The power of citizen video to create undeniable truths | Yvette Alberdingk Thijm

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

It's 1996

時間是 1996 年，

in Uvira in eastern Congo.

地點在剛果東部的烏維拉。

This is Bukeni.

這位是布肯尼。

Militia commanders walk into his village,

民兵的指揮官來到他的村落，

knock on his neighbors' doors

敲他鄰居的門，

and whisk their children away to training camps.

把他們的孩子帶走，帶到訓練營。

Bukeni borrows a video camera from a local wedding photographer,

布肯尼向當地的婚禮攝影師 借了一台攝影機，

he disguises as a journalist

他假扮成記者，

and he walks into the camps to negotiate the release of the children.

他進入營地去談判， 希望他們釋放孩子。

He filmed footage of the children being trained as soldiers.

他拍下了孩子被訓練成士兵的影片。

[Soldiers don't worry!]

〔士兵們不用擔心！〕

[You'll wear uniforms!]

〔你們將會穿上制服！〕

[You'll have free cars!]

〔你們將會有免費的車！〕

[Free beans!]

〔免費的豆子！〕

Many of these children are under 15 years old,

這些孩子很多都不到十五歲，

and that is a war crime.

那是戰爭犯罪。

[Free!]

〔免費！〕

But you don't have to go to eastern Congo to find human rights abuses.

並不需要到東剛果 也能夠找到人權濫用。

In America, a country with a rapidly aging population,

在美國，一個人口快速老化的國家，

experts estimate that one in 10 people over 60

專家估計，超過六十歲的人， 十個中就有一個

will experience abuse.

會經歷到虐待。

It's a hidden epidemic,

它是種隱藏的傳染病，

and most of that abuse actually happens at the hands

大部份的虐待，施虐者都是

of close caretakers or family.

親近的照護者或是家人。

This is Vicky.

這位是薇奇。

Vicky put an iron gate on her bedroom door

薇奇在她的臥房門上加裝了鐵門，

and she became a prisoner, in fact, in her own house,

她成了囚犯，事實上， 是被囚禁在她自己家裡，

out of fear for her nephew who had taken over her home as a drug den.

因為她的姪兒佔據她家 當作毒窟，讓她很害怕。

And this is Mary.

這位是瑪莉。

Mary picked up a video camera for the first time in her life

她人生中第一次拿起攝影機，

when she was 65 years old,

是她 65 歲時，

and she asked Vicky and 99 other older people

她請薇奇和其他 受過虐待的 99 位老人

who had experienced abuse to tell their stories on camera.

對著攝影機說出他們的故事。

And I am Dutch,

我是荷蘭人，

so in the Netherlands we are obsessed with the truth.

在荷蘭，我們對真相很著迷。

Now, when you are a child, that's a great thing,

當你是孩子時，那是很棒的事，

because you can basically get away with anything,

因為基本上你可以從任何事情開脫，

like "Yes, Mama, it was me who smoked the cigars."

比如：「是的，媽媽， 偷抽雪茄的人是我。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But I think this is why I have dedicated my life

但，我想，這就是為什麼 我會把我的一生

to promoting citizen video to expose human rights violations,

投入在推動公民影片， 來揭發違反人權的行為，

because I believe in the power of video to create undeniable truths.

因為我相信影片有力量， 可以創造出無法否認的真相。

And my organization, WITNESS,

我的組織「WITNESS（見證）」

helped use the Congolese videos

協助使用那些剛果的影片

to help convict and send a notorious warlord called Thomas Lubanga to jail.

來將一位惡名昭彰的軍閥 湯瑪士路邦加定罪並送進監獄。

And the videos that Mary shot,

至於瑪莉拍攝的影片，

we trained Mary and many other elder justice advocates,

我們訓練瑪莉和許多 其他年長的正義擁護者，

to make sure that the stories of elder abuse

來確保老年人受虐的故事

reached lawmakers,

能傳達給立法者，

and those stories helped convince lawmakers

而那些故事協助說服了立法者，

to pass landmark legislation to protect older Americans.

通過了重要的立法， 來保護年長的美國人。

So I wonder,

所以，我很納悶，

billions of us now have this powerful tool right at our fingertips.

我們數十億人現在手上 都有這項強大的工具，

It's a camera.

就是攝影機，

So why are all of us not a more powerful army of civic witnesses,

那為什麼我們沒有變成 更強大的公民證人大軍，

like Mary and Bukeni?

