How To Connect Ideas In English [with Linking Words]

836,068 views ใƒป 2022-07-05

mmmEnglish


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Well hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ €๋Š” mmmEnglish์˜ Emma์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:03
I''ve got aย very interesting English lesson for you today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:07
I'm going to teach you seven extremely common English
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜์–ด
00:10
linking words plus their professional equivalents.
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
So linking words are words that link ideasย together
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด
00:19
as you speak and you write so it's a really useful skill to have.
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์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ •๋ง ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
They are useful wordsย to know.
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์•Œ์•„๋‘๋ฉด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
But in this lesson we're going to practise the casual,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜
00:28
everyday conversational linking words
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00:31
alongside the more formal alternatives that will make you sound
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00:35
more professional when you'reย linking ideas together in English.
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์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋” ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
You probably know already that spoken English is
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๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด๋Š”
00:43
generally moreย casual whereas written English is more formal.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์„œ๋ฉด ์˜์–ด๋Š” ๋” ๊ฒฉ์‹ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
And it's important to understand the formal andย the informal
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๊ณต์‹์  ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:52
uses of language.
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. ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ
00:54
When you use formal language while you're speaking in just
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๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ฒฉ์‹ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
00:56
aย regular everyday conversation,
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00:59
there is a danger that you'll sound a bit stiff and a bit serious.
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ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
And if you use the casual,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
01:06
informal versions in a professional context,
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์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
01:10
well that's okay but you justย might not sound as convincing
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์—๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ง€๋งŒ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:14
or as professional as you want to.
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.
01:16
All of the words in this lesson areย extremely useful to help you
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์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”
01:20
communicate clearly and effectively in any situation
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉ
01:24
so I recommendย you watch it all the way through to the end.
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ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
I just want to take a few seconds here to giveย a little shout-out
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž ์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„
01:36
to the members of Hey Lady! who are watching today.
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์„ ๋‚ด์–ด Hey Lady! ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ.
01:40
Hey ladies! It's great toย see you here.
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์ด๋ด ์•„๊ฐ€์”จ๋“ค! ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ต™๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
If you haven't heard yet, Hey Lady! is our online community
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์•„์ง ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด Hey Lady! ๋Š”
01:46
helping women to succeedย in English.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
We make it easy and safe to meet new speaking partners
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ์„ค ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ 
01:53
and give you interesting topicsย to talk about together.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
We have an amazing team of expert English coaches
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01:59
who'll encourage andย support you at every step.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ท€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ ์˜์–ด ์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํŒ€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
It's the perfect place to practise because you can make mistakes
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด
02:06
withoutย feeling judged and make real progress
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์—†์–ด๋„ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „
02:10
even if you don't have a lot of time to spare.
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์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
As long as yourย English level is intermediate or above
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์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ค‘๊ธ‰ ์ด์ƒ
02:16
then your English is good enough to join the community.
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์ด๋ฉด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Andย if you sign up today you can experience everything we offer
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ย ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด 10์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:25
free for ten days.
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.
02:27
I've put the link downย in the description below,
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์•„๋ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‘
02:30
make sure you check it out and I hope to see you inside!
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์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ผญ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ต™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Today you get toย meet casual Emma and professional Emma.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•œ Emma์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ Emma๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Casual Emma is going to tell you about her recent trip toย Portugal.
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์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•œ Emma๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ ์—ฌํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
And professional Emma is going to talk to you about
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์ „๋ฌธ Emma๊ฐ€
02:47
tourism trends in Portugal.
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๋™ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Now I want you to sit back and watch and enjoy the story
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์ด์ œ ํŽธํžˆ ์•‰์•„์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
but all the while see if you can identifyย some of the linking words
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”
02:58
that get used.
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.
02:59
Words in my sentences that link to ideas or two thoughtsย together.
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๋‚ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
I just got back from my trip to Portugal.
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
And I'm exhausted.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์ณค๋‹ค.
03:09
It was an amazing trip
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์—ฌํ–‰
03:11
but I'm really struggling with the jetlag this time.
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์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์‹œ์ฐจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •๋ง ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
If I can afford it, I'd fly business class
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์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ํƒ€
03:17
or maybeย break up the trip by staying a night in Dubai.
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๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘๋ฐ”์ด์—์„œ 1๋ฐ•์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
That might help.
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๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
We wanted really comfortableย weather so we travelled in May.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ด์„œ 5์›”์— ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
It wasn't too hot, it wasn't too cold, it was perfect.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฅ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถฅ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋”ฑ ์ข‹์•˜์–ด์š”.
