An economic case for protecting the planet | Naoko Ishii

84,312 views ・ 2018-02-14

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Regina Chu
00:13
Good evening, everyone.
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各位,晚安。
00:16
I am from Japan,
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我來自日本,
00:18
so I'd like to start with a story about Japanese fishing villages.
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我想用一個關於日本漁村的 故事來當開頭。
00:24
In the past, every fisherman was tempted to catch as many as fish as possible,
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在過去,每位漁民都想要 盡可能抓到越多魚越好,
00:32
but if everybody did that,
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但,如果每個人都如此,
00:35
the fish, common shared resource in the community, would disappear.
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魚,社區所共享的資源,就會消失。
00:41
The result would be hardship and poverty for everyone.
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結果就是每個人都艱困又貧窮。
00:47
This happened in some cases,
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在一些案例中有發生這樣的現象,
00:51
but it did not happen in other cases.
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但在其他案例中卻沒有。
00:56
In these communities,
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在這些社區中,
00:58
the fishermen developed a kind of social contract
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漁民發展出了一種社會契約,
01:03
that told each one of them to hold back a bit to prevent overfishing.
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叫每一個人都稍稍退一步, 來預防過度捕撈。
01:09
The fisherman would keep an eye on each other.
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漁民們會監視彼此。
01:13
There would be a penalty if you were caught cheating.
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如果你作弊被逮到,會受到處罰。
01:18
But once the benefit of a social contract became clear to everyone,
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但,一旦每個人都清楚了 社會契約的益處,
01:25
the incentive to cheat dramatically dropped.
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作弊的動機就大幅下降了。
01:30
We find the same story around the world.
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我們在全世界都能找到同樣的故事。
01:34
This is how villagers in medieval Europe
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中世紀歐洲的村民就是這樣
01:38
managed pasture and forests.
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管理牧草和森林的。
01:42
This is how communities in Asia managed water,
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亞洲的社區就是這樣管理水的,
01:46
and this is how indigenous peoples in the Amazon managed wildlife.
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亞馬遜原住民就是 這樣管理野生動物的。
01:53
These communities realized they relied on a finite, shared resource.
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這些社區了解他們要 仰賴有限的共享資源。
02:01
They developed rules and practices on how to manage those resources,
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對於如何管理那些資源, 他們發展出了規則和慣例,
02:07
and they changed their behavior
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且他們改變了他們的行為,
02:09
so that they could continue to rely on those shared resources tomorrow
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這樣他們明天才能 繼續仰賴那些共享資源,
02:16
by not overfishing,
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他們的做法就是不要過度捕撈、
02:19
not overgrazing,
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不要過度放牧、
02:20
not polluting or depleting water streams today.
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不要污染或在今天就用盡水流。
02:26
This is a story of the commons,
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這是個公有物的故事,
02:29
and also how to avoid the so-called tragedy of the commons.
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也是個關於如何避免所謂的 公有物悲劇的故事。
02:37
But this is also a story of an economy
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但這個故事也談到一個主要為
02:40
that was mainly local,
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地方性的經濟體,
02:43
where everybody had a very strong sense of belonging.
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在這個經濟體中, 人人都有很強的歸屬感。
02:49
Our economies are no longer local.
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我們的經濟體已經 不再是地方性的了。
02:52
When we moved away from being local,
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當我們遠離了地方性,
02:55
we started to lose our connection to the commons.
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我們就開始失去和公有物的連結。
03:00
We carried economic objectives, goals and systems beyond the local,
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我們把經濟方針、目標, 以及體制帶到地方性之外,
03:06
but we did not carry the notion of taking care of the commons.
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但我們並沒有把如何照顧 公有物的想法一起帶著。
03:13
So our oceans, forests,
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所以,我們的海洋、森林,
03:17
once very close to us as our local commons,
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這些曾經和我們非常靠近的公有物
03:21
moved very far away from us.
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遠離了我們。
03:25
So today, we pump millions of tons of greenhouse gases into the air,
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所以,現今,我們把數百萬噸的 溫室氣體排入空氣中,
03:33
we dump plastics, fertilizers and industrial waste
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我們丟棄塑膠、肥料, 以及工業廢料,
03:38
into the rivers and oceans,
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丟入河流和海洋中,
03:40
and we cut down forests that absorb CO2.
