How To Connect Ideas In English [with Linking Words]

836,068 views ใƒป 2022-07-05

mmmEnglish


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
Well hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืืžื” ืž-mmmEnglish.
00:03
I''ve got aย very interesting English lesson for you today.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:07
I'm going to teach you seven extremely common English
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชืš ืฉื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:10
linking words plus their professional equivalents.
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ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:15
So linking words are words that link ideasย together
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ืื– ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
00:19
as you speak and you write so it's a really useful skill to have.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืืชื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืื•ื“.
00:23
They are useful wordsย to know.
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ืืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช.
00:25
But in this lesson we're going to practise the casual,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืืช
00:28
everyday conversational linking words
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ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”
00:31
alongside the more formal alternatives that will make you sound
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ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข
00:35
more professional when you'reย linking ideas together in English.
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ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
00:40
You probably know already that spoken English is
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ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื
00:43
generally moreย casual whereas written English is more formal.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืชืžื™ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:48
And it's important to understand the formal andย the informal
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื
00:52
uses of language.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”.
00:54
When you use formal language while you're speaking in just
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง
00:56
aย regular everyday conversation,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”,
00:59
there is a danger that you'll sound a bit stiff and a bit serious.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืชื™ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืงืฆืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
01:04
And if you use the casual,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
01:06
informal versions in a professional context,
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ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืงื–'ื•ืืœ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™,
01:10
well that's okay but you justย might not sound as convincing
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ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืžืฉื›ื ืข
01:14
or as professional as you want to.
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ืื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”.
01:16
All of the words in this lesson areย extremely useful to help you
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ย ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš
01:20
communicate clearly and effectively in any situation
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ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘,
01:24
so I recommendย you watch it all the way through to the end.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅย ืœืš ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื• ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
01:33
I just want to take a few seconds here to giveย a little shout-out
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืชย ืฆืขืงื” ืงื˜ื ื”
01:36
to the members of Hey Lady! who are watching today.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™! ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:40
Hey ladies! It's great toย see you here.
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ื”ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช! ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ื›ืืŸ.
01:42
If you haven't heard yet, Hey Lady! is our online community
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ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื, ื”ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™! ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:46
helping women to succeedย in English.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
01:49
We make it easy and safe to meet new speaking partners
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืงืœ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ
01:53
and give you interesting topicsย to talk about together.
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“.
01:56
We have an amazing team of expert English coaches
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
01:59
who'll encourage andย support you at every step.
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื•ื™ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘.
02:02
It's the perfect place to practise because you can make mistakes
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
02:06
withoutย feeling judged and make real progress
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ืžื‘ืœื™ย ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžืžืฉ
02:10
even if you don't have a lot of time to spare.
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ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
02:13
As long as yourย English level is intermediate or above
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืจืžืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืœื”
02:16
then your English is good enough to join the community.
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, ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”.
02:20
Andย if you sign up today you can experience everything we offer
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ื•ืื ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื
02:25
free for ten days.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืœืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื.
02:27
I've put the link downย in the description below,
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจย ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื”,
02:30
make sure you check it out and I hope to see you inside!
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ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืคื ื™ื!
02:34
Today you get toย meet casual Emma and professional Emma.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืžื” ืžื–ื“ืžื ืช ื•ืืžื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช.
02:39
Casual Emma is going to tell you about her recent trip toย Portugal.
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ืืžื” ืžื–ื“ืžื ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
02:44
And professional Emma is going to talk to you about
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ื•ืืžื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชืš ืขืœ
02:47
tourism trends in Portugal.
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ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
02:49
Now I want you to sit back and watch and enjoy the story
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืชืจืื” ื•ืชื”ื ื” ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
02:54
but all the while see if you can identifyย some of the linking words
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชืจืื” ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืž
02:58
that get used.
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02:59
Words in my sentences that link to ideas or two thoughtsย together.