03:30
I'd loveย to go back again soon because there's just
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03:33
still so much I want to see and do.
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์•„์ง ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณง ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
I really enjoyed the food on this trip, sweets like pasteis de nata,
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ์Œ์‹, pasteis de nata์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ž,
03:41
custard tarts andย seafood like bacahlau, salted cod.
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์ปค์Šคํ„ฐ๋“œ ํƒ€๋ฅดํŠธ์™€ bacahlau์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ, ์†Œ๊ธˆ์— ์ ˆ์ธ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ์ฆ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
Everything in Portugal is beautiful, especially those
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ
03:51
stunning patterned tiles that you see everywhere.
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํŒจํ„ด ํƒ€์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
Did you notice some of the linking wordsย while I was talking?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ˆˆ์น˜ ์ฑ„์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
03:57
I used and,
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๋‚˜๋Š” and,
03:59
or,
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or,
04:01
but,
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but,
04:02
so
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so
04:04
because,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
04:06
like
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like
04:08
and especially.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ.
04:10
These are some of the most common linking words in English
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ
04:15
and I feel pretty confident that you know at least
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๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ 
04:19
someย of them.
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ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Most of them if not all of them.
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์ „๋ถ€๋Š” ์•„๋‹์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„.
04:22
But if you're feeling a little unsure about the
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:24
functionย or the meaning in English sentences, don't worryย ย 
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์˜์–ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
04:28
because we're going to review how all of theseย words are used
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘
04:32
in English, what their function is, once we hear from
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์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด
04:35
professional Emma.
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์— ๋งˆ.
04:36
Professionalย Emma is going to give you a presentation
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์ „๋ฌธ ์— ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜
04:39
and it's going to feel a little more formal because of theย language
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์„ ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ
04:42
that she's using.
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
In it, you're going to hear seven more linking words
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04:47
that are often usedย in this type of context, in this formal context.
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์ด ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด 7๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
All of these words are still very common in spokenย English
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ 
04:55
but they are noticeably more
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์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:57
formal than the ones we just went through.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ˜•์‹์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
Good morning!ย I'm here today to talk to you about tourism
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์ข‹์€ ์•„์นจ! ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:04
in Portugal. Portugal experiences mild winters andย hot summers.
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. ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด ์˜จํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฅ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
As a result, it's popular in summer as well as winter.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋„ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
The diverse landscape ensures thatย tourists can enjoy
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ
05:16
either a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains.
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์ด ํ•ด์•ˆ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
In fact, Portugal was votedย the best European destination
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ 2021๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€
05:24
to visit by car in 2021.
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05:27
Since Portugal shares a border withย Spain, it's logical that many
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์€
05:32
tourists are Spanish. Lisbon is by far the most popular destination.
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๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์ด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณธ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Tourists enjoy activities such as visiting the Alfama neighbourhood
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๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋งˆ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ
05:42
or catching the vintageย tram 28 through historic neighbourhoods.
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ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ์„œ ๊นŠ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋นˆํ‹ฐ์ง€ ํŠธ๋žจ 28์„ ํƒ€๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ฆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
International tourism has not yet recovered toย pre-pandemic levels
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๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€๊ด‘์€ ์•„์ง ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ด์ „ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€
05:51
whereas domestic tourism is currently booming.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ด€๊ด‘์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
There's just so much to see, evenย for the Portuguese themselves.
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
So did you catch any of these linking words?
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:03
Each one of them is theย formal or more professional equivalent
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:08
of the linking words that we heard before.
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.
06:11
Professionalย Emma used words like as well as,
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์ „๋ฌธ ์— ๋งˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ as and as, while, both์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:14
whereas,
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06:16
either or,
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06:17
as a result.
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.
06:19
since,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ
06:20
such as,
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06:21
in fact.
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๊ฐ™์ด.
06:23
We use andย and as well as
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06:26
for adding information. We can replace and with as well as
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ and๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. and with๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:32
if you want to soundย a little bit more formal or
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์ข€ ๋” ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ
06:35
maybe you just want to add a little bit of variety into your sentence
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๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
soย instead of saying and and and and,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ and and and and ๋Œ€์‹ 
06:44
we can add that variety by using as well as.
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as๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ.
06:47
Portugal is a popularย destination in summer and winter.
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š”ย ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Or we could say it's popular in summer as well as winter.
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๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋„ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
To showย contrast we can use but in casual conversational English
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๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•œ ํšŒํ™” ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜
07:03
and whereas to sound a little bit moreย professional.