像瑪莉和布肯尼那樣？

Why is it that so much more video

為什麼影片多了這麼多，

is not leading to more rights and more justice?

卻沒有導致更多的權利 和更多的正義？

And I think it is because being an eyewitness is hard.

我想，這是因為當目擊證人很難。

Your story will get denied,

你的故事會被否認。

your video will get lost in a sea of images,

你的影片會在一大堆的影像中失縱，

your story will not be trusted, and you will be targeted.

你的故事不會被相信， 且你會成為箭靶。

So how do we help witnesses?

所以，我們要如何協助證人？

In Oaxaca, in Mexico,

在墨西哥的瓦哈卡市，

the teachers' movement organized a protest

教師運動安排了一項抗議活動，

after the president pushed down very undemocratic reforms.

這是在總統打壓了 非常不民主的改革之後。

The federal police came down in buses and started shooting at the protesters.

好幾車的聯邦警察到現場， 開始對抗議者開槍。

At least seven people died and many, many more were wounded.

至少有七個人死亡， 還有許多許多人受傷。

Images started circulating of the shootings,

射殺的影像開始流傳，

and the Mexican government did what it always does.

墨西哥政府採用了一貫的做法，

It issued a formal statement,

發佈了一項正式聲明，

and the statement basically accused the independent media

基本上，那份聲明是在指控獨立媒體

of creating fake news.

創造假新聞。

It said, "We were not there,

聲明寫著：「我們不在那裡，

that was not us doing the shooting,

射殺不是我們做的，

this did not happen."

這件事沒有發生。」

But we had just trained activists in Mexico

但我們剛訓練了墨西哥的行動主義者

to use metadata strategically with their images.

搭配他們的影像， 策略性地使用元數據。

Now, metadata is the kind of information that your camera captures

元數據可說是 你的攝影機所捕捉的資訊，

that shows the date, the location,

能顯示出日期、地點、

the temperature, the weather.

溫度、天氣。

It can even show the very unique way you hold your camera

它甚至可以顯示出 在拍攝時你用手拿著

when you capture something.

攝影機的獨特方式。

So the images started recirculating,

所以，影像開始重新流傳，

and this time with the very verifying,

這次上面有著非常清楚可證實

validating information on top of them.

且有效的資訊。

And the federal government had to retract their statement.

而聯邦政府得要收回他們的聲明。

Now, justice for the people for Oaxaca

對於瓦哈卡市的人來說，

is still far off,

正義還很遠，

but their stories, their truths, can no longer be denied.

但他們的故事、他們的真相 不會再被否認。

So we started thinking:

所以，我們開始想：

What if you had "Proof Mode?"

如果有「證據模式」呢？

What if everybody had a camera in their hands

如果每個人手上都有一台攝影機，

and all the platforms had that kind of validating ability.

且所有的平台都有那種驗證能力呢？

So we developed --

所以我們和很棒的安卓開發者合作，

together with amazing Android developers called the Guardian Project,

開發了「守護者計畫」，

we developed something called a technology that's called Proof Mode,

我們開發了一種技術， 叫做「證據模式」，

that marries those metadata together with your image,

把那些元數據和 你的影像結合在一起，

and it validates and it verifies your video.

它能證明和驗證你的影片。

Now, imagine there is a deluge of images

想像一下，有大量的影像

coming from the world's camera phones.

來自世界的攝影機手機。

Imagine if that information could be trusted just a little bit more,

想像一下，如果資訊 能變得更可信一點，

what the potential would be for journalists,

對記者、對人權調查者、

for human rights investigators,

對人權律師而言，

for human rights lawyers.

會有什麼潛力？

So we started sharing Proof Mode with our partners in Brazil

所以，我們開始和巴西的 合作伙伴分享「證據模式」，

who are an amazing media collective called Coletivo Papo Reto.

他們是個很棒的媒體集團， 叫「Coletivo Papo Reto」。

Brazil is a tough place for human rights.

在人權方面， 巴西是個很棘手的地方。

The Brazilian police kills thousands of people every year.

巴西警方每年會殺死數千人。

The only time that there's an investigation,

唯一會有調查的時候，

guess when?

猜猜是何時？

When there's video.

當有影片的時候。

Seventeen-year-old Eduardo was killed in broad daylight

十七歲的伊度瓦多在光天化日下

by the Rio police,

被里約警察殺害，

and look what happens after they kill him.

