How to put the power of law in people's hands | Vivek Maru

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Liuan Yang

I want to tell you about someone.

我想向各位介紹一個人。

I'm going to call him Ravi Nanda.

我就把他稱為拉文南達。

I'm changing his name to protect his safety.

為了保護他的安全， 我改了他的名字。

Ravi's from a community of herdspeople in Gujarat

拉文來自古吉拉特邦的 一個放牧人社區，

on the western coast of India,

位在印度的西岸，

same place my own family comes from.

我的家庭也來自那個地方。

When he was 10 years old, his entire community was forced to move

當他十歲時， 他的整個社區被迫遷移，

because a multinational corporation

因為有一家跨國企業

constructed a manufacturing facility on the land where they lived.

在他們居住的土地上 建造了一間製造廠。

Then, 20 years later, the same company built a cement factory

二十年後，同一家公司 建立了一間水泥工廠，

100 meters from where they live now.

就在他們現在居住地的一百公尺外。

India has got strong environmental regulations on paper,

印度在紙面上有很嚴格的 環境規定條例，

but this company has violated many of them.

但這間公司違反了當中的好幾條。

Dust from that factory covers Ravi's mustache

來自那間工廠的塵土 落在拉文的鬍子上，

and everything he wears.

以及他穿著的所有衣物。

I spent just two days in his place, and I coughed for a week.

我在他住的地方只待了兩天 就咳嗽了一個星期。

Ravi says that if people or animals eat anything that grows in his village

拉文說，如果人或動物吃下 任何在他的村落生長的東西，

or drink the water,

或喝了村落的水，

they get sick.

就會生病。

He says children now walk long distances with cattle and buffalo

他說，現在孩子要和黃牛 及水牛一起行走很長的路，

to find uncontaminated grazing land.

去尋找沒被污染的牧地。

He says many of those kids have dropped out of school,

他說，這些孩子中有許多都休學了，

including three of his own.

包括他自己的三個孩子。

Ravi has appealed to the company for years.

多年來，拉文向這間公司請願。

He said, "I've written so many letters my family could cremate me with them.

他說：「我寫了好多信，多到 我的家人都能用它們把我火化了。

They wouldn't need to buy any wood."

他們完全不用買任何木頭。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

He said the company ignored every one of those letters,

他說，這間公司沒有理會 他寫的任何一封信，

and so in 2013,

所以，在 2013 年，

Ravi Nanda decided to use the last means of protest

拉文南達決定採用他認為 他剩下的最後一種抗議手段。

he thought he had left.

He walked to the gates of that factory with a bucket of petrol in his hands,

他走到那間工廠的大門口， 手上提著一桶汽油，

intending to set himself on fire.

打算引火自焚。

Ravi is not alone in his desperation.

拉文的絕望並不孤單。

The UN estimates that worldwide,

聯合國估計，在全球，

four billion people live without basic access to justice.

有四十億人的生活中 沒有基本的正義。

These people face grave threats to their safety, their livelihoods,

這些人的安全、生計， 以及尊嚴，都面臨重大威脅。

their dignity.

There are almost always laws on the books that would protect these people,

幾乎總會有成文的法律 來保護這些人，

but they've often never heard of those laws,

但他們通常都沒聽過這些法律，

and the systems that are supposed to enforce those laws

而應該要執行這些法律的體制

are corrupt or broken or both.

都腐敗了或毀壞了，或兩者都有。

We are living with a global epidemic of injustice,

不公平的全球流行病 在我們的生活中流傳，

but we've been choosing to ignore it.

但我們一直選擇忽視它。

Right now, in Sierra Leone,

現在，在獅子山共和國、

in Cambodia, in Ethiopia,

在柬埔寨、在衣索比亞，

farmers are being cajoled

農夫會被勸誘，

into putting their thumbprints on 50-year lease agreements,

把他們的指紋按在 五十年的租契協議上，

signing away all the land they've ever known for a pittance

為了極少量的錢，把他們 所知道的所有土地都簽字讓出，

without anybody even explaining the terms.

沒有任何人為他們解釋條款。

Governments seem to think that's OK.

政府似乎認為這樣沒問題。

Right now, in the United States,

現在，在美國、

in India, in Slovenia,

在印度、在斯洛維尼亞共和國，

people like Ravi are raising their children

像拉文這樣的人， 在工廠或礦坑的陰影下

in the shadow of factories or mines

養育他們的孩子，

that are poisoning their air and their water.

