Hope and justice for women who've survived ISIS | Rabiaa El Garani

譯者: Jie Cao 審譯者: Emily Wu

[This talk contains mature content]

〔本演說有成人內容〕

When I was 14,

我十四歲時，

my parents intended to marry me off to a man of their choosing.

我父母打算把我嫁給 一個他們選定的男人。

I refused.

我拒絕了。

That choice to defy my family shaped everything in my life

這個違抗家人的決定， 影響了我人生中的一切，

and set me on the path to become who I am today.

也改變了我的道路， 讓我能夠成為今天的我。

But it was very painful at times and continues to be so.

但那時我偶爾會感到非常痛苦， 至今仍然如此。

My parents were raised in traditional, uneducated Moroccan families

我父母都是在未受教育的 傳統摩洛哥家庭中長大，

where a girl's main value is measured by her virginity.

在這種家庭中，女孩的主要價值 是由她的貞潔來定義的。

They emigrated to Belgium,

他們後來移民比利時，

and I was born, raised and educated there.

我在那裡出生、長大、受教育。

I did not accept their view of the world.

我並不接受他們的世界觀。

When I said no to them,

當我對他們說「不」的時候，

I paid for it dearly in terms of physical and emotional abuse.

我付出了巨大的代價，不論是 身體上或情緒上都飽受折磨。

But eventually, I escaped from their home

但最終我逃離了這個家庭，

and became a federal police detective

成為了一名聯邦警察的警探，

who could help protect the rights of others.

使我能夠幫助保護他人的權利。

My specialty was investigating cases in counterterrorism,

我擅長調查處理與反恐怖主義、

child abduction and homicide.

兒童綁架、殺人相關的案件。

I loved that work,

我很愛這份工作，

and it was extremely fulfilling.

它讓我感到極為滿足。

With my Muslim background, Arabic language skills

因為我有穆斯林的背景， 和說阿拉伯語言的能力，

and an interest in working internationally,

而且有興趣在不同國家工作，

I decided to seek new challenges.

我決定要尋求新挑戰。

當了數十年的警察之後，

After decades of being a police officer,

I was recruited to become an investigator of sexual and gender-based violence

我被招募擔任性暴力 和性別暴力的調查員，

as a member of the Justice Rapid Response and UN Women roster.

成為司法快速反應小組 和聯合國婦女署的正式成員。

司法快速反應小組是一個組織，

Justice Rapid Response is an organization

for criminal investigations of mass atrocities.

針對大規模暴行進行刑事調查。

They run on both public and private funding

他們獲得公共及私人資金支持，

and provide evidence and reports to more than 100 participating countries.

並會將證據及報告提供給 一百多個參與國。

Many countries in conflict are often unable to provide a just process

許多動亂的國家通常 無法提供公正處置

to those who have been victims of mass violence.

給大規模暴力的受害者。

To respond to that,

因此，

Justice Rapid Response was created in partnership with UN Women.

司法快速反應小組才得以設立 並與聯合國婦女署合作。

Together,

透過合作，

Justice Rapid Response and UN Women recruited, trained and certified

司法快速反應小組和聯合國婦女署 共同招募、訓練和認證了

more than 250 professionals

超過 250 個專業人士，

with a specific expertise in sexual and gender-based violence,

這些人專精於處理 性暴力和性別暴力，

like me.

就像我一樣。

Our investigations are carried out under international law,

我們按照國際法來進行調查，

而我們調查的結果最後會成為 起訴戰爭罪犯的證據。

and our findings eventually become evidence to prosecute war criminals.

這個機制給了受害者希望，

This mechanism provides hope to victims

that justice and accountability may someday be found

正義和究責還是可能某天

in the wake of war and conflict.

在戰爭和動亂之後實現。

Let me tell you about the most challenging work I have ever done.

跟各位分享一下我所做過 最有挑戰性的工作。

This was in Iraq.

那是在伊拉克。

Since the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS,

自從於伊拉克和敘利亞的 伊斯蘭國（ISIS）興起之後，

這個組織就大規模地攻擊和虐待

this group has systematically attacked and tortured

many religious minorities and ethnicities,

許多少數宗教和民族的人，

such as the Christians,

比如基督徒，

the Shia Turkmen, Shia Muslims, Shia Shabaks and the Yazidis.

什葉派土庫曼人、什葉派穆斯林、

什葉派沙巴克人，和雅茲迪人。

The persecution of the Yazidis has been especially horrific.

他們對雅茲迪人的迫害尤為可怕。

On the 3rd and 15th of August 2014,

2014 年 8 月 3 日和 15 日，

ISIS attacked approximately 20 villages and towns in Sinjar, Iraq.