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
International tourism has not yet recovered to pre-pandemic levels
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๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€๊ด‘์€ ์•„์ง ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ด์ „ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์ง€
07:12
but domesticย tourism is booming
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์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ด€๊ด‘์€ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:15
and we can simply switch out but for whereas.
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์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
Whereas domestic tourism isย booming.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ด€๊ด‘์€ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
But is definitely a way more common way to contrast ideas
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
07:25
but that's exactly why it helps
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์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋„์›€
07:28
toย use whereas to sound a little bit more intelligent,
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์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ง€์ ์ด๊ณ 
07:32
a little bit more official, a little bit moreย professional.
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, ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ณต์‹์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
Now let's look at or and either or.
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์ด์ œ or์™€ or ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
We use these conjunctions to show alternativesย or options
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ต์…˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:43
or choices.
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.
07:45
Enjoy a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains.
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ํ•ด์•ˆ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
07:49
So here we have one optionย and here's the other.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
Option one and option two.
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์˜ต์…˜ 1๊ณผ ์˜ต์…˜ 2.
07:55
Using either or has the same meaning.
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
Enjoy eitherย a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains.
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ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:03
One important thing to note here isย that we use or and either or
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ 
08:09
to connect two things of the same grammatical type in aย sentence
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์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ or์™€ or๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
08:14
so that means we connect two nouns or two verbs
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ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ
08:19
or two clauses together.
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ˆ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
Two of theย same thing in the sentence.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ.
08:24
Do you prefer chips or popcorn? So we're connecting nouns.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์นฉ์ด๋‚˜ ํŒ์ฝ˜์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
Eitherย you're driving me home or I'm catching a taxi.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฑด์ง€.
08:31
So here we're connecting clauses.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
Let's takeย a closer look at this word here for a second.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž ์‹œ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
Is it either?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜?
08:39
Or either?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜?
08:40
Have you heard Englishย speakers using
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์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€
08:42
both types of pronunciation?
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
08:44
Both of them are correct. I want you toย practise a little with me.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
Either.
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์–ด๋Š ํ•˜๋‚˜.
08:57
You could choose either orย either, it really makes no difference
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:01
at all. in fact, I use them both.
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. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
09:03
Butย this interesting combination of pronunciation creates
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ์Œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€
09:08
another really usefulย interesting expression that you can learn.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋ง ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
If someone gives you two options to chooseย from
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„
09:15
but you really don't care which one
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์คฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํƒํ• ์ง€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ
09:18
you can say either, either
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09:21
or
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09:23
either or, I don'tย mind.
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์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์–ด์š”.
09:25
So it literally means
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ
09:27
I'm not fussed, I don't mind, I don't care which one we do because
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ž€์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋‚˜์™€ ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป
09:32
bothย of them are fine with me.
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
Either, either.
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์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์ด๋“ .
09:36
Either, or.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š”.
09:37
So connects a reason with a result.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
The weather isย nice all year
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์ผ๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€
09:43
so Portugal is popular with tourists.
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์ข‹์•„์„œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
So here's the reason, the nice weather.
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์ข‹์€ ๋‚ ์”จ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
Andย the result is that Portugal is popular.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ด ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
When we use so in this way to connect a reason toย a result
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ so๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ
09:59
in our sentence, so always comes in the middle
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, so๋Š”
10:03
of our sentence because it's linking theseย two clauses,
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์ด ๋‘ ์ ˆ,
10:06
these two ideas together.
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์ด ๋‘ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
And we can replace so with as a result almost interchangeably.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ตํ™˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
So is more casual, as a result is more formal
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋” ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ณต์‹์ 
10:18
but there is one little change that we need to make,
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์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• 
10:22
really important little change. We need to add
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์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
and ahead of as a result.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ ์•ž์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
If it's in the middleย of a sentence we must make sure that we add
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๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ and๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:32
and.
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.
10:33
Portugal has nice weather and as a result, it'sย very popular
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ๋‚ ์”จ
10:38
with tourists.
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๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์„œ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
We can also use as a result
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10:41
at the beginning of our sentence as well.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
Asย a result of the nice weather, Portugal is popular with tourists.
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๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๋•๋ถ„์— ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
So can you see the difference in theย way that these two examples
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋‘ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ฐจ์ด
10:52
are structured?
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๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
10:53
Here as a result connects two full sentences together
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜
10:58
but here it connects a noun phrase with a sentence.
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
Now sometimes you want to focus on the reasonย for something
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์ด์ œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€
11:07
rather than the result.
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์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
That's when because and since come in really handy.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด and since๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
Because the weather is nice all year,
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๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ข‹๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:16
Portugal is popular with tourists.