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ืจื’ืœื™ื. ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
03:05
I just got back from my trip to Portugal.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
03:08
And I'm exhausted.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืชืฉืช.
03:09
It was an amazing trip
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
03:11
but I'm really struggling with the jetlag this time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื ืื‘ืงืช ื‘ื’'ื˜ืœื’.
03:14
If I can afford it, I'd fly business class
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ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืขืฆืžื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื˜ืก ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืกืงื™ื
03:17
or maybeย break up the trip by staying a night in Dubai.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™.
03:21
That might help.
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
03:22
We wanted really comfortableย weather so we travelled in May.
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ื— ืื– ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ืžืื™.
03:25
It wasn't too hot, it wasn't too cold, it was perfect.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ืžื“ื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจ ืžื“ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื.
03:30
I'd loveย to go back again soon because there's just
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ
03:33
still so much I want to see and do.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:36
I really enjoyed the food on this trip, sweets like pasteis de nata,
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ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืกื˜ื” ื“ื” ื ืื˜ื”,
03:41
custard tarts andย seafood like bacahlau, salted cod.
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ื˜ืืจื˜ ืงืฆืคืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืœื”ืื•, ื‘ืงืœื” ืžืœื•ื—ื”.
03:46
Everything in Portugal is beautiful, especially those
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื™ืคื”ืคื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:51
stunning patterned tiles that you see everywhere.
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ื”ืืจื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:54
Did you notice some of the linking wordsย while I was talking?
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ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืžื” ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™?
03:57
I used and,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื•,
03:59
or,
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ืื•,
04:01
but,
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ืื‘ืœ,
04:02
so
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ืื–
04:04
because,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ,
04:06
like
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ืื•ื”ื‘
04:08
and especially.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
04:10
These are some of the most common linking words in English
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
04:15
and I feel pretty confident that you know at least
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช
04:19
someย of them.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ.
04:20
Most of them if not all of them.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื.
04:22
But if you're feeling a little unsure about the
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™
04:24
functionย or the meaning in English sentences, don't worryย ย 
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ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื”ย ืื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืืœ ืชื“ืื’
04:28
because we're going to review how all of theseย words are used
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื›ืœย ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช
04:32
in English, what their function is, once we hear from
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืžืื ืฉื™
04:35
professional Emma.
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ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืืžื”.
04:36
Professionalย Emma is going to give you a presentation
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ืืžื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืชืช ืœืš ืžืฆื’ืช
04:39
and it's going to feel a little more formal because of theย language
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคื”
04:42
that she's using.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช.
04:44
In it, you're going to hear seven more linking words
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ื‘ื• ืชืฉืžืขื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ
04:47
that are often usedย in this type of context, in this formal context.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืชย ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื–ื”.
04:52
All of these words are still very common in spokenย English
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช,
04:55
but they are noticeably more
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช
04:57
formal than the ones we just went through.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ื–ื” ืขืชื”.
05:01
Good morning!ย I'm here today to talk to you about tourism
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ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘! ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชืš ืขืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช
05:04
in Portugal. Portugal experiences mild winters andย hot summers.
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ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื.
05:09
As a result, it's popular in summer as well as winter.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
05:13
The diverse landscape ensures thatย tourists can enjoy
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
05:16
either a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains.
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ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื•ืฃ ืื• ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื”ืจื™ื.
05:20
In fact, Portugal was votedย the best European destination
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจื”ย ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘
05:24
to visit by car in 2021.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021.
05:27
Since Portugal shares a border withย Spain, it's logical that many
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื—ื•ืœืงืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืย ืกืคืจื“, ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื”
05:32
tourists are Spanish. Lisbon is by far the most popular destination.
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ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื. ืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:37
Tourists enjoy activities such as visiting the Alfama neighbourhood
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ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืืœืคืืžื”
05:42
or catching the vintageย tram 28 through historic neighbourhoods.
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ืื• ืชืคื•ืก ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' 28 ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
05:46
International tourism has not yet recovered toย pre-pandemic levels
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ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื’ืคื”,
05:51
whereas domestic tourism is currently booming.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ืช ื›ืขืช.
