Hope and justice for women who've survived ISIS | Rabiaa El Garani

翻译人员: Nan Yang 校对人员: Jiasi Hao

[This talk contains mature content]

【此演讲包含成人内容】

When I was 14,

在我 14 岁的时候，

my parents intended to marry me off to a man of their choosing.

我的父母打算把我嫁给 一个他们选的男人。

I refused.

我拒绝了。

That choice to defy my family shaped everything in my life

那个违抗家人的选择 改变了我生活的一切，

and set me on the path to become who I am today.

让我成为了今天的我。

But it was very painful at times and continues to be so.

但这有时很痛苦， 而且会继续痛苦下去。

My parents were raised in traditional, uneducated Moroccan families

我的父母在没有受过教育的 传统摩洛哥家庭长大，

where a girl's main value is measured by her virginity.

在那里，一个女孩的主要价值 是由她的童贞来衡量的。

They emigrated to Belgium,

之后他们移民到了比利时，

and I was born, raised and educated there.

我在那出生，成长和接受教育。

I did not accept their view of the world.

我不接受他们对世界的看法。

When I said no to them,

当我对他们说不时，

I paid for it dearly in terms of physical and emotional abuse.

在承受身体和情感的虐待上， 我都付出了巨大的代价。

But eventually, I escaped from their home

但是最终，我逃离了他们的家，

and became a federal police detective

成为了一位联邦警探，

who could help protect the rights of others.

可以帮助他人，保护他们的权利。

My specialty was investigating cases in counterterrorism,

我的专注领域是调查反恐案件，

child abduction and homicide.

儿童绑架和凶杀案。

I loved that work,

我爱这个工作，

and it was extremely fulfilling.

它使我非常有成就感。

With my Muslim background, Arabic language skills

以我的穆斯林背景， 阿拉伯语能力，

and an interest in working internationally,

和对从事国际工作的兴趣，

I decided to seek new challenges.

我决定去寻求新的挑战。

After decades of being a police officer,

在当了几十年的警察后，

I was recruited to become an investigator of sexual and gender-based violence

我受聘成为了一名 性暴力和性别暴力案件调查员，

as a member of the Justice Rapid Response and UN Women roster.

加入了司法快速响应组织 和联合国妇女署。

Justice Rapid Response is an organization

司法快速响应 （Justice Rapid Response）

是一个对大规模暴行 进行刑事调查的机构。

for criminal investigations of mass atrocities.

They run on both public and private funding

他们依靠公共和私人资金资助，

and provide evidence and reports to more than 100 participating countries.

为超过 100 个参与国 提供证据和报告。

Many countries in conflict are often unable to provide a just process

许多冲突下的国家往往无法为 遭受大规模暴力之害的人们

to those who have been victims of mass violence.

提供公正的审判程序。

To respond to that,

为了做出回应，

Justice Rapid Response was created in partnership with UN Women.

司法快速响应组织 与联合国妇女署（UN Women）

Together,

共同合作，

Justice Rapid Response and UN Women recruited, trained and certified

一起录用，培训并认证了

more than 250 professionals

超过 250 名和我一样

with a specific expertise in sexual and gender-based violence,

在性暴力和基于性别的暴力方面 具有特定专业知识

like me.

的专业人士。

Our investigations are carried out under international law,

我们的调查依据国际法进行，

and our findings eventually become evidence to prosecute war criminals.

我们的调查成果最终成为了 起诉战争罪犯的证据。

This mechanism provides hope to victims

这一机制给受害者带来了希望，

that justice and accountability may someday be found

即战争和冲突之后

in the wake of war and conflict.

正义和责任总有一天会出现。

Let me tell you about the most challenging work I have ever done.

让我来告诉你们 我做过的最有挑战的一项工作。

This was in Iraq.

那是在伊拉克。

Since the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS,

自从伊拉克和叙利亚伊斯兰国， 也就是 ISIS 的出现，

这个组织已经系统的攻击和折磨了

this group has systematically attacked and tortured

many religious minorities and ethnicities,

许多宗教少数民族和种族，

such as the Christians,

例如基督徒，

the Shia Turkmen, Shia Muslims, Shia Shabaks and the Yazidis.

什叶派土库曼，什叶派穆斯林， 什叶派沙巴克和雅兹迪。

The persecution of the Yazidis has been especially horrific.

对雅兹迪人的迫害尤其恐怖。

On the 3rd and 15th of August 2014,

在 2014 年 8 月 3 号和 15 号，

ISIS attacked approximately 20 villages and towns in Sinjar, Iraq.