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我們砍伐吸收二氧化碳的森林。
03:45
We make the wild biodiversity much more fragile.
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我們讓野生生物多樣性變得更脆弱。
03:51
We seem to have totally forgotten
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我們似乎完全忘記了
03:53
that there is such a thing as global commons:
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所一種叫做全球公有物的東西:
03:58
air, water, forests and biodiversity.
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空氣、水、森林、生物多樣性。
04:05
Now, it is modern science
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現在,是現代科學
04:08
that reminds us how vital the global commons are.
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在提醒我們全球公有物有多麼重要。
04:14
In 2009, a group of scientists proposed
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2009 年,一群科學家提出
04:19
how to assess the health of the global commons.
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評估全球公有物之健康的方法。
04:23
They defined nine planetary boundaries vital to our survival,
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他們定義了對於我們生存 很關鍵的九項地球限度,
04:29
then they measured how far we could go
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他們測量我們走了多遠
04:33
before we cross over the tipping points or thresholds
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就會跨越引爆點或門檻值,
04:37
that would lead us to the irreversible or even catastrophic change.
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引領我們到無法逆轉或 甚至災難性的改變。
04:45
This is where we were in the 1950s.
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這是我們 1950 年代時的狀況。
04:51
We broadly remained within safe operating space,
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我們大體上都維持在 安全的運作空間中,
04:56
marked by the green line.
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這空間用綠線標記。
05:00
But look at where we are now.
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但看看我們現在的狀況。
05:04
We have crossed four of those boundaries,
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我們已經跨越了其中四項限度,
05:09
and we will be crossing others in the future.
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且未來我們還會跨越其他的。
05:13
How did we end up in this situation?
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我們是怎麼落到這種下場的?
05:17
Well, my personal story may tell us something.
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我的個人故事可能 可以給我們一點資訊。
05:23
Five years ago, I was appointed
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五年前,我被指派為
05:25
as CEO of the GEF, Global Environment Facility,
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全球環境基金(GEF)的執行長,
05:30
but I am not a conservationist
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但我不是天然資源保護論者,
05:33
or an environmental activist.
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也不是環境保護激進份子。
05:37
I am an economist,
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我是經濟學家,
05:39
and for the last 30 years,
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過去三十年來,
05:41
I had worked for public finance in my home country and around the world.
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我在我的祖國以及全世界 做公共財政相關的工作。
05:48
I can tell you one thing for sure:
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我可以肯定地告訴各位一件事:
05:51
during these 30 years,
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在這三十年間,
05:53
the notion of the global commons never crossed my mind.
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我從來沒有想過 全球公有物這個概念。
05:58
I didn't have a single conversation about the global commons
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我完全沒有和同事談過 任何關於全球公有物的事,
06:02
with my colleagues.
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06:05
This tells me that the notion of the global commons
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這告訴我,全球公有物的概念
06:09
was not really entering into the big money decisions
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並沒有真的在牽扯大錢的決策中,
06:13
like state budgets or investment plans.
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比如州預算或 投資計畫中,被考量到。
06:18
And I'm wondering, why do we have this sheer ignorance
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我很納悶,為什麼我們會完全忽視
06:21
about the global commons,
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全球公有物?
06:23
including me, myself?
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連我自己都不例外。
06:27
One possible explanation might be
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一種可能的解釋是,
06:31
that until recently, it didn't really matter too much.
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在最近之前,這都不是太要緊的事。
06:36
Even if we mess up some part of the environment,
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即使我們亂搞某部分的環境,
06:40
we were not fundamentally changing the functions of the earth system.
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基本上我們並未改變 地球系統的功能。
06:47
The global commons had still enough capacity
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全球公有物過去仍然 有能力承受我們的行為。
06:51
to take the punches we gave them.
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06:54
In fact, the fish were still plentiful,
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事實上,魚類還很充足,
06:59
the fields for grazing were still vast.
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放牧的原野還很廣大。
07:04
Our mistake was to assume
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我們的錯誤是去假設
07:07
that the capacity of the earth for self-repair
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地球的自我修復能力沒有極限。
07:10
had no limits.
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07:12
It does have limits.
