonly with the infinitive:
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ใพใŸใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ ็š„ใซไธๅฎš่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:28
so, you can 'lobby to change' something or 'lobby to do' something,
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ† ใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œ่กŒใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ‚ˆใ†
10:32
or you can 'lobby the government to do' something or to change something.
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ๆ”ฟๅบœใซ ๅƒใใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:36
Absolutely right. OK. Let's get a summary:
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็ตถๅฏพ็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:47
Time now for a recap of the vocabulary please, Roy.
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ใ€‚ใƒญใ‚คใ€่ชžๅฝ™ใฎ่ฆ็ด„ใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:50
Yes. We had 'water down' โ€“ make something less effective; weaken.
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใ€ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸ โ€“ ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ๅผฑใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅผฑใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
10:56
We had 'spanner in the works' โ€“
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€่จˆ็”ปใฎๆˆๅŠŸใ‚’ๅฆจใ’ใ‚‹ใ€Œไฝœๆฅญไธญใฎใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒŠใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
10:59
something that stops a plan from succeeding.
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ใ€‚
11:02
And we had 'lobbying' โ€“ trying to persuade someone
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใƒญใƒ“ใƒผๆดปๅ‹•ใ€ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸ - ๆจฉๅจใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ ไบบใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†่ชฌๅพ—ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
11:06
in authority to do something.
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ใ€‚
11:08
If you want to test yourself, there's a quiz on our website
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่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ bbclearningenglish.com ใซใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
11:11
bbclearningenglish.com and we're all over social media.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใฎใ„ใŸใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:14
Join us again next time. Goodbye.
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ๆฌกๅ›žใ‚‚ใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
11:16
ย  Bye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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