因為工廠或礦坑在毒害 他們的空氣和水。

There are environmental laws that would protect these people,

有可以保護這些人的環境法律，

但許多人根本沒見過這些法律，

but many have never seen those laws,

let alone having a shot at enforcing them.

更不用說有機會執行它們了。

And the world seems to have decided that's OK.

而這個世界似乎認定這樣沒關係。

What would it take to change that?

要如何才能改變這一點？

Law is supposed to be the language we use

法律應該是我們使用的語言，

to translate our dreams about justice

用它將我們的對於正義的夢想

into living institutions that hold us together.

轉化為讓我們團結起來的現成制度。

Law is supposed to be the difference

法律本應是差別，

between a society ruled by the most powerful

介於最有權勢者統治的社會

and one that honors the dignity of everyone,

和強者弱智都有尊嚴的社會

strong or weak.

兩者之間的差別。

That's why I told my grandmother 20 years ago

那就是為什麼二十年前 我跟我祖母說，

that I wanted to go to law school.

我想要讀法學院。

Grandma didn't pause. She didn't skip a beat.

祖母沒有停下來，沒有大吃一驚。

She said to me, "Lawyer is liar."

她對我說：「律師是騙子。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

That was discouraging.

那很讓人洩氣。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

但，在某個層面上，祖母是對的。

But grandma's right, in a way.

Something about law and lawyers has gone wrong.

法律和律師出了些問題。

We lawyers are usually expensive, first of all,

首先，我們律師通常都很貴，

and we tend to focus on formal court channels

且我們傾向會把焦點 放在正式的法庭渠道，

that are impractical for many of the problems people face.

對許多人面臨的問題而言， 這些渠道是不實際的。

Worse, our profession has shrouded law in a cloak of complexity.

更糟的是，我們的職業給法律 蓋上了一層複雜的外罩。

Law is like riot gear on a police officer.

法律就像是警察穿的防暴裝備。

It's intimidating and impenetrable,

它令人生畏，且無法看透，

and it's hard to tell there's something human underneath.

很難看出底下有沒有人性。

If we're going to make justice a reality for everyone,

若我們要讓正義成為每個人的現實，

we need to turn law from an abstraction or a threat

我們就需要把法律從 一個抽象概念或一個威脅

into something that every single person can understand, use and shape.

轉變成每個人都能了解、 使用，和形成的東西。

Lawyers are crucial in that fight, no doubt,

毫無懷疑，在這場 戰役中，律師很重要，

but we can't leave it to lawyers alone.

但我們不能把它全部丟給律師。

In health care, for example,

比如，在健康照護方面，

we don't just rely on doctors to serve patients.

我們並不只仰賴醫生來服務病人。

We have nurses and midwives and community health workers.

我們有護士、助產士， 及社區醫務人員。

The same should be true of justice.

對於正義也應該是一樣的。

Community legal workers,

社區法務人員，

sometimes we call them community paralegals,

有時我們稱他們為社區法律助理，

or barefoot lawyers,

或赤腳律師，

can be a bridge.

他們能成為溝通的橋樑。

These paralegals are from the communities they serve.

這些法律助理來自 他們所服務的社區，

They demystify law,

他們讓法律明白易懂，

break it down into simple terms,

用簡單的用語來說明法律，

and then they help people look for a solution.

接著他們會協助人們找解決方案。

They don't focus on the courts alone.

他們不只把焦點放在法庭上。

They look everywhere:

他們會到處看：

ministry departments, local government, an ombudsman's office.

各部會、地方政府、特派員辦公室。

Lawyers sometimes say to their clients,

律師有時會對他們的客戶說：

"I'll handle it for you. I've got you."

「我會幫你處理。我罩你。」

Paralegals have a different message,

法律助理有不同的訊息，

not "I'm going to solve it for you,"

不是「我會為你解決這件事」，

but "We're going to solve it together,

而是「我們會一起解決這件事，

and in the process, we're both going to grow."

且在過程中，我們都會成長。」

Community paralegals saved my own relationship to law.

社區法律助理拯救了 我自己和法律的關係。

After about a year in law school, I almost dropped out.

在法學院一年之後， 我幾乎要退學了。

I was thinking maybe I should have listened to my grandmother.

我在想，也許我應該聽祖母的話。

It was when I started working with paralegals

那時我開始和法律助理一起工作，

in Sierra Leone, in 2003,

那是 2003 年，在獅子山共和國，

that I began feeling hopeful about the law again,

我因此開始再次對法律感到希望，

and I have been obsessed ever since.

從此之後，我就著迷了。

Let me come back to Ravi.