ISIS 袭击了伊拉克辛贾尔的 大约 20 个村庄和城镇。

They executed all the males over the age of 14,

他们处决了所有 14 岁以上的男性，

including the elderly and disabled.

包括老人和残疾人。

他们将妇女和女孩分开，

They divided up the women and girls,

raped them

强奸她们，

and sold them into sexual and domestic slavery.

并把她们卖做性奴和家庭奴役。

One month later,

一个月之后，

a UN Human Rights Council resolution led to the fact-finding mission on Iraq

联合国人权理事会的一项决议 开启了对伊拉克的实况考察任务，

to investigate and document alleged violations and abuses

调查和记录 ISIS 和相关团体

committed by ISIS and associated groups.

犯下的暴力和虐待事件。

I was sent to investigate the atrocities committed against the Yazidis,

我被派去调查针对雅兹迪人的暴行，

with a focus on sexual and gender-based crimes.

重点关注性犯罪和 基于性别的犯罪。

The Yazidis are a Kurdish-speaking ethnoreligious community

雅兹迪是在伊拉克北部的， 讲库尔德语的

based in Northern Iraq.

种族宗教团体。

Their belief system incorporates aspects of Judaism, Christianity,

他们的信仰体系融合了 犹太教，基督教，

Islam and Zoroastrianism.

伊斯兰教和琐罗亚斯德教。

For hundreds of years,

几百年来，

Muslims and Christians who do not understand their beliefs

不理解他们信仰的 穆斯林和基督徒

have condemned the Yazidis as devil worshippers.

把雅兹迪人当作 恶魔崇拜者来谴责。

ISIS thought of them in this way and vowed to destroy them.

ISIS 也这样认为， 并发誓要摧毁他们。

OK, let's do an experimental thought here.

下面，让我们来做一个思考实验。

I want you to think about your worst sexual experience

我想让你们回想一下 你最糟糕的性经历，

and recall it in detail.

并回顾一下细节。

Now turn to the person to your right

现在转向你右边的人

and describe that experience.

并描述这个经历。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I know it's difficult, eh?

我知道这很难，对吧?

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But, of course, I don't expect you to do that.

但是，当然， 我不希望你们这样做。

You would all be uncomfortable and embarrassed.

你们都会很不舒服，十分尴尬。

And so imagine an 11-year-old girl in the Middle East

那么想象一下一个 11 岁的中东小女孩，

who was not educated about sexuality,

没有接受过性教育，

who was taken from her comfort zone,

从她的舒适区被带离，

her family,

离开了她的家人，

who witnessed the execution of her father and brothers,

目睹了她父亲和兄弟被处决，

having to describe in detail

不得不详细的描述被强奸的过程，

the rape that she faced in a culture where talking about sexuality is taboo.

而在她的文化中 谈论性是一种禁忌。

Her only way of recovering her honor is to hide the crime,

她恢复自尊的唯一方式 是隐瞒那个罪行，

believe she was married against her will,

去相信她只是 违背了自己的意愿嫁了人，

or deny the events out of shame and fear of being rejected.

或者出于羞耻和 害怕被拒绝而否认事件。

I interviewed a girl who I will call "Ayda."

我曾面谈过一个女孩， 我打算叫她“艾达”。

She was purchased by an ISIS leader, or emir,

她与其他 13 个年龄在 11 到 18 岁之间的女孩一起，

together with 13 other girls aged between 11 and 18 years old.

被一个 ISIS 的领导人 或称 Emir（穆斯林首领）买来。

Amongst the group were her three nieces and two cousins.

这里面有她的三个侄女 和两个表姐妹。

The 14 girls were taken to a house full of ISIS fighters.

这 14 个女孩被带到 一个满是 ISIS 战士的房子。

An imam was present who made it clear that their religion was wrong,

一个 Imam（清真寺领拜人）在场， 明确的告诉她们：她们的宗教是错误的，

and the only good path was to accept Islam and marry a Muslim man.

唯一正确的做法是接受伊斯兰教， 并嫁给一个穆斯林男人。

The emir wrote the names of the girls on 14 small pieces of paper.

Emir 把女孩们的名字 写在了 14 张小纸片上。

Two ISIS fighters would pick a piece of paper each.

两个 ISIS 战士会每人抽一张纸。

They would call out the name written on the paper,

他们会叫纸上的名字，

and those girls were forcibly taken into another room.