看看他們殺了他之後發生了什麼事。

They put a gun in the dead boy's hand,

他們把一把槍放到男孩屍體的手中，

they shoot the gun twice --

他們用那把槍開了兩槍－

(Shot)

（槍聲）

to fabricate their story of self-defense.

來假造他們的自衛故事。

The woman who filmed this was a very, very courageous eyewitness,

拍下這段影片的女子 是位非常勇敢的目擊證人，

and she had to go into hiding after she posted her video

她發佈了她的影片之後， 她得要躲藏起來，

for fear of her life.

擔心有生命危險。

But people are filming, and they're not going to stop filming,

但人們在拍攝， 且他們不會停止拍攝，

so we're now working together with media collectives

所以，我們正在和媒體集團合作，

so the residents on their WhatsApp

讓居民可以透過 WhatsApp

frequently get guidance and tips,

經常得到指導和秘訣，

how to film safely,

讓他們知道如何安全拍攝、

how to upload the video that you shoot safely,

如何將安全拍攝的影片上傳、

how to capture a scene so that it can actually count as evidence.

要如何捕捉一個場面 才能讓影片被視為是證據。

And here is an inspiration

這裡有件鼓舞人心的事，

from a group called Mídia Ninja in Brazil.

來自一個巴西的團體「媒體忍者」。

The man on left is a heavily armed military policeman.

左手邊的人是重度武裝的軍方警察。

He walks up to a protester --

他走向一名抗議者－

when you protest in Brazil, you can be arrested or worse --

當你在巴西抗議時， 你可能會被逮捕或更糟－

and he says to the protester, "Watch me,

他對抗議者說：「看著我，

I am going to search you right now."

我現在要對你進行搜身。」

And the protester is a live-streaming activist --

而抗議者是一位 實況直播的行動主義者－

he wears a little camera --

他戴著一個小攝影機－

and he says to the military policeman, he says, "I am watching you,

他對軍方警察說：「我在看著你，

and there are 5,000 people watching you with me."

還有五千人和我一起看著你。」

Now, the tables are turned.

現在，局勢翻轉了。

The distant witnesses, the watching audience, they matter.

遠方的證人，在看著的觀眾， 他們是有重要性的。

So we started thinking,

所以，我們開始思考，

what if you could tap into that power,

如果能夠利用那種力量，

the power of distant witnesses?

遠方證人的力量，會如何？

What if you could pull in their expertise, their leverage,

如果能夠取得他們的專才、 他們的影響力、

their solidarity, their skills

他們的團結、他們的技能，

when a frontline community needs them to be there?

當前線社區需要他們在那裡時， 是否能有幫助？

And we started developing a project that's called Mobilize Us,

我們開始開發一個計畫， 叫做「動員我們」，

because many of us, I would assume,

因為，我假設，我們之中有許多人

want to help

都想要幫忙，

and lend our skills and our expertise,

想要提供我們的技能和專才，

but we are often not there when a frontline community

但我們通常都不在現場， 不在前線社區

or a single individual faces an abuse.

或是單獨一人面對虐待時的現場。

And it could be as simple as this little app that we created

一個很簡單的做法，就是用 我們創造的這個小應用程式，

that just shows the perpetrator on the other side of the phone

讓手機另一端的作惡者能夠知道

how many people are watching him.

有多少人正在看著他。

But now, imagine that you could put a layer of computer task routing

但，想像一下，你可以把 一層電腦工作任務指派功能

on top of that.

加在那上面。

Imagine that you're a community facing an immigration raid,

想像一下，你們社區正面臨移民搜捕，

and at that very moment, at that right moment, via livestream,

在那重要時刻， 適當的時刻，透過直播，

you could pull in a hundred legal observers.

你就可以拉進上百名合法觀察者。

How would that change the situation?

那會讓局勢有什麼改變？

So we started piloting this with our partner communities in Brazil.

我們開始和我們在巴西的 社區伙伴合作來做試驗。

This is a woman called Camilla,

這位女子叫做卡蜜拉，

and she was able -- she's the leader in a favela called Favela Skol --

她是「Favela Skol 」 貧民區的領袖，

she was able to pull in distant witnesses

她能夠拉進遠方的證人，

via livestream

透過直播，

to help translation,

來協助翻譯、

to help distribution,

來協助散布、

to help amplify her story

來協助擴大她的故事，

after her community was forcibly evicted

因為她的社區先前被強迫驅逐，

to make room for a very glossy Olympic event last summer.

