The Crime-Fighting Power of Cross-Border Investigative Journalism | Bektour Iskender | TED

28,984 views ・ 2022-06-01

TED


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譯者: Alexandra Peng 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海
00:04
What makes organized crime strong?
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是什麼讓組織型犯罪越來越茁壯?
00:06
It is very well-connected across borders.
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是因為跨國間有非常良好的連結。
00:10
Criminal leaders can cooperate over long distances,
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犯罪首腦們能遠距離合作,
00:13
build efficient logistics
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建立高效率的後勤部隊,
00:15
and hide their wealth across many jurisdictions.
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跨越多個司法管轄區藏匿他們的贓款。
00:18
How do we know about this?
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我們是如何知道的?
00:20
One of the reasons is journalists.
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其中原因之一是因為有記者。
00:22
We are often the first ones
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我們常是首位釋出組織型犯罪網絡的龐大計畫的人。
00:23
to reveal the enormous schemes of organized crime networks.
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00:28
At some point, journalists started connecting across borders, too.
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同時,記者也開始跨國聯繫,交換資訊。
00:32
During the last decade,
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過去十年來,
00:33
there was a number of groundbreaking, cross-border investigations
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數十家媒體組織共同展開 多項開創性的跨國調查。
00:36
that had dozens of media organizations working together.
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00:41
“Panama Papers” is probably one of the most famous
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「巴拿馬文件」可能是新聞界跨國合作
00:43
of such cross-border journalism collaborations.
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最有名的案件之一。
00:46
It had more than 100 media working on it;
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當時有超過一百家媒體同時在處理,
00:49
it affected countries on every continent.
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影響了各大洲的國家。
00:52
More importantly, it led to more than one billion dollars
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更重要的是,有超過十億美元的贓款
00:55
to be recovered to the economies of the countries they were stolen from.
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回收到被竊取的國家內。
01:00
Now let’s take a look at maps that show which countries were featured
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現在來看看這張世界地圖。
01:04
in three major global investigations from 2016 to 2021.
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這展示了從2016到2021年, 在全球三大案件中有參與的國家。
01:09
So this is “Panama Papers,”
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這是「巴拿馬文件」
01:12
“Paradise Papers,”
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「天堂文件」
01:15
“Pandora Papers.”
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「潘朵拉文件」
01:18
As you can see, some countries keep being blank spots on these maps,
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你們能看到,地圖上有些國家一直是空白點,
01:22
and one of them is Kyrgyzstan,
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其中一個是吉爾吉斯共和國,
01:24
my home country.
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我的家鄉。
01:26
And does it mean there is no organized crime in Kyrgyzstan
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難道代表吉爾吉斯沒有犯罪組織或貪汙嗎?
01:30
or maybe no corruption?
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01:32
No way.
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不可能。
01:33
There is a lot of corruption in my country,
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我的國家有一大堆貪汙案,
01:35
and organized crime is a pretty powerful force.
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而犯罪組織更是強大的威脅。
01:38
Kyrgyzstan was just not covered in major global investigations
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吉爾吉斯只是長年未涵蓋在 全球重大案件調查範圍中。
01:42
for a very long time.
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01:45
I’m one of the founders of Kloop,
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我是克洛普的創辦人之一,
01:47
a very unusual media organization
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這媒體組織不同於其他,
01:49
that I co-founded in Kyrgyzstan back in 2007 with my friend, Rinat.
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我和朋友里納特, 早在2007年就在吉爾吉斯共同創辦了它。
01:54
Initially it was just a news website and a journalism school.
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最初只是新聞網站和新聞學院。
01:57
We would train journalists as young as 15 or 16
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我們會培訓十五、六歲的年輕記者,
02:00
to cover politics,
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讓他們報導關於政治、
02:02
human rights violations
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人權侵犯,
02:03
and many, many other stories that happened in our country.
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以及國內發生的眾多事件。
02:06
Throughout the years our journalists grew up,
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這麼多年過去,記者們也長大成人,
02:09
and by the time they were in their early 20s,
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到他們二十出頭的年紀,
02:13
they thought they were too experienced to just cover daily news.