05:55
There's just so much to see, evenย for the Portuguese themselves.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
06:00
So did you catch any of these linking words?
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ืื– ืชืคืกืช ืืช ืื—ืช ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืืœื”?
06:03
Each one of them is theย formal or more professional equivalent
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:08
of the linking words that we heard before.
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ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
06:11
Professionalย Emma used words like as well as,
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ืืžื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื,
06:14
whereas,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“,
06:16
either or,
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ืื• ืื•,
06:17
as a result.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš.
06:19
since,
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ืžืื–,
06:20
such as,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ
06:21
in fact.
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, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
06:23
We use andย and as well as
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ย ื•ื›ืžื•
06:26
for adding information. We can replace and with as well as
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ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื•ืขื ื›ืžื• ื’ื
06:32
if you want to soundย a little bit more formal or
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืื•
06:35
maybe you just want to add a little bit of variety into your sentence
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงืฆืช ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืš,
06:39
soย instead of saying and and and and,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื•-ื• ื•-
06:44
we can add that variety by using as well as.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
06:47
Portugal is a popularย destination in summer and winter.
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ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
06:52
Or we could say it's popular in summer as well as winter.
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
06:58
To showย contrast we can use but in casual conversational English
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืกืชืžื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื—ื”
07:03
and whereas to sound a little bit moreย professional.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
07:07
International tourism has not yet recovered to pre-pandemic levels
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ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื ืžื’ื™ืคื”,
07:12
but domesticย tourism is booming
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื
07:15
and we can simply switch out but for whereas.
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ืคื•ืจื—ืช ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”.
07:18
Whereas domestic tourism isย booming.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ืช.
07:21
But is definitely a way more common way to contrast ideas
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื“ืจืš ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
07:25
but that's exactly why it helps
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ
07:28
toย use whereas to sound a little bit more intelligent,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™,
07:32
a little bit more official, a little bit moreย professional.
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ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฉืžื™, ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
07:36
Now let's look at or and either or.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื• ืื• ืื• ืื•.
07:39
We use these conjunctions to show alternativesย or options
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืชย ืื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
07:43
or choices.
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ืื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
07:45
Enjoy a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains.
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ืชื™ื”ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื•ืฃ ืื• ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื.
07:49
So here we have one optionย and here's the other.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืชย ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
07:53
Option one and option two.
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”.
07:55
Using either or has the same meaning.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
07:59
Enjoy eitherย a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains.
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ืชื™ื”ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื•ืฃ ืื• ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื”ืจื™ื.
08:03
One important thing to note here isย that we use or and either or
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืย ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘- ืื• ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ืื•
08:09
to connect two things of the same grammatical type in aย sentence
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜,
08:14
so that means we connect two nouns or two verbs
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื ืื• ืฉื ื™ ืคืขืœื™ื
08:19
or two clauses together.
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ืื• ืฉื ื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
08:21
Two of theย same thing in the sentence.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜.
08:24
Do you prefer chips or popcorn? So we're connecting nouns.
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ืื• ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ? ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื.
08:27
Eitherย you're driving me home or I'm catching a taxi.
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืกื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ืชื•ืคืก ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
08:31
So here we're connecting clauses.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ื.
08:33
Let's takeย a closer look at this word here for a second.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
08:37
Is it either?
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ื’ื ื–ื”?
08:39
Or either?
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ืื• ืื—ืจ?
08:40
Have you heard Englishย speakers using
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ื”ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
08:42
both types of pronunciation?
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”?
08:44
Both of them are correct. I want you toย practise a little with me.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชืืžืŸ ืงืฆืช ืื™ืชื™.
08:48
Either.
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ืื•ึน.
08:57
You could choose either orย either, it really makes no difference
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืžืฉื ื”
09:01
at all. in fact, I use them both.