讓我回到拉文的故事。

2013, he did reach the gates of that factory

2013 年，他確實到了工廠的大門，

with the bucket of petrol in his hands,

手上提著一桶汽油，

but he was arrested before he could follow through.

但他在進行之前就被逮捕了。

He didn't have to spend long in jail,

他沒有坐很久的牢，

but he felt completely defeated.

但他完全覺得被打敗了。

Then, two years later, he met someone.

兩年之後，他遇見了一個人，

I'm going to call him Kush.

我把他稱為庫許。

Kush is part of a team of community paralegals

庫許是社區法律助理團隊的一員，

that works for environmental justice on the Gujarat coast.

這個團隊在古吉拉特邦海岸 為環境正義奮鬥。

Kush explained to Ravi that there was law on his side.

庫許向拉文解釋， 法律是站在他這一邊的。

Kush translated into Gujarati something Ravi had never seen.

庫許把拉文從來沒有見過的 東西翻譯成古吉拉特語，

It's called the "consent to operate."

這東西就是「營運同意書」。

It's issued by the state government,

它由州政府發行，

and it allows the factory to run

只有在工廠遵守特定條款的情況下，

only if it complies with specific conditions.

它才允許工廠運作。

So together, they compared the legal requirements with reality,

所以，他們一起比較了 法律規定和現實，

they collected evidence,

他們收集了證據，

and they drafted an application --

他們起草了一份申請書，

not to the courts, but to two administrative institutions,

不是給法庭的， 而是給兩間行政機構：

the Pollution Control Board and the district administration.

污染控制委員會以及區公所。

Those applications started turning the creaky wheels of enforcement.

那些申請書開始轉動了 執行法律的老朽輪子。

A pollution officer came for a site inspection,

一位污染部門官員去實地堪察，

and after that, the company started running an air filtration system

之後，那間公司開始 採用空氣過濾系統，

it was supposed to have been using all along.

它早就該使用這個系統了。

It also started covering the 100 trucks

它也開始把每天進出工廠的

that come and go from that plant every day.

一百台卡車覆蓋起來。

Those two measures reduced the air pollution considerably.

這兩項措施大大減少了空氣污染。

The case is far from over,

雖然離案件結束還很遠，

but learning and using law gave Ravi hope.

但學習和使用法律給了拉文希望。

There are people like Kush walking alongside people like Ravi

有像庫許那樣的人， 伴隨像拉文那樣的人同行，

in many places.

在許多地方都有。

Today, I work with a group called Namati.

現今，我和一個叫 Namati 的團體合作，

Namati helps convene a global network

Namati 協助召集一個全球網路，

dedicated to legal empowerment.

致力於法律賦權。

All together, we are over a thousand organizations

我們總共有超過一千個組織，

in 120 countries.

遍及 120 個國家。

Collectively, we deploy tens of thousands of community paralegals.

所有組織合在一起，共部署了 數萬名的社區法律助理。

Let me give you another example.

讓我再舉一個例子。

This is Khadija Hamsa.

這位是卡迪賈哈姆薩。

She is one of five million people in Kenya who faces a discriminatory vetting process

肯亞有五百萬人在取得身份證時 要面臨受歧視的審查過程，

when trying to obtain a national ID card.

她也是其中之一。

It is like the Jim Crow South in the United States.

就像是美國的吉姆克勞法。

If you are from a certain set of tribes,

如果你來自某些部落，

通常是穆斯林部落，

most of them Muslim,

you get sent to a different line.

你就會被送到不同的隊列中。

Without an ID, you can't apply for a job.

沒有身份證，你就不能申請工作。

You can't get a bank loan.

你不能取得銀行貸款。

You can't enroll in university.

你無法進入大學就讀。

You are excluded from society.

你等於是被社會排除了。

Khadija tried off and on to get an ID for eight years, without success.

八年來，卡迪賈斷斷續續地 嘗試取得身份證，一直沒成功。

Then she met a paralegal working in her community

接著，她遇見了一位 在她的社區中工作的法律助理，

named Hassan Kassim.

名叫哈山卡辛。

Hassan explained to Khadija how vetting works,

哈山向卡迪賈解釋審查的運作方式，

he helped her gather the documents she needed,

他協助她收集她需要的文件，

helped prep her to go before the vetting committee.

協助她準備去面對審查委員會．

Finally, she was able to get an ID with Hassan's help.