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他們覺得報導每日新聞早已駕輕就熟,
02:18
They wanted to take on more involved stories,
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想要承接更深入的報導,
02:21
and they were eager to make a difference in Kyrgyzstan.
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並渴望為吉爾吉斯帶來改變。
02:24
So we started publishing bigger investigations
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所以我們與年輕又敬業的記者們
02:27
with our young and engaged journalists,
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一起發布更大的調查新聞,
02:30
but there were some difficulties though.
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但這也是有點困難的工作。
02:32
In some cases, we did not have enough resources or experience
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在某些情況下,我們沒有足夠的資源或經驗
02:36
to work on very complicated stories,
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去處理非常複雜的報導,
02:38
and sometimes it was just too scary.
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有時只是故事太駭人了。
02:40
For example, once we even received a death threat
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比如說,有一次甚至收到死亡威脅,
02:42
for trying to investigate criminal activities of the then-president’s son.
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因為我們試圖調查時任總統兒子的犯罪活動。
02:46
And the problem was we didn’t know who could protect us,
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而問題是,不知道誰能保護我們,
02:50
and we eventually had to drop this investigation.
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最終只好放棄這項調查。
02:53
But then something important happened in 2017
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但在2017年我們加入OCCRP的網絡時, 發生了重要的事。
02:55
when we joined the network of OCCRP,
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02:59
Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project.
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OCCRP是組織型犯罪與貪腐報告計畫組織。
03:01
It is an organization based in Bosnia.
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這個組織位於波斯尼亞。
03:03
It was initially formed to unite the best investigative media outlets
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最初是為了集結巴爾幹半島上 最優秀的調查媒體而成立,
03:07
from the Balkans,
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03:09
and later it expanded its network to many other countries in Europe
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之後擴展網絡至歐洲其他國家,
03:12
and then to Central Asia,
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然後至中亞、
03:14
Middle East, Africa, Latin America.
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中東、非洲及拉丁美洲。
03:17
And the goal of this organization is in its name:
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組織的目標與其名稱相符:
03:19
to fight organized crime and corruption with journalism.
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藉由新聞界擊破組織型犯罪與貪腐之事。
03:24
We were the first Central Asian member of this network,
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我們是網絡中首個中亞成員,
03:26
and oh, how many changes it has brought.
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而我們帶來很大的改變。
03:30
We turned Kyrgyzstan from a blank spot on the map
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吉爾吉斯原本只是地圖上的空白點,
03:33
into a country where organized crime and corruption are investigated
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但我們對於組織型犯罪及貪汙, 用前所未有的方式展開調查。
03:36
as never before.
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03:38
In 2019, we joined our efforts with OCCRP and also with Radio Liberty,
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2019年,我們與OCCRP
03:43
a media organization based in Czech Republic,
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和位於捷克共和國的媒體組織:自由電台,
03:45
and Bellingcat, an Investigative Center from the UK.
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還有英國的調查中心:鈴鐺貓一起合作。
03:49
And together we published a series of investigations
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我們共同發表一系列
03:51
about an underground cargo empire.
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關於地下貨運帝國的調查。
03:54
A secretive family clan that transported goods from China to Central Asia
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一個隱密的家族從中國運送貨物到中亞,
04:00
and didn’t pay all the taxes and tariffs,
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但沒有付任何一毛關稅。
04:03
if you know what I mean.
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你們應該懂我的意思。
04:05
In order to do that,
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為了做這檔事,
04:06
they bribed the Kyrgyzstan Customs Service,
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他們賄絡吉爾吉斯的海關,
04:10
and a significant chunk of this bribe went to this person:
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而接受這筆重金賄絡的人是:
04:14
Raimbek Matraimov,
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萊姆貝克·馬特賴莫夫,
04:15
the Deputy Head of Kyrgyzstan’s Customs.
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吉爾吉斯海關的副主任。
04:18
Our investigations revealed
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我們的調查指出
04:20
that even high-ranking officials in Kyrgyzstan are involved in corruption,
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甚至是吉爾吉斯的高階官員, 都涉及貪污事件,
04:24
poisoning their whole institutions with the worst possible practices.
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他們用最糟的方法毒害了整個機構。
04:29
People in Kyrgyzstan were outraged when they read this,
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當吉爾吉斯人民讀完這份報導簡直氣炸了,
04:33
and this led to an unprecedented chain reaction.
