The age-old sharing economies of Africa -- and why we should scale them | Robert Neuwirth
48,504 views ・ 2018-06-07
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譯者: Lilian Chiu
審譯者: Yanyan Hong
00:12
So what I'm doing
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我在做的,
00:15
is a thought experiment.
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是一個思想實驗。
00:19
Now you may know of or have read
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你們可能知道或讀過
00:22
this book by this guy.
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這個傢伙寫的這本書。
00:24
It's probably the first
and maybe the only bestseller
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這可能是暢銷書中
第一次也是唯一一次出現
00:27
ever written about economics.
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關於經濟的書。
00:30
And you probably know a bit
about what it says.
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你可能多少知道一點它的內容。
00:33
It talks about how nations
all over the world will prosper
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它談的是全世界的國家要如何透過
00:39
through the individual pursuit
of individual profit.
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個人對於個人利益的追求來繁榮。
00:44
Individual profit will be the mechanism
for the prosperity of the world.
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個人利益會是世界繁榮的機制。
00:49
But the funny thing about Adam Smith
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但亞當史密斯(Adam Smith)
有一點十分有趣,
00:52
is that he was a stay-at-home kind of guy.
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那就是,他是個宅男。
00:55
He actually never went
further from Edinburgh
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實際上,他從來沒有
從愛丁堡去到任何
00:58
than France and Switzerland.
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比法國和瑞士更遠的地方。
01:01
So my thought experiment is to imagine
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所以,我的思想實驗是要想像
01:05
what would have happened
if Adam Smith had visited Africa.
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如果亞當史密斯造訪過
非洲,會發生什麼事。
01:10
And fortunately, there's
actually an easy answer,
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幸運地,有個很簡單的答案,
01:15
because the Arab lawyer
and traveler Ibn Battuta
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因為阿拉伯律師及旅人伊本巴圖塔
01:21
traveled down the east coast
of Africa in the 14th century,
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在十四世紀時,
沿著非洲的東岸旅行,
01:26
and what he found when he got
to Mogadishu was a market,
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當他到達摩加迪休時,
他發現了一個市場,
01:29
and he wrote about it.
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這成為他的寫作素材。
01:30
And basically, merchant ships
came to the harbor,
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基本上,商人會乘船來到海港,
01:34
and they weren't even allowed to land.
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他們甚至不被允許登陸。
01:36
They had to drop anchor in the harbor,
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他們得要在海港拋下錨,
01:38
and boats came out to them,
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再搭小船出來,
01:40
and locals picked them and said,
"You are my guest, I am now your broker."
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當地人會挑選他們,說:「你是
我的客人,我現在是你的仲介。」
01:45
And they had to do business
through the local broker,
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他們得要透過當地仲介來做生意,
01:49
and if they went around that
and didn't do business through the broker,
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如果他們想走別的門路,
不透過仲介來做生意,
01:53
they could go to court,
and the deal would be canceled,
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他們可能要上法庭,
且交易就會被取消,
01:57
and they would be thrown out of town.
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他們會被丟出鎮外。
01:59
And through this mechanism,
everyone prospered.
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透過這個機制,人人都有賺頭。
02:03
And so if that was Adam Smith,
he might look like this guy
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換成是亞當史密斯,
他可能就會像這個傢伙,
02:06
and say, "Ah! That's a mutual aid society.
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說:「啊!那是個互助的社會。
02:09
That's a share-the-wealth free market."
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那是個財富共享的自由市場。」
02:12
And when I put this question
to Christian [Benimana],
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當我問克利斯汀班尼馬納這個問題,
02:15
who had the stage
at the beginning of this session,
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他在這段議程的開頭有上台演說,
02:18
he responded that if Adam Smith
had come to Africa,
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他的回應是,如果
亞當史密斯去過非洲,
02:21
there would have been a sharing economy
long before Airbnb and Uber.
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共享經濟的出現就會
遠比 Airbnb 和 Uber 早許多。
02:25
And that's true.
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那是真的。
02:27
So if we put this to work today,
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如果我們把它放到現今這個時代,
02:31
it would be very interesting.
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會非常有意思。
02:32
There would be a lot of money
flowing into the countries.
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會有很多錢流入國家。
02:35
These are just figures of 10 percent
of exports in these countries.
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這些數字只是這些國家出口的 10%。
02:41
So the interesting thing is that
this mutual aid economy still exists,
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有趣的地方在於,
這種互助經濟仍然存在,
02:47
and we can find examples of it
in the strangest places.
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我們能在最奇怪的地方找到例子。
02:51
So, this is Alaba International Market.
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這是阿拉巴國際市場。
02:54
It's the largest
electronics market in West Africa.
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它是西非最大的電子產品市場。
02:58
It's 10,000 merchants,
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有一萬個商家,
03:00
they do about four billion dollars
of turnover every year.