終於，在哈山的協助下， 她拿到了身份證。

First thing she did with it

她用身份證做的第一件事，

was use it to apply for birth certificates for her children,

是為她的孩子們申請出生證明，

which they need in order to go to school.

這樣他們才能夠去上學。

In the United States, among many other problems,

在美國的許多問題之一，

we have a housing crisis.

就是住屋危機。

In many cities,

在許多城市中，

90 percent of the landlords in housing court have attorneys,

在住屋法庭上，90% 的房東有律師，

while 90 percent of the tenants do not.

90% 的房客沒有。

In New York, a new crew of paralegals --

在紐約，一個新的法律助理團隊

they're called Access to Justice Navigators --

稱為「接近正義領航員」，

helps people to understand housing law and to advocate for themselves.

協助人們了解住屋法律、為自己發聲。

Normally in New York,

通常，在紐約，

one out of nine tenants brought to housing court

上住房法庭的租客， 九個當中就有一個

gets evicted.

被判驅逐。

Researchers took a look at 150 cases

研究者探究了 150 個案例，

in which people had help from these paralegals,

有法律助理協助的案例，

and they found no evictions at all,

完全沒有人被判驅逐。

not one.

一個也沒有。

A little bit of legal empowerment can go a long way.

一點點的法律賦權能有很大的幫助。

I see the beginnings of a real movement,

我看到一個真正運動的開端，

but we're nowhere near what's necessary.

但我們離必要的一切還很遠。

Not yet.

還沒到。

In most countries around the world,

在世界上大部分的國家中，

governments do not provide a single dollar of support

政府不會提供任何金錢支助

to paralegals like Hassan and Kush.

給像哈山及庫許這樣的法律助理。

Most governments don't even recognize the role paralegals play,

大部分政府甚至不承認 法律助理扮演的角色，

or protect paralegals from harm.

也不會保護他們不被傷害。

I also don't want to give you the impression

我也不想給你們錯誤印象，

that paralegals and their clients win every time.

誤以為法律助理和其客戶 每次都能勝訴。

Not at all.

完全不是這樣的。

That cement factory behind Ravi's village,

拉文的村落附近的那間水泥工廠，

it's been turning off the filtration system at night,

晚上時會把過濾系統關閉，

when it's least likely that the company would get caught.

晚上是公司被逮到的可能性最低的時候。

Running that filter costs money.

讓過濾器運作是要錢的。

Ravi WhatsApps photos of the polluted night sky.

拉文用 WhatsApps 傳了 被污染的夜空的照片。

This is one he sent to Kush in May.

這張照片是他在五月傳給庫許的。

Ravi says the air is still unbreathable.

拉文說，人們仍然無法呼吸這樣的空氣。

At one point this year, Ravi went on hunger strike.

今年的一個時點， 拉文去參加了絕食抗議。

Kush was frustrated.

庫許感到挫折。

He said, "We can win if we use the law."

他說：「如果我們用法律就能贏。」

Ravi said, "I believe in the law, I do,

拉文說：「我相信法律，真的。

but it's not getting us far enough."

但它沒辦法帶我們走多遠。」

Whether it's India, Kenya, the United States or anywhere else,

不論在印度、肯亞、 美國，或其他地方，

trying to squeeze justice out of broken systems

試著從已經毀壞的體制中 硬是擠出正義來，

is like Ravi's case.

就會像拉文的案例一樣。

Hope and despair are neck and neck.

希望和絕望勢均力敵。

And so not only do we urgently need to support and protect

所以，我們不僅迫切需要支援和保護

the work of barefoot lawyers around the world,

全世界赤腳律師的工作，

we need to change the systems themselves.

我們也需要改變體制本身。

Every case a paralegal takes on

法律助理每接的一個案子，

is a story about how a system is working in practice.

就是一個關於體制 如何實際運作的故事。

When you put those stories together,

當你把故事集合在一起，

it gives you a detailed portrait of the system as a whole.

就能看到整個體制的細節狀況。

People can use that information

人們可以利用那資訊，

to demand improvements to laws and policies.

來要求改善法律和政策。

In India, paralegals and clients have drawn on their case experience

在印度，法律助理和客戶 利用他們的案件經驗，

to propose smarter regulations for the handling of minerals.

針對礦物處理，提出更聰明的規範。

In Kenya, paralegals and clients are using data from thousands of cases

在肯亞，法律助理和客戶 使用數千個案件的資料，

to argue that vetting is unconstitutional.

提出理由，主張審查是不合憲法的。

This is a different way of approaching reform.