然后那些女孩 会被强行带到另一个房间。

While the emir and the imam heard the two girls screaming

Emir 和 Imam 听着

女孩们在被强奸时的尖叫声，

as they were being raped,

they began laughing.

他们开始笑。

Both were telling the other girls

他们告诉其他女孩，

that the two girls should enjoy the experience instead of screaming.

那两个女孩应该享受， 而不是尖叫。

After a while, the girls were brought back into the room.

过了一会儿，两个女孩 被带回了这个房间。

They were in shock and were bleeding.

她们受到了惊吓，还在流血。

They confirmed that they had been married and suffered a lot of pain.

她们确信了她们已经结婚了， 并且遭受了很多痛苦。

It is important to consider the fact that they had been raised

重要的是要考虑到一个事实， 她们生来就被教育

to believe in sexual intercourse with one man in their lifetime:

自己一生只能 与一个男人发生性行为：

their husband.

他们的丈夫。

The only connection that they could make in their shocked state

在这种惊吓状态下， 她们可以建立的唯一连接

is to define their rape as marriage.

就是将他们的强奸定义为婚姻。

Before the next two girls were taken to be raped,

在下一组的女孩被带走强奸前，

Ayda made a terrifying decision.

艾达做了一个可怕的决定。

As the oldest of the group, she convinced the emir

作为里面最大的女孩， 她说服了 Emir

to let them use the bathroom in order to wash themselves before marriage.

允许她们在“结婚”前 去卫生间清洁自己。

有一个女孩告诉艾达，

Ayda had been told by one of the girls

that she noticed rat poison in the bathroom.

她看见在卫生间里有老鼠药。

The 14 girls decided to end their suffering

这 14 个女孩决定通过喝毒药

by drinking the poison.

结束她们的痛苦。

Before the poison took full effect,

在毒药彻底发挥作用之前，

they were discovered by ISIS and taken to the hospital,

ISIS 发现了， 并把她们带去了医院，

where they survived.

她们活了下来。

ISIS 决定分开这些女孩，

ISIS decided to separate the girls

and sell them individually.

然后单独一个个的卖掉她们。

Ayda was taken to another house and brutally raped

在又一次试图用头巾自杀后，

after she attempted again to kill herself with her headscarf.

艾达被带去了另一个房子， 被残暴的强奸了。

She was beaten and raped every two days.

她每两天就要被打、被强奸。

After four months in captivity,

被囚禁四个月后，

Ayda found the courage to escape.

艾达鼓起了勇气逃跑。

She never saw the other 13 girls again.

她再也没有见到另外 13 个女孩。

I interviewed Ayda multiple times.

我采访了艾达好几次。

She was willing to speak to me because she had heard from other victims

她愿意跟我说话是因为 她从其他受害者那听说

that there was a woman from the UN who understood her complicated culture.

有一个来自联合国的女人 可以理解她们复杂的文化。

I looked into her eyes

我看着她的眼睛，

and listened deeply to the stories of her darkest hours.

认真聆听了她最黑暗的那段故事。

We established a personal connection that continues to this day.

我们建立了个人联系， 并一直持续到今天。

My upbringing made it easy for me to understand her extreme sense of shame

我的成长经历让我很容易理解 她的极度羞耻感

and her fear of being rejected.

和害怕被拒绝的恐惧。

These types of investigations are not only about gathering information and evidence,

这些类型的调查不仅是 关于收集信息和证据，

but they're also about victim support.

也包括对受害者的支持。

The bonds I established with the victims

我与受害者们建立的联系

strengthens their confidence and willingness to seek justice.

增强了她们寻求正义的 信心和意愿。

As she considered her escape,

在艾达考虑逃跑的时候，

Ayda, like all Yazidi survivors,

她也像所有雅兹迪幸存者一样，

faced a dilemma:

面对两难境地：

Should she continue to suffer the abuse of her captors,

她应该继续忍受囚禁者的折磨，

or would it be better to return home,

还是回到家，

where she would face shame, rejection

面对耻辱，拒绝

and possibly honor killing?

和名誉杀人的可能更好？

我完全了解 我在比利时摩洛哥社区

I know all too well the pain of being rejected

by my Moroccan community in Belgium,

被拒绝时候的痛苦，

and I did not want this to happen to the Yazidi community.

而我不想它发生在雅兹迪社区。

So a group of concerned entities,

所以一组相关人员，

including the UN, NGOs, politicians and members of the Yazidi community

包括联合国，非政府组织， 政客和雅兹迪社区的成员，

approached a religious leader,

联系了一位宗教领袖，

Baba Sheikh.