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
09:03
Butย this interesting combination of pronunciation creates
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ
09:08
another really usefulย interesting expression that you can learn.
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
09:11
If someone gives you two options to chooseย from
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
09:15
but you really don't care which one
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœืš ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืŸ
09:18
you can say either, either
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื• ืื•
09:21
or
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ืื•
09:23
either or, I don'tย mind.
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ืื• ืื•, ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™.
09:25
So it literally means
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ืื– ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ืื•ืžืจ
09:27
I'm not fussed, I don't mind, I don't care which one we do because
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ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ, ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™, ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื™
09:32
bothย of them are fine with me.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื™ืชื™.
09:34
Either, either.
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ื–ื” ืื• ื–ื”.
09:36
Either, or.
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ืื•, ืื•.
09:37
So connects a reason with a result.
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ืื– ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื”.
09:40
The weather isย nice all year
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ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”
09:43
so Portugal is popular with tourists.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.
09:47
So here's the reason, the nice weather.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื”.
09:51
Andย the result is that Portugal is popular.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช.
09:55
When we use so in this way to connect a reason toย a result
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื”
09:59
in our sentence, so always comes in the middle
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื– ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืข
10:03
of our sentence because it's linking theseย two clauses,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื
10:06
these two ideas together.
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ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“.
10:08
And we can replace so with as a result almost interchangeably.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื–ืืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ื—ืœืคื”.
10:14
So is more casual, as a result is more formal
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืชืžื™, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฉืžื™
10:18
but there is one little change that we need to make,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
10:22
really important little change. We need to add
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ
10:26
and ahead of as a result.
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ื•ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš.
10:29
If it's in the middleย of a sentence we must make sure that we add
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ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืฉืคื˜, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื ื•ืกื™ืฃ
10:32
and.
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ื•.
10:33
Portugal has nice weather and as a result, it'sย very popular
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ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืคื” ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช
10:38
with tourists.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.
10:39
We can also use as a result
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš
10:41
at the beginning of our sentence as well.
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ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:44
Asย a result of the nice weather, Portugal is popular with tourists.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื”, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.
10:49
So can you see the difference in theย way that these two examples
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ืื– ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
10:52
are structured?
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ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช?
10:53
Here as a result connects two full sentences together
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ื›ืืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื™ื—ื“
10:58
but here it connects a noun phrase with a sentence.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆื ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜.
11:03
Now sometimes you want to focus on the reasonย for something
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•
11:07
rather than the result.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื”.
11:09
That's when because and since come in really handy.
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ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื•ืžืื– ื‘ืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:13
Because the weather is nice all year,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”,
11:16
Portugal is popular with tourists.
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ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.
11:18
Or since the weather isย nice, Portugal is popular with tourists.
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ืื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืขื™ื, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.
11:23
Because is really common in both speaking and writing
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”
11:27
butย since is definitely the more formal choice here.
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ืื‘ืœย ืžืื– ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืŸ.
11:31
They can both be placed at the beginning of aย sentence
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืฉืคื˜,
11:35
which helps to put some extra focus on
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืงืฆืช
11:38
the reason for something.
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ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
11:40
And both of themย can be used in the middle of a sentence.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืฉืคื˜.
11:43
I want to go back to Portugal because there's soย much to see!
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช!
11:47
I want to go back to Portugal
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ
11:49
since there's still so much to see.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
11:51
Now if you're tryingย to decide between so and as a result
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”
11:56
or because and since,
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ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื•ืžืื–,
11:59
you need to think about where you want
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื”
12:02
the focus of your sentence to be, on the reason
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืš ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
12:06
or the result?
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ืื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”?
12:07
That's how you make your choice.
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ื›ืš ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš.
12:09
Next up we have like and such as.
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืง ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
12:14
Now I want you to forget about to like which means enjoy.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื›ื— ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืชื”ื ื”.
12:19
Whenย we're using like as a conjunction or a linking word like this
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ื›ืืฉืจย ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-like ื›ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืื• ืžื™ืœืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื•,
12:23
it means for example.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืฉืœ.