這是推動改革的另一種方式。

This is not a consultant flying into Myanmar

並不是一個顧問飛到緬甸，

with a template he's going to cut and paste from Macedonia,

帶著一個他將從 馬其頓範本剪貼得來的案子，

and this is not an angry tweet.

這不是一則憤怒的推特文。

This is about growing reforms from the experience of ordinary people

這是在從一般人的 經驗當中發展出改革，

trying to make the rules and systems work.

試圖讓規則和體制能有用。

This transformation in the relationship between people and law

這種人與法之關係的轉變，

is the right thing to do.

是對的事，該做的事。

It's also essential for overcoming

如果要克服我們時代中 所有其他的大挑戰，

all of the other great challenges of our times.

它也是非常重要的。

We are not going to avert environmental collapse

我們無法避免環境崩壞，

if the people most affected by pollution

如果受污染影響最深的人

don't have a say in what happens to the land and the water,

對土地和水的情況沒有話語權，

and we won't succeed in reducing poverty or expanding opportunity

我們無法成功減少貧困或擴展機會，

if poor people can't exercise their basic rights.

如果窮人無法行使他們的基本權利。

And I believe we won't overcome

我相信，我們無法克服

the despair that authoritarian politicians prey upon

助長權力主義政客的絕望，

if our systems stay rigged.

如果我們的體制仍然被操縱著。

I called Ravi before coming here to ask permission to share his story.

我來這裡之前，打電通電話給拉文， 請他允許我分享他的故事。

I asked if there was any message he wanted to give people.

我問他是否有什麼訊息 想要傳遞給大家。

He said, "[Gujarati]."

他說：（古吉拉特語）

Wake up.

醒醒吧。

"[Gujarati]."

（古吉拉特語）

Don't be afraid.

別害怕。

"[Gujarati]."

（古吉拉特語）

Fight with paper.

用紙來對抗。

By that I think he means fight using law rather than guns.

我想他的意思是 用法律而不是用槍枝來對抗。

"[Gujarati]."

（古吉拉特語）

Maybe not today, maybe not this year, maybe not in five years,

也許不是今天，也許不是今年， 也許不是五年內，

but find justice.

但，去找到正義。

If this guy, whose entire community is being poisoned every single day,

如果這個人，他的整個 社區每天都被毒害著，

who was ready to take his own life --

他已經準備好要犧牲自己的生命，

if he's not giving up on seeking justice,

如果連他都還沒放棄尋求正義，

then the world can't give up either.

那麼世界也不能放棄。

Ultimately, what Ravi calls "fighting with paper"

最後，拉文所謂的「用紙來對抗」，

is about forging a deeper version of democracy

重點是要打造出更深刻的民主，

in which we the people,

在這民主中，我們人民，

we don't just cast ballots every few years,

我們不只是每幾年去投票一下，

we take part daily in the rules and institutions that hold us together,

我們每天都參與 讓我們團結的規則和制度，

in which everyone, even the least powerful,

在這民主中，每個人， 包括最沒有權勢的人，

can know law, use law and shape law.

能了解法律、使用法律、形成法律。

Making that happen, winning that fight,

要讓這個理想實現，要打贏這場仗，

requires all of us.

就需要每個人參與。

Thank you guys. Thank you.

謝謝各位，謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Kelo Kubu: Thanks, Vivek.

凱羅庫布：謝謝，維威克。

So I'm going to make a few assumptions

我要做幾個假設，

that people in this room know what the Sustainable Development Goals are

假設在座的人知道（聯合國的） 永續發展目標是什麼，

and how the process works,

以及其進程如何運作，

but I want us to talk a little bit

但我希望我們能談一下

about Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions.

目標 #16：和平、 正義、強健的制度。

Vivek Maru: Yeah. Anybody remember the Millennium Development Goals?

維威克馬魯：好的， 有人記得千禧年發展目標嗎？

They were adopted in 2000 by the UN and governments around the world,

它們是聯合國及世界各地政府 在 2000 年採用的，

and they were for essential, laudable things.

目標很重要也值得讚賞。

It was reduce child mortality by two thirds, cut hunger in half,

目標包括減少三分之二的 孩童死亡率、將饑荒減半，

crucial things.

都是關鍵的事。

But there was no mention of justice or fairness

但沒有提到正義或公平，

or accountability or corruption,

負責任或腐敗，

and we have made progress during the 15 years

在那些目標正實行中的十五年間，

when those goals were in effect,

我們有了進展，

but we are way behind what justice demands,

但在正義的需求方面， 我們還落後很多，

and we're not going to get there unless we take justice into account.