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他們每年的營業額
大約是四十億美元。
03:03
And they say they are
ardent apostles of Adam Smith:
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他們說他們是
亞當史密斯的忠誠信徒:
03:06
competition is great,
we're all in it individually,
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競爭很好,我們都
以個人身分參與其中,
03:08
government doesn't help us.
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政府對我們沒有幫助。
03:10
But the interesting reality is
that when I asked further,
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但有趣的現實是,
當我進一步詢問時,
03:14
that's not what grew the market at all.
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發現那完全不是讓市場成長的原因。
03:17
There's a behind-the-scenes principle
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幕後還有些原則在,
03:20
that enables this market to grow.
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是這些原則讓市場成長。
03:25
And they do claim -- you know,
this is an interesting juxtaposition
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他們確實宣稱——
你們知道的,將欽定版聖經
03:28
of the King James Bible
and "How To Sell Yourself."
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與《如何推銷你自己》
放在一起,是種有趣的並列。
03:31
That's what they say is their message.
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那就是他們的訊息中所說的內容。
03:34
But in reality, this market
is governed by a sharing principle.
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但在現實中,這個市場
是用共享原則來管理的。
03:39
Every merchant, when you ask them,
"How did you get started in global trade?"
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你問任何一位商人:
「你何時開始做全球貿易的?」
03:44
they say, "Well, when
my master settled me."
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他們會說:「嗯,
當我的師父把我安置好時。」
03:48
And when I finally got it into my head
to ask, "What is this 'settling?'"
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我終於突然想到要問:
「這種『安置』是什麼?」
03:52
it turns out that when you've
done your apprenticeship
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結果發現,在你跟著僱主當學徒的
03:55
with someone you work for,
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見習期完成之後,
03:56
they are required -- required --
to set you up in business.
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他們必須要,「必須要」
幫你建立事業。
04:00
That means paying your rent
for two or three years
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那就表示要幫你付兩或三年的房租,
04:03
and giving you a cash infusion
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給你現金資本,
04:05
so you can go out in the world
and start trading.
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讓你可以走出去並開始交易。
04:09
That's locally generated
venture capital. Right?
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那是當地自產的創業投資,對吧?
04:12
And I can say with almost certainty
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我幾乎可以肯定地說,
04:14
that the Igbo apprenticeship system
that governs Alaba International Market
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管理阿拉巴國際市場的伊布學徒體制
04:20
is the largest business incubator
platform in the world.
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是世界上最大的創業育成平台。
04:26
And there are other sharing
economies that we look for --
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我們還尋找其他共享經濟——
04:30
merry-go-rounds, which are found
in almost every shantytown.
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幾乎在每個貧民區
都可以看到「旋轉木馬」。
04:33
They have different names in
other cultures; this is the Kenyan name.
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在不同的文化中,「旋轉木馬」
有不同的名字,這是肯亞的用詞。
04:37
It's a way of generating cash.
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它是一種產生現金的方式。
04:38
It's a kitty -- people throw money
into a pot once a week,
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共同湊出一筆錢——每週一次,
大家把錢投入罐中,
04:41
and once a week, one member
of the group gets the money,
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每週一次,團體中的
一個成員會去取錢,
04:44
and they can spend it on
whatever they need to.
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他們可以把錢花在任何需要的地方。
04:46
And there's also something
called "acequias,"
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還有所謂的「灌溉水渠
(acequias)」,
04:49
and that is a Spanish word, but it
comes from the North African Arabic;
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它是西班牙語,
但來自北非的阿拉伯字;
04:53
"saqiya" means "water wheel."
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「saqiya」意思是「水輪」。
04:55
And what the acequia is
is a sharing system for scarce water.
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灌溉水渠則是種
稀少水資源的共享系統。
04:59
It's migrated from North Africa to Spain,
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它被從北非移往西班牙,
05:03
and from Spain to the west
of the United States,
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再從西班牙移往美國西部,
05:05
where it still is used.
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現在在那裡都還有使用。
05:07
And it shares water by need
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這個系統是根據需求來分享水,
05:11
rather than by who was there first.
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而不是根據誰先到。
05:15
And contrary, with all due respect,
to what Llew [Claasen] said
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沒有不敬的意思,但這和盧克拉森
05:19
when he talked about blockchains
and cryptocurrencies yesterday,
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昨天在談到車鏈
和密碼貨幣時所說的相反,
05:23
there is no tragedy of the commons.
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沒有公地悲劇。
05:26
People in acequias have been
commonly managing scarce water resources
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在灌溉水渠中的人,
一直都共同管理著稀有的水資源,
05:31
for hundreds and hundreds
and hundreds of years.
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數百年來都是如此。
05:36
So taking this thought experiment,
I wanted to go a little bit further
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所以,我把這個思想實驗
再更進一步,
05:41
and suggest that these things
are managed communally,
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我認為
這些東西是以公有的方式來管理的,
05:48
and they are taking care of
scarce capital, scarce cash
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他們能處理稀有資本、稀有現金,
05:54
and scarce resources.
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以及稀有資源。
05:57
And it seems to me that we have
actually two kinds of capitalism.