12:25
In Portugal, I really enjoyed the food, sweets like pasteis de nata
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ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื›ืžื• pasteis de nata
12:31
and seafood like bacalhau.
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ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืืœื”ืื•.
12:34
So we can replace likeย with for example or such as
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”-likeย ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื•
12:39
and in a professional or a formal setting, they're much better
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืื• ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
12:42
choicesย but in casual everyday conversations,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
12:46
like sounds so much more natural, friendly and relaxed.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
12:50
There's one more thing that I want to point out.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ.
12:53
Have a look.
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ืชืกืชื›ืœ.
12:55
Tourists enjoy activities such asย visiting the Alfama neighbourhood
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ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ย ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืืœืคืžื”
13:01
or catching tram 28.
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ืื• ืชืคื•ืก ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช 28.
13:03
Like and such are always followed by a nounย or a pronoun,
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื›ืืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ืื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™
13:07
aren't they? Like pasteis de nata and bacalhau.
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, ืœื? ื›ืžื• ืคืกื˜ื” ื“ื” ื ืื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืงืœื”ืื•.
13:11
So if you want to use a verb you need to makeย sure that it's
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ืื– ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื
13:15
a gerund, it's the -ing form like
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ืฉื–ื” ื’ืจื•ื ื“, ื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” -ing ื›ืžื•
13:19
visiting or catching here.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืื• ืชื•ืคืก ื›ืืŸ.
13:21
Last of all we haveย especially and in fact.
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ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•ย ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”.
13:26
These words are not actually interchangeable but they have a
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ
13:29
similarย function in our sentences.
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ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:32
Both of them are used to emphasise
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ
13:36
a point, especially is an adverb and weย use it to
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ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื–ื” ืชื•ืืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื•ย ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™
13:39
add emphasis to something, it shows that one thing
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ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื’ืฉ ืœืžืฉื”ื•, ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“
13:43
is more of something than other thingsย or people.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:47
Everything in Portugal is beautiful,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื™ืคื”,
13:50
especially the patterned pavements.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช.
13:52
The landscapeย is beautiful, the people are beautiful
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื”ืคื”, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคื™ื
13:56
but the patterned pavements are the most
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
13:59
beautiful part forย me.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
14:00
In fact is what we call a discourse marker, something that helps us
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืกืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•
14:05
to order and connect ourย ideas as we speak or we write.
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ืœืกื“ืจ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื.
14:10
And we use in fact to give more information
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ
14:13
or emphasise something.
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ืื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•.
14:15
Portugal is popular with tourists.
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ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.
14:18
In fact, Portugal was voted
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจื”
14:20
best European destination to visitย by car.
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ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
14:23
To emphasise the popularity of Portugal, I'm using in fact
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื”
14:28
to add extra informationย and to highlight
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃย ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ
14:31
this important information and draw attention to it
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช
14:35
so as you're speaking.
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ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
14:36
It makes people listen when you say in fact.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืืžืช.
14:41
Here's some extra information that's interesting.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:43
It's usually used to introduce a sentence but
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืฉืคื˜, ืื‘ืœ
14:47
in some circumstances,
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
14:49
you'll seeย it at the end of a sentence as well.
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ืืชื” ืชืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
14:52
Portugal was voted best European destinationย to visit by car,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ
14:57
in fact.
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ื‘ืจื›ื‘.
14:58
Again it's adding that emphasis, that
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืืช
15:00
interesting extra pieceย of information
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ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช
15:03
that you may not have known.
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื.
15:05
So that's it for today's lesson.
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
15:07
I hope you learnedย something new, something interesting.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœืžื“ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
15:11
In fact
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ืœืžืขืฉื”
15:13
you could prove it to me byย writing some of your own sentencesย ย 
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื™ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ย ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืš
15:17
down in the comments below.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื”.
15:19
I'll headย down there now to check them out!
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ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืœืฉื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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