巴巴·谢赫。

After many meetings,

在很多次会面后，

he realized that these girls had not disrespected their religion

他意识到这些女孩没有 因为被强迫转入伊斯兰

by being forcibly converted to Islam

和嫁给 ISIS 战士

and married to ISIS fighters.

就背叛自己的宗教。

Instead, they have been abducted, raped and sexually enslaved.

相反的，她们被囚禁， 强奸，和当作性奴隶。

I am happy to report that, after our meetings,

在我们的会议后， 我很高兴的报告，

Baba Sheikh announced publicly

巴巴·谢赫公开宣布

that the survivors should be treated as victims

这些幸存者应该被当作受害者，

and embraced by the community.

受到社区的拥护。

This message was heard throughout the community

整个社区都听到了这个消息，

and eventually reached the survivors being held captive by ISIS.

而且最终传到了被 ISIS 囚禁的那些幸存者耳中。

After his declaration of support,

在他宣布后，

the survivors were motivated to escape from ISIS

这些幸存者有了逃离 ISIS 的动力，

as Ayda has done,

就像艾达一样，

and many young Yazidi women took the bold step

还有很多年轻的雅兹迪女性 迈出了大胆的一步，

and returned home to their communities.

回到了她们的家和社区。

Baba Sheikh's public pronouncement

巴巴·谢赫的公开声明

saved the lives of many young Yazidi women,

拯救了许多年轻雅兹迪女性的生命，

both in captivity and after their escape.

无论是被囚禁的还是已经逃离的。

Sadly, not all religious leaders agreed to talk with us.

不幸的是，不是所有的宗教领袖 都同意与我们交谈。

Some victims had far worse outcomes than the Yazidis.

一些受害者有着 比雅兹迪人更惨痛的结果。

For example, only 43 of the 500-600 victims

例如，在什叶派土库曼人社区的 500 - 600 个受害者中

from the Shia Turkmen community

只有 43 个人

were able to return home after escaping ISIS.

能够在逃离 ISIS 后回到家。

Some of them were advised by their family

她们中一些人的家人劝她们

to stay with ISIS

留在 ISIS 那

or commit suicide in order to save the honor of the family.

或者自杀来维护家里的名誉。

Germany established a project to support survivors of ISIS

德国发起了一个项目， 来支持 ISIS 的幸存者，

by providing psychosocial support and housing for 1,100 women and children,

为 1100 名女性和孩子 提供社会心理支持和住所，

including Ayda.

包括艾达。

I visited Ayda several times during my work.

我在工作中去看了艾达几次。

I am so proud of her and the other victims.

我为她和其他受害者感到骄傲。

The progress they have made is remarkable.

她们的进展显著。

It is really moving to see how many of them,

尽管她们有很多挣扎，

但是看见她们中那么多人 受益于这个项目，

despite their struggles,

have benefited from this program.

非常令人感动。

The program includes individual and group counseling,

这个项目包括个人和小组咨询，

art therapy, music therapy,

艺术疗法，音乐疗法，

sport activities,

体育活动，

language courses,

语言课程，

school and other integration efforts.

学校和其它一体化的内容。

What I observed was that removing the victims

我观察到的是， 把受害者从冲突区域

from an area of conflict to a country at peace

转移到一个和平的国家

had a positive impact on all of them.

对她们有非常积极的影响。

This project caught the attention of other countries,

这个项目引起了其它国家的关注，

and they were interested to help more Yazidis.

他们也希望帮助更多的雅兹迪人。

The Yazidi women and girls still call and text me

雅兹迪妇女和女孩 仍然在给我打电话，发信息

to tell me about their grades at school,

告诉我她们在学校的成绩，

fun trips they've taken,

参加过的有趣的旅行，

or to inform me about their future dreams,

或者告诉我她们未来的梦想，

like writing a book about what they have faced with ISIS.

像是写一本关于 她们面对 ISIS 的书。

Sometimes they are sad

有的时候她们很伤心，

and feel the need to talk again about the events.

感到有必要再次谈论这些事件。

I'm not a psychologist,

我不是心理学家，

and I have faced secondary PTSD from their horrific stories.

她们恐怖的经历让我面临了 二级创伤后应激障碍。

But I keep encouraging them to talk,

但是我继续鼓励她们去说，

and I keep listening,

我继续去聆听，

because I do not want them to feel alone in their suffering.