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在我看來,我們似乎有兩種資本主義。
06:03
We have the capitalism of the top up.
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有「由上而上」的資本主義。
06:06
And these are really
interesting statistics,
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這些統計數字很有意思,
06:09
because three one-thousandths
of one percent of the Nigerian population
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因為奈及利亞人口 1% 的千分之三
06:15
controls wealth equal to one-fourth
of the GDP of the country.
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所控制的財富等同於
該國 GDP 的四分之一。
06:21
One one-hundredth of one percent
of the Kenyan population
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肯亞人口 1% 的百分之一
06:25
controls wealth equal to 75 percent
of the GDP of the country.
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所控制的財富等同於該國 GDP 的 75%。
06:31
That's the capitalism of top up.
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這就是由上而上的資本主義。
06:35
And everyone else is with this guy,
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所有其他人就和這個傢伙一樣,
06:37
selling board games
and bodybuilding equipment
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在拉哥斯的公路上的緩慢車流中
06:40
in a go-slow on the highway in Lagos.
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銷售桌上遊戲以及健身器材,
06:43
And when you're selling board games
and bodybuilding equipment in a go-slow,
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當你在緩慢車流中
銷售桌上遊戲和健身器材時,
06:47
that traffic jam is really,
really, really bad, right?
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塞車狀況一定是非常非常糟,對吧?
06:51
Those of us in this sphere of the economy
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在這層經濟中的我們這些人
06:54
are caught in what I call
"the capitalism of decay,"
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碰到的是我所謂的
「衰退的資本主義」,
06:58
because there's no way
to rise up and get out of it,
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因為不可能爬起來,從中脫出,
07:02
because they're lacking the resources
that we talked about
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因為他們沒有我們
在談那些共享經濟時,
07:05
in those sharing economies.
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談到的那些資源。
07:06
And they're tripped up
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他們被樹薯論點
07:08
by the thesis of cassava and capitalism,
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以及資本主義給絆倒了,
07:13
that cassava has to be processed
in order not to be poisonous,
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樹薯必須要經過處理才不會有毒,
07:18
and I would argue that, similarly,
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同樣地,我的主張是,
07:21
the market economy needs to be processed
in order to be fair to everyone.
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市場經濟需要被處理過,
才能對每個人都公平。
07:28
So we have to look at what I call
the "bottom down economy."
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所以我們得要看看我所謂的
「由下而下的經濟」。
07:33
These are these sharing models
that exist out there
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外頭還存在有這些共享模型,
07:37
that need to be propagated
and used and scaled.
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它們需要被傳播、被使用、被擴大。
07:41
OK?
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好嗎?
07:42
And if we propagate these things,
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如果我們傳播這些東西,
07:45
we can begin to bring
infrastructure to everyone,
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我們就能開始將基礎建設帶給每個人,
07:48
and that will ensure that communities
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那就能確保社區
07:51
are leading their own development,
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能引領它們自己的發展,
07:55
which is, I believe, what
we need in the world,
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而我相信,這就是
我們在世界上所需要的,
07:58
and, I would suggest,
what we need in Africa.
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且,我會說,它也是
我們在非洲所需要的。
08:01
I wanted to quote Steve Biko,
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我想要引述史蒂夫比科的話,
08:05
and I thought it was really
important to quote Steve Biko,
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我認為引述他的話是很重要的,
08:08
because next month,
September 12 to be exact,
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因為,下個月,
明確來說是 9 月 12 日,
08:12
is the 40th anniversary of his murder
by the South African state.
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就是他被南非國家謀殺的四十週年。
08:18
And you can read the quote.
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你們可以讀讀這句引述。
08:20
He basically said that
we're not here to compete.
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基本上,他說,
我們不是來這裡競爭的。
08:24
And I love this quote: "... to make us
a community of brothers and sisters
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我很愛這句引述:「……讓我們
成為一個兄弟姐妹的共同體,
08:28
jointly involved in the quest
for a composite answer
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聯合起來,一起為人生的各種問題,
08:31
to the varied problems of life."
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尋求一個複合的答案。」
08:33
And he also said that
"the great powers of the world
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他也說:「世界上的偉大強權
08:37
have done wonders in giving us
an industrial and military look, ..."
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已經創造了奇蹟,給予我們
工業和軍事的外表……」
08:40
and we don't have to copy
that military-industrialist complex,
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我們不需複製那軍事實業家的情結,
08:44
because Africa can do things differently
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因為非洲能用不同的方式來做事,
08:47
and restore the humanity of the world.
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並恢復世界的人性。
08:51
And so what I want to suggest here
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所以,這裡我想點出的是,
08:55
is that we have an opportunity,
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我們有一個機會,
08:58
that we are all here
in the mutual landscape
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我們都在這裡,
在這個相互的地景上,
09:02
to be able to do things,
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能夠去做事,
09:05
and that the journey starts now.
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而那旅程,從現在開始。
09:09
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝。
09:10
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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