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極限是存在的。
07:15
The message from the science is very clear:
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來自科學的訊息非常清楚:
07:19
we humans have become an overwhelming force
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我們人類已經變成了 一股壓倒性的力量,
07:22
to determine the future living conditions on earth,
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會決定未來地球上的居住條件,
07:26
and what's more, we are running out of time.
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此外,我們快要沒有時間了。
07:30
If we don't act on them,
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如果我們不為此採取行動,
07:34
we will be losing the global commons.
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我們將會失去全球公有物。
07:37
It's only our generation who are able to preserve it --
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只有我們這個世代能夠保存它們──
07:40
preserve the commons as we know them.
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保存我們所認識的公有物。
07:44
Now is the time we start managing the global commons
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該是我們開始管理 全球公有物的時候了,
07:49
as our parents or our grandparents managed their local commons.
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就像我們的父母和祖父母管理 他們的地方性公有物一樣。
07:56
The first thing we need to do
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我們需要做的第一件事,
07:59
is to simply recognize that we do have the global commons
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就是承認我們確實有全球公有物,
08:05
and they are very, very important.
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且它們非常非常重要。
08:09
Then we need to build the stewardship of the global commons
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接著我們得要建立對 全球公有物的管理職責,
08:13
into all of our thinking,
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建在所有人的思想中、
08:15
our business, our economy,
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事業中、經濟中、
08:17
our policy-making --
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政策制訂中──
08:19
in all of our actions.
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我們所有的行為中。
08:21
We need to recreate the social contract of the fishing villages
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我們得要重新創造出 漁村型社會契約,
08:27
on the global scale.
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擴張到全球規模版本。
08:31
But what does it mean in practice?
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但,在實際面上,這是什麼意思?
08:34
Where to start with?
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要從何處下手?
08:37
I see there are four key economic systems
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我認為,有四項關鍵的經濟系統
08:41
that fundamentally need to change.
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在根本上需要被改變。
08:44
First, we need to change our cities.
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第一,我們得要改變我們的城市。
08:48
By 2050, two thirds of our population will live in cities.
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到 2050 年時,我們的人口 會有三分之二住在城市中。
08:54
We need green cities.
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我們得要綠化城市。
08:57
Second, we need to change our energy system.
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第二,我們得要改變 我們的能源系統。
09:00
The world economy must sharply decarbonize,
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世界經濟必須要明確地去碳,
09:04
essentially in one generation.
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基本上,在一個世代就要完成。
09:08
Third, we need to change our production-consumption system.
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第三,我們得要改變 我們的生產—消費系統。
09:13
We need to break away from current take-make-waste consumption patterns.
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我們得要脫離目前的 「取用—生產—丟棄」消費模式。
09:20
And finally, we need to change our food system,
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最後,我們得要改變 我們的食物系統,
09:25
what to eat and how to produce it.
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吃什麼,以及如何生產它。
09:28
And all of those four systems
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所有這四個系統
09:31
are putting enormous pressure on the global commons,
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對全球公有物產生了很大的壓力,
09:35
and it's also very difficult to flip them.
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且要翻轉它們是非常困難的。
09:38
They are extremely complex,
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它們極度複雜,
09:40
with many decision-makers, actors involved.
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涉及到許多決策者和行為者。
09:45
Let's take the example of the food system.
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我們用食物系統來當例子。
09:50
Food production is currently responsible
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目前,食物生產造成了
09:54
for one quarter of greenhouse gas emissions.
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四分之一的溫室氣體排放。
09:58
It is also a main user of the world's water resources.
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它也是世界水資源的主要使用者。
10:02
In fact, 70 percent of today's water is used to grow crops.
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事實上,現今有 70% 的水 都被用來種植作物。
10:09
Vast areas of tropical forest are used for agriculture.
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很大區域的熱帶森林被用在農業上。
10:15
This deforestation drives extinction.
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森林砍伐造成了絕種。
10:18
In fact, we are losing species 1,000 times faster
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事實上,我們失去物種的速度,
比自然的速度要快上一千倍。
10:23
than the natural rate.
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10:26
And on top of all of that bad news,
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除了那些壞消息之外,
10:29
one third of food produced today globally
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現今全球所生產的食物,
有三分之一都沒被食用。
10:34
is not eaten.
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10:35
It's wasted.
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它們被浪費掉了。
10:39
But there is the good news,
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但,也有好消息,
10:42
good signs.