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Or since the weather isย nice, Portugal is popular with tourists.
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์„œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
Because is really common in both speaking and writing
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ •๋ง ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ 
11:27
butย since is definitely the more formal choice here.
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์ด์ง€๋งŒย ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋” ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
They can both be placed at the beginning of aย sentence
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜
11:35
which helps to put some extra focus on
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11:38
the reason for something.
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์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์œ ์— ์ข€ ๋” ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
And both of themย can be used in the middle of a sentence.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
I want to go back to Portugal because there's soย much to see!
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๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”!
11:47
I want to go back to Portugal
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11:49
since there's still so much to see.
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์•„์ง ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
Now if you're tryingย to decide between so and as a result
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
11:56
or because and since,
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๋˜๋Š” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์™€ ์ดํ›„ ์‚ฌ์ด
11:59
you need to think about where you want
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๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
12:02
the focus of your sentence to be, on the reason
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ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ์–ด๋””์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€์ง€, ์ด์œ 
12:06
or the result?
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
That's how you make your choice.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
Next up we have like and such as.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ like์™€ like๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
Now I want you to forget about to like which means enjoy.
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์ด์ œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋‹ค ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žŠ์œผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
Whenย we're using like as a conjunction or a linking word like this
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like๋ฅผ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• 
12:23
it means for example.
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๋•Œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
In Portugal, I really enjoyed the food, sweets like pasteis de nata
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹, pasteis de nata์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ž,
12:31
and seafood like bacalhau.
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bacalhau์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ •๋ง ์ฆ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
So we can replace likeย with for example or such as
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด like๋ฅผ or like๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:39
and in a professional or a formal setting, they're much better
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. ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚˜์€
12:42
choicesย but in casual everyday conversations,
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์„ ํƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š”
12:46
like sounds so much more natural, friendly and relaxed.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์นœ๊ทผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
There's one more thing that I want to point out.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
Have a look.
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:55
Tourists enjoy activities such asย visiting the Alfama neighbourhood
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๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์€ Alfama ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 28๋ฒˆ ํŠธ๋žจ์„ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ฆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
or catching tram 28.
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13:03
Like and such are always followed by a nounย or a pronoun,
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like ๋“ฑ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
aren't they? Like pasteis de nata and bacalhau.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? pasteis de nata์™€ bacalhau์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ.
13:11
So if you want to use a verb you need to makeย sure that it's
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:15
a gerund, it's the -ing form like
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13:19
visiting or catching here.
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. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋˜๋Š” ์žก๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ -ing ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
Last of all we haveย especially and in fact.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
These words are not actually interchangeable but they have a
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
13:29
similarย function in our sentences.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
Both of them are used to emphasise
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์š”์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:36
a point, especially is an adverb and weย use it to
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. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
add emphasis to something, it shows that one thing
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์ด๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€
13:43
is more of something than other thingsย or people.
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๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Everything in Portugal is beautiful,
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
especially the patterned pavements.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์žฅ๋„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
The landscapeย is beautiful, the people are beautiful
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ํ’๊ฒฝ๋„ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„
13:56
but the patterned pavements are the most
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์žฅ๋„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ
13:59
beautiful part forย me.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
In fact is what we call a discourse marker, something that helps us
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ดํ™” ๋งˆ์ปค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:05
to order and connect ourย ideas as we speak or we write.
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.
14:10
And we use in fact to give more information
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต
14:13
or emphasise something.
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ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
Portugal is popular with tourists.
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
In fact, Portugal was voted
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ
14:20
best European destination to visitย by car.
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์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌํ–‰์ง€๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
To emphasise the popularity of Portugal, I'm using in fact
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
14:28
to add extra informationย and to highlight
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:31
this important information and draw attention to it
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์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ™˜๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ
14:35
so as you're speaking.
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์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
It makes people listen when you say in fact.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
Here's some extra information that's interesting.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
It's usually used to introduce a sentence but
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
14:47
in some circumstances,
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14:49
you'll seeย it at the end of a sentence as well.
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๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋์—๋„ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
14:52
Portugal was voted best European destinationย to visit by car,
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ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌํ–‰์ง€๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:57
in fact.
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.
14:58
Again it's adding that emphasis, that
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์กฐ์ ,
15:00
interesting extra pieceย of information
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15:03
that you may not have known.
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์ฆ‰ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
So that's it for today's lesson.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
I hope you learnedย something new, something interesting.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
In fact
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์—
15:13
you could prove it to me byย writing some of your own sentencesย ย 
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์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜
15:17
down in the comments below.
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์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
I'll headย down there now to check them out!
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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