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引發前所未有的連鎖反應。
04:38
So first there were protests in Kyrgyzstan
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首先是在國內各地發起抗議行動,
04:40
because of what was published in the investigation itself.
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因為那些公開的調查內容。
04:44
A year later, in 2020, even larger protests happened
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隔年,2020年, 發生了更大的抗議活動,
04:48
when some of the politicians who were featured in our investigations
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有些政客的名字出現在我們的調查中,
04:52
had their party taking second place in the Parliament elections.
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讓他們的黨在議會選舉中只成了第二名。
04:56
As a result of these larger protests,
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由於這些大型抗議活動,
04:59
Parliament election results were annulled,
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此次議會選舉結果作廢、政權換了,
05:01
government was changed
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05:03
and eventually the president of the country was forced to resign.
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最終連總統都被迫下台。
05:07
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
05:12
But this investigation was important not only for Kyrgyzstan.
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但這項調查不只對吉爾吉斯來說很重要。
05:16
Remember I told you about this family clan
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記得我剛剛提到的,
05:18
that started this scheme in the first place?
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首次使用這計畫的那個家族?
05:21
They earned a lot of money in Central Asia.
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他們在中亞賺進大把鈔票。
05:24
We revealed and had evidence of at least 800 million dollars
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我們有證據的揭露他們的買賣
05:28
that went through their business,
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至少賺了八億美元,
05:30
and the real figure might be even higher.
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而實際數字甚至可能更高。
05:32
And where exactly did they spend their money?
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那他們到底把錢花去哪了?
05:35
Well, they bought this house in Los Angeles, California,
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他們在加州洛杉磯買了這棟房子,
05:39
and this mansion in the UK;
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還有這棟在英國的豪宅,
05:41
they started a construction project in Augsburg, Germany;
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於德國奧古斯堡有個建案,
05:44
they bought many apartments in Dubai.
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在杜拜買下多間公寓。
05:47
In other words,
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換句話說,
05:48
there is probably no such thing as local organized crime investigation.
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他們或許與當地組織型犯罪不同。
05:52
Because of how organized crime is structured,
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因為組織型犯罪的結構,
05:54
almost every investigative story about it has at least a regional significance,
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幾乎每個調查至少具有地區性的意義,
05:59
and in many cases it has a global significance.
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在許多情況下,這具有全球性的意義。
06:03
So now there are several messages that I want to deliver today.
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所以現在,有幾個訊息是我今天想要傳達的。
06:07
Message number one:
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第一:
06:08
journalism networks are actually very efficient and important.
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新聞網絡確實非常有效率也非常重要。
06:12
You don’t need 100 media organizations for every investigation.
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每個調查不需都要動用一百家媒體組織,
06:16
You know, like in our case, we only had four,
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你們知道,像我們的案子只有四個組織,
06:18
and it was already a huge game-changer.
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這已經是很大的改變了。
06:21
And for local media organizations like Kloop,
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對像克洛普這種當地媒體組織來說,
06:23
this is also a safety measure.
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也是一種安全措施。
06:25
As I mentioned before,
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像我先前提到的。
06:26
working on investigations alone is scary.
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獨自展開調查是很可怕的。
06:29
Within our network we not only share knowledge or resources,
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藉由網路,我們不只共享知識與資源,
06:33
but we also care about each other, and we keep each other secure.
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我們也關心彼此、保障彼此的安全。
06:37
Message number two:
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第二:
06:38
support local media organizations all around the world.
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支持世界各地的當地媒體組織。
06:41
When global journalism collaborations first began,
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首次舉辦全球新聞合作時,
06:44
it was mostly media from Europe or the Americas
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主要由歐洲或美國
06:46
that would have a leading role
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握有豐富資源的媒體, 能扮演領導者的角色。
06:48
as they had the greatest resources.
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06:50
But media organizations from other continents are very important too.
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但其他國家的媒體組織也一樣很重要。
06:55
We have unique expertise, insights and connections.
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我們具備獨特的專業知識、見解和人脈。
07:00
Before I move to the third and final message,
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在我講第三個,也是最後的訊息前,
07:03
I want to share something personal with you.