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好徵兆。
10:44
Coalitions of stakeholders
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利害關係人的聯盟
10:47
are now coming together to try to transform the food system
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現在集結在一起, 試圖改善食物系統,
10:52
with one shared goal:
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他們有一個共同目標:
10:54
how to produce enough healthy food for everyone,
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如何生產出足夠 每個人吃的健康食物,
10:59
at the same time,
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同時,還要試圖縮減、大大降低
11:01
to try to cut, to sharply reduce,
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11:04
the footprint from the food system on the global commons.
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食物系統在全球公有物上的足跡。
11:10
I had an opportunity
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我有個機會,
11:12
to fly over the Indonesian island of Sumatra,
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飛過蘇門達臘島的印尼島嶼,
11:17
and I saw with my own eyes
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我親眼看見嚴重的森林砍伐,
11:19
the massive deforestation
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11:21
to make room for palm oil plantations.
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為了棕櫚油騰出種植空間。
11:27
By the way, palm oil is included in thousands of food products
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順道一提,數以千計的 食物產品都含有棕櫚油,
11:31
we eat every day.
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我們每天都在吃。
11:33
The global demand for palm oil is just increasing.
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全球對於棕櫚油的需求在增加,
11:38
In Sumatra, I met smallholder farmers
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在蘇門達臘島,我會見了小佃農,
11:42
who need to make a day-to-day living from growing oil palm.
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他們需要種植棕櫚樹來維生。
11:47
I met global food companies,
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我會見了全球食物公司、
11:50
financial institutions
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金融機構,
11:52
and local government officials.
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以及地方政府官員。
11:56
All of them told me that they can't make the change by themselves,
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所有人都告訴我, 他們無法靠自己造成改變,
12:01
and only by working together under a kind of new contract,
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只有透過在某種新契約或新做法之下
12:07
or a new practice,
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進行合作,
12:08
do they have a chance to protect tropical forests.
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他們才有機會保護熱帶森林。
12:13
So it's so encouraging to see, at least for the last few years,
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很讓人振奮的是, 至少在過去幾年間,
12:18
this new coalition among these committed actors along the supply chain
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在供應鏈上這些盡心盡力的 行為者當中,這個新聯盟
12:24
come together to try to transform the food system.
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能集結在一起,試圖改善食物系統。
12:29
In fact, what they are trying to do
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事實上,他們試著在做的事,
12:32
is to create a new kind of social contract to manage the global commons.
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是創造出一種新的社會契約, 來管理全球公有物。
12:41
All changes start at home,
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所有的改變都始於家中,
12:45
at your place and at my place.
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始於你的地方和我的地方。
12:48
At GEF, Global Environment Facility,
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在全球環境基金(GEF),
12:52
we have now a new strategy,
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我們現在有一項新策略,
12:54
and we put the global commons at its center.
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我們把全球公有物 放在策略的中心位置。
13:00
I hope we won't be the only ones.
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我希望不會只有我們在做。
13:04
If everybody stays on the sidelines, waiting for others to step in,
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如果每個人都待在界線邊, 等其他人踏入界線內,
13:09
the global commons will continue to deteriorate,
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那麼全球公有物將會持續惡化,
13:13
and everybody will be much worse off.
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每個人都會過得更糟許多。
13:18
We need to save ourselves from the tragedy of the commons.
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我們得要拯救我們自己, 不要讓公有物悲劇發生。
13:24
So, I invite all of you to embrace the global commons.
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所以,我邀請在座所有人, 擁抱全球公有物。
13:30
Please do remember that global commons do exist
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請切記,全球公有物確實存在,
13:34
and are waiting for your stewardship.
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它們正在等著你們來管理。
13:38
We all share one planet in common.
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地球是我們所共有的。
13:42
We breathe the same air,
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我們呼吸相同的空氣,
13:44
we drink the same water,
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我們喝相同的水,
13:46
we depend on the same oceans, forests, and biodiversity.
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我們依賴同樣的海洋、 森林,以及生物多樣性。
13:52
There is no space left on earth for egoism.
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地球上已經沒有容納 自我主義的空間了。
13:57
The global commons must be kept within their safe operating space,
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全球公有物必須要被保留在 它們的安全運作空間中,
14:02
and we can only do it together.
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我們只有同心協力才能辦得到。
14:08
Thank you so much.
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非常謝謝。
14:09
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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