若我們不把正義納入考量， 就不可能實現它。

And so when the debate started about the next development framework,

所以當開始辯論下一個發展架構時，

the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals,

即 2030 永續發展目標，

our community came together around the world

我們在世界各地的社區集結起來，

to argue that access to justice and legal empowerment

主張把伸張正義和法律賦權

should be a part of that new framework.

納入到新的架構當中。

And there was a lot of resistance.

有許多反抗的聲音。

Those things are more political, more contentious than the other ones,

那些比其他主題更政治性、更富爭議，

so we didn't know until the night before whether it was going to come through.

到決定是否通過的前一晚， 我們都還不知道結果會如何。

We squeaked by.

我們險勝了。

The 16th out of 17 goals commits to access to justice for all,

納入了 17 項目標中的第 16 項

「所有人都有伸張正義的渠道」，

which is a big deal.

這是件大事。

It's a big deal, yes. Let's clap for justice.

這確實是件大事。

讓我們為正義鼓掌一下。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Here's the scandal, though.

不過，有個醜聞。

The day the goals were adopted,

目標被通過的那天，

most of them were accompanied by big commitments:

大部分的目標都伴隨著大承諾：

a billion dollars from the Gates Foundation

營養方面有蓋茲基金會 和英國政府投入十億美元；

and the British government for nutrition;

25 billion in public-private financing for health care for women and children.

女性與孩童的健康照護方面， 有二百五十億美元的公私營資金。

On access to justice, we had the words on the paper,

至於接近正義方面， 我們只有書面規定，

but nobody pledged a penny,

沒有人投入一毛錢，

and so that is the opportunity and the challenge that we face right now.

那是我們現在面臨的機會和挑戰。

The world recognizes more than ever before

和過去相比，現在世界願意認可

that you can't have development without justice,

發展不能沒有正義，

that people can't improve their lives if they can't exercise their rights,

如果人民無法行使他們的權利， 就無法改善他們的生活，

and what we need to do now is turn that rhetoric,

而我們現在需要做的， 就是把那好聽的言辭，

turn that principle, into reality.

把那原則，轉變為現實。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

KK: How can we help? What can people in this room do?

凱羅：我們能如何幫忙？ 在座的人能做些什麼？

VM: Great question. Thank you for asking.

維威克：很棒的問題。 謝謝你提出來。

I would say three things.

我會說，有三件事可以做。

One is invest.

第一，投資。

If you have 10 dollars, or a hundred dollars, a million dollars,

如果你有十美元、 一百美元、一百萬美元，

consider putting some of it towards grassroots legal empowerment.

考慮一下，投入其中一些 到草根法律賦權上。

It's important in its own right

它本身就很重要，

and it's crucial for just about everything else we care about.

對於幾乎所有我們 在乎的事物，它都很關鍵。

Number two,

第二，

push your politicians and your governments to make this a public priority.

鞭策你們的政治人物和政府， 把正義列為一項公眾優先事項。

Just like health or education, access to justice

就像健康及教育一樣，接近正義

should be one of the things that a government owes its people,

應該是政府欠人民的東西之一，

and we're nowhere close to that,

而我們還離理想很遠，

neither in rich countries or poor countries.

不論在富有國家或貧窮國家都一樣。

Number three is: be a paralegal in your own life.

第三，成為你自己人生的法律助理。

Find an injustice or a problem where you live.

在你居住的地方， 找出不公平的事或是問題。

It's not hard to find, if you look.

如果你去找，並不難找到。

Is the river being contaminated,

河流是否有被污染，

the one that passes through the city where you live?

通過你所居住的城市的那條河流？

Are there workers getting paid less than minimum wage

有沒有工人的薪資比 最低薪資規定還少？

or who are working without safety gear?

或工作時沒有安全裝備？

Get to know the people most affected,

去了解受影響最大的人，

find out what the rules say,

找出規定怎麼說，

see if you can use those rules to get a solution.

看看你能否用那些規定 來找出解決方案。

If it doesn't work, see if you can come together to improve those rules.

如果行不通，能否試著 團結起來改善那些規定？

Because if we all start knowing law, using law and shaping law,

因為，如果我們都開始了解法律、

使用法律、形成法律，

then we will be building that deeper version of democracy

那麼我們就能建立那更深刻的民主，

that I believe our world desperately needs.

我相信那是我們的世界 現在迫切需要的。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

KK: Thanks so much, Vivek. VM: Thank you.

凱羅：非常謝謝你，維威克。 維威克：謝謝你。