因为我不想她们孤独的面对痛苦。

Through these anecdotes,

通过这些故事，

I see a bigger picture emerging.

我看到了更大的画面出现。

These women and girls are healing.

这些妇女和女孩在痊愈，

They are no longer afraid to seek justice.

她们不再害怕寻找正义。

Without hope there can be no justice,

没有希望就没有正义，

and without justice there can be no hope.

没有正义就没有希望。

Every 3rd and 15th of August, it's my remembrance day,

每年 8 月的 3 号和 15 号 都是我的纪念日，

and I reach out to the Yazidis to let them know that I'm thinking about them.

我会联系那些雅兹迪人， 告诉她们我在想念她们。

They're always happy when I do that.

她们总是很开心。

It's an emotional day for them.

对她们来说， 这是激动人心的一天。

This past August, I spoke with Ayda.

这个 8 月，我跟艾达聊了天。

She was so happy to announce

她很开心的告诉我

that one of her nieces who was abducted with her

跟她一起被囚禁的一个侄女

was finally released out of ISIS hands in Syria

终于在叙利亚从 ISIS 手中被解救，

and returned to Iraq.

并且回到了伊拉克。

Can you believe that?

你们能相信吗？

After four years?

在四年后？

Today, her biggest wish is for her whole family,

如今，她最大的愿望就是，

now located across three continents,

遍布在三个大陆的家人

to be reunited.

能够重聚。

And I hope they will.

我希望他们可以。

When I think about the survivors I work with,

当我想起我工作中的那些幸存者，

I remember the words of an Egyptian doctor, writer

我记得纳瓦尔·萨达维，

and human rights activist,

一位埃及医生，作家，人权活动家

Nawal El Saadawi.

说过的话。

In her book, "Woman at Point Zero,"

在她的书《零点女人》中，

she wrote, "Life is very hard,

她写道：“生活很艰难，

and the only people who really live

唯一真正生活的人

are those who are harder than life itself."

是那些比生活本身还坚强的人。”

These victims have been through unimaginable pain.

这些受害者经历过 无法想象的痛苦。

But with a little help,

但是有了一点帮助，

they show how resilient they are.

她们展示了自己的韧性。

Each has their own perspective on what kind of justice she seeks,

每个人对于她要寻求什么样的正义 都有自己的看法，

and I believe deeply

而且我深深相信，

that a credible justice process is key

可靠的司法程序是

to how she reclaims her dignity

她们恢复尊严

and finds closure with her trauma.

并结束创伤的关键。

Justice is not only about punishing the perpetrator.

正义不只是惩罚肇事者，

It's about victims feeling that crimes committed against them

也能够让受害者感觉到 施加在他们身上的那些罪行

have been recorded and recognized by the rule of law.

已被法治记录和承认。

For me, it has been the experience of a lifetime

对于我来说， 与这些幸存者一起工作

to work with these survivors.

是我这一生难忘的经历。

Because I share their sorrow,

因为我理解她们的悲伤，

their language and their culture,

她们的语言和文化，

we connect on the deepest human level.

我们在最深的人性层面连接起来。

This itself is an act of healing:

这件事本身就是治愈行为：

to be heard, to be seen,

被倾听，被看见，

to be given compassion instead of condemnation.

被给予同情，而不是谴责。

When we get so close to people in pain,

当我们如此接近 处在痛苦中的人们时，

it creates pain for the investigators, too.

这也会给调查人员带来痛苦。

My work is challenging, heartbreaking and trauma-inducing.

我的工作具有挑战性， 令人心碎，易引发创伤。

But let me tell you why I do it.

但是让我告诉你们 我为什么要做。

When I meet the survivors of these mass atrocities,

当我遇见这些 大规模暴行的幸存者，

when I hold their hands and look in their eyes,

当我握住她们的手， 看着她们的眼睛，

it does not erase my own pain,

这并不能消除我自己的痛苦，

but it does make it almost worthwhile.

但这让一切都是值得的。

And there's nothing I would rather be doing.

我已经别无所求。

When I see these brave survivors

当我看见这些勇敢的幸存者

struggling to connect again to their own self-worth,

努力重新与自我价值、家庭，

to their families, to their place in a society that values them,

和重视他们的社会建立联系时，

it is an honor to bear witness;

可以作为见证人是一种荣幸，

it is a privilege to seek justice.

能够去寻求正义是一种荣誉。

And that is healing, too --

而且这也是一种治愈——

for all of us.

对我们所有人都是。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）