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我想與大家分享一個私人的事情。
07:06
Last year I moved to Ukraine
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我去年移民烏克蘭,
07:08
because Kloop planned to start a new regional media project there,
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因為克洛普打算在那邊開創一個新的當地媒體計畫,
07:11
and we are now forced to do it in another country
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但現在我們被迫到另一個國家執行,
07:14
because this man was belligerent enough to invade Ukraine,
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因為這好戰的傢伙入侵烏克蘭,
07:18
the country that became my second home.
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也就是我的第二個家。
07:22
But I want to highlight a role of another country in this war:
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但在這場戰爭中, 我想特別強調一個國家:
07:25
Belarus.
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白俄羅斯。
07:26
Belarus is very corrupt.
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白俄羅斯非常腐敗。
07:28
It has been run by Alyaksandr Lukashenka,
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由亞歷山大·盧卡申卡統治,
07:31
a dictator that has been ruling this country since the 1990s.
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他是個獨裁者, 從1990年代開始獨裁這個國家。
07:35
Lukashenka did something unthinkable.
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盧卡申卡做了件不可思議的事。
07:37
He provided the territory of Belarus to the Russian army
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他提供白俄羅斯的領土給俄羅斯軍隊,
07:40
to attack Ukraine from the north.
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讓他們從北方進攻烏克蘭。
07:43
One of the similarities between Belarus and Kyrgyzstan
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白俄羅斯與吉爾吉斯有一相似之處,
07:46
is that both our countries are small
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就是我們的國土都很小,
07:48
and get little attention from global media.
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而且在全球媒體上很少被關注。
07:50
At the same time,
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同時,
07:51
for decades, local media in Belarus did not have enough resources
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幾十年來,白俄羅斯的當地媒體並沒有足夠的資源,
07:55
or safety measures to thoroughly investigate Lukashenka
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或是安全措施, 讓他們能徹底調查盧卡申卡,
07:58
and corrupt officials around him.
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和他身邊貪腐的官員。
08:00
The thing is, Lukashenka is not really a super powerful leader
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事實上,盧卡申卡在世界規模中, 並不真正是個具超強能力的領導者。
08:03
of global magnitude.
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08:05
Unlike Putin, he could [have been] weakened years ago.
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不像普丁,他的勢力可能在幾年前就被削弱了。
08:08
What helped him stay in power was massive pressure on civil society,
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這幫他在如此高壓的社會上,
08:13
on local media
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和當地媒體,
08:14
and lack of financial measures from other countries.
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及缺少其他國家財務救助的情況下持續掌權。
08:18
If the global community took stronger action against Lukashenka,
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若國際社會對盧卡申卡採取強硬行動,
08:22
if local media were stronger and better linked with global networks,
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若當地媒體與全球網絡有更深、更好的連結,
08:26
I believe Russia could have lost its key ally a long, long time ago.
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我相信俄羅斯可能早在很久很久以前 就失去了關鍵的盟友。
08:31
A better-timed collaborative journalism investigation could save many lives.
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記者在好的時機下合作調查, 能挽救很多生命。
08:36
So here I come to my final message.
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接下來是最後的訊息。
08:38
Let's leave criminals and corrupt officials without access to their money
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讓罪犯及貪腐官員無法取得他們的資金,
08:43
before it’s [too late].
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在事態更糟之前。
08:45
This is where journalists need help from activists,
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這就是記者需要幫助的地方, 不只是激進主義者,
08:48
politicians
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還有政客,
08:49
and even bankers,
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甚至是銀行行員,
08:50
not just from each other.
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不單單只有記者們互助而已。
08:52
We must expand our cross-border networks outside of the media world too,
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我們也必須在社群媒體之外, 擴大我們的跨國網絡,
08:58
because every exposed, corrupt official,
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因為揭露每個貪汙官員、
09:01
every arrested organized crime leader
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逮捕每個犯罪組織首腦,
09:03
is a chance to protect our world not only from smugglers and thieves,
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都是保護世界的機會。
危害世界的不只有走私販和或竊賊,
09:07
but also from dictators and warmongers.
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還有獨裁者和戰爭份子。
09:10
Thank you.
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感謝。
09:11
(Applause and cheers)
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(掌聲及喝采)
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