騰出空間給去年夏天 非常光鮮亮麗的奧運活動。

So we're talking about good witnessing,

我們在談的是好的見證，

but what happens if the perpetrators are filming?

但如果是作惡者在拍攝， 會發生什麼事？

What happens if a bystander films and doesn't do anything?

如果有旁觀者在拍攝， 卻什麼也不做，會發生什麼事？

This is the story of Chrissy.

這是克莉西的故事。

Chrissy is a transgender woman

克莉西是位變性女子，

who walked into a McDonald's in Maryland

她走進馬里蘭州的麥當勞，

to use the women's bathroom.

去使用女廁。

Two teens viciously beat her for using that woman's bathroom,

兩位年輕人因為她用女廁 而把她打了一頓，

and the McDonald's employee filmed this on his mobile phone.

麥當勞的員工用手機拍下了過程。

And he posted his video,

他將影片放上網。

and it has garnered

影片得到了

thousands of racist and transphobic comments.

數千則來自種族主義者 和跨性別恐懼症者的留言。

So we started a project that's called Capturing Hate.

所以我們開始了一個計畫， 叫做「捕捉仇恨」。

We took a very, very small sample of eyewitness videos

我們從目擊證人影片中， 取了非常非常少的樣本，

that showed abuse against transgender and gender-nonconforming people.

影片中是對於變性人 或性別不一致者的虐待。

We searched two words, "tranny fight" and "stud fight."

我們搜尋了兩組關鍵字： 「變性人打鬥」和「種馬打鬥」。

And those 329 videos were watched and are still being watched

有 329 支影片被看過， 且當我們現在坐在這裡時，

as we sit here in this theater,

它們仍然持續被觀看著，

a stunning almost 90 million times,

很驚人的是，觀看人次有近九千萬，

and there are hundreds of thousands of comments with these videos,

且這些影片下面的留言有數十萬則，

egging on to more violence and more hate.

慫恿更多的暴力和仇恨。

So we started developing a methodology

所以，我們開始發展一項方法論，

that took all that unquantified visual evidence

把所有那些沒被量化的視覺證據

and turned it into data, turning video into data,

轉換成資料，把影片轉換為資料，

and with that tool,

有了那樣工具，

LGBT organizations are now using that data

多元性別組織現在能夠用那些資料

to fight for rights.

來爭取權利。

And we take that data and we take it back to Silicon Valley,

我們把那些資料帶回到矽谷，

and we say to them:

我們對他們說：

"How is it possible

「怎麼有可能

that these videos are still out there

這些影片還在外面

in a climate of hate

仇恨的風氣中，

egging on more hate,

慫恿更多的仇恨，

summoning more violence,

召集更多的暴力，

when you have policies that actually say

而政策卻表明

you do not allow this kind of content? --

這種內容是不被允許的？」

urging them to change their policies.

以此強烈要求他們改變政策。

So I have hope.

所以，我抱有希望。

I have hope that we can turn more video into more rights and more justice.

我希望我們能把更多的影片 轉變成更多的權利和更多的正義。

Ten billion video views on Snapchat,

在 Snapchat 上，每天有一百億人次

per day.

觀看影片。

So what if we could turn that Snapchat generation

我們是否能把這 Snapchat 世代

into effective and safe civic witnesses?

轉變為有效且安全的公民證人？

What if they could become the Bukenis of this new generation?

他們是否能變成 這個新世代的布肯尼？

In India, women have already started using Snapchat filters

在印度，女性已經開始 用 Snapchat 濾鏡

to protect their identity when they speak out about domestic violence.

來保護她們的身份， 讓她們可以說出遭家暴的事。

[They tortured me at home and never let me go out.]

〔他們在家折磨我， 且從來不讓我出門。〕

The truth is, the real truth, the truth that doesn't fit into any TED Talk,

真相，真正的真相， 無法放入任何 TED 演講中的真相，

is fighting human rights abuse is hard.

就是：對抗人權濫用是很困難的。

There are no easy solutions for human rights abuse.

對於人權濫用問題， 沒有簡單的解決方案。

And there's not a single piece of technology

沒有任何一種技術，

that can ever stop the perpetrators.

能夠阻止作惡者。

But for the survivors,

但，對生存者而言、

for the victims,

對受害者而言、

for the marginalized communities,

對被邊緣化的社區而言，

their stories, their truths, matter.

他們的故事、他們的真相很重要。

And that is where justice begins.

那就是正義開始之處。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）