伊斯蘭國攻擊了伊拉克辛賈爾 約莫二十個村落和小鎮。

They executed all the males over the age of 14,

年齡超過 14 歲的男性 通通都被處決，

including the elderly and disabled.

包括老人和身心障礙人士。

They divided up the women and girls,

他們把女人和女孩分開，

raped them

強暴她們，

and sold them into sexual and domestic slavery.

把她們賣去做性奴隸和家庭奴工。

One month later,

一個月後，

a UN Human Rights Council resolution led to the fact-finding mission on Iraq

聯合國人權理事會決議

進行一項前往伊拉克的調查任務，

to investigate and document alleged violations and abuses

去調查和記錄伊斯蘭國

及相關組織被控的暴力和虐待行為。

committed by ISIS and associated groups.

我被派去調查針對 雅茲迪人所犯下的暴行，

I was sent to investigate the atrocities committed against the Yazidis,

並關注性犯罪和性別犯罪。

with a focus on sexual and gender-based crimes.

The Yazidis are a Kurdish-speaking ethnoreligious community

雅茲迪人是說庫德語的一個宗教族群，

based in Northern Iraq.

定居在伊拉克北部。

Their belief system incorporates aspects of Judaism, Christianity,

他們的信仰體系結合了 猶太教、基督教、

Islam and Zoroastrianism.

伊斯蘭教和祆教的元素。

For hundreds of years,

數百年來，

Muslims and Christians who do not understand their beliefs

不了解雅茲迪人信仰的穆斯林和基督徒

have condemned the Yazidis as devil worshippers.

一直都斥責他們是崇拜魔鬼的人。

ISIS thought of them in this way and vowed to destroy them.

伊斯蘭國也這麼看待他們

並誓言要摧毀他們。

OK, let's do an experimental thought here.

現在，我們來做個思想實驗。

I want you to think about your worst sexual experience

請各位想想自己最糟糕的性經歷，

and recall it in detail.

回想所有細節。

Now turn to the person to your right

現在，轉向你右邊的人，

and describe that experience.

向他描述這段經歷。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I know it's difficult, eh?

很困難，是吧？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But, of course, I don't expect you to do that.

但當然不用真的這麼做。

You would all be uncomfortable and embarrassed.

各位都會覺得不舒服且很不好意思。

And so imagine an 11-year-old girl in the Middle East

所以，想像一下， 在中東有一位 11 歲的女孩，

who was not educated about sexuality,

她沒有受過性教育，

who was taken from her comfort zone,

被帶離了她的舒適圈，

her family,

和她的家庭，

who witnessed the execution of her father and brothers,

目擊了她的父親和兄弟被處決，

having to describe in detail

而她必須詳細說明

the rape that she faced in a culture where talking about sexuality is taboo.

她被強暴的過程，

而且在她的文化中談論性還是種禁忌。

Her only way of recovering her honor is to hide the crime,

她唯一能保全名聲的作法， 就是隱瞞這項罪行，

believe she was married against her will,

相信自己是被強迫結了婚，

or deny the events out of shame and fear of being rejected.

或者出於怕被排擠的恐懼 和羞恥心而否認事情的發生。

我訪談了一位女孩， 我們就稱她為「艾達」。

I interviewed a girl who I will call "Ayda."

She was purchased by an ISIS leader, or emir,

她被一個伊斯蘭國領導人── 又稱埃米爾──買下了，

together with 13 other girls aged between 11 and 18 years old.

還有十三名女孩也被買下， 年齡從 11 歲到 18 歲不等。

Amongst the group were her three nieces and two cousins.

這群人中包括 她的三個姪女和兩個表妹。

The 14 girls were taken to a house full of ISIS fighters.

這 14 個女孩被帶到一間房子， 裡面全是伊斯蘭國的戰士。

An imam was present who made it clear that their religion was wrong,

在場有一位伊瑪目 （伊斯蘭宗教領袖），

清楚告訴她們 雅茲迪人的宗教是錯誤的，

and the only good path was to accept Islam and marry a Muslim man.

唯一的正確道路是要接受 伊斯蘭教並嫁給穆斯林男性。

The emir wrote the names of the girls on 14 small pieces of paper.

之後埃米爾把這些女孩的名字 寫在 14 張小紙條上。

兩位伊斯蘭國戰士各自選一張紙條。

Two ISIS fighters would pick a piece of paper each.

They would call out the name written on the paper,

他們會唸出寫在紙上的名字，

and those girls were forcibly taken into another room.

那兩個女孩就被強迫 帶到另一間房間。

While the emir and the imam heard the two girls screaming

當埃米爾和伊瑪目聽到那兩個女孩

as they were being raped,

在被強暴時的尖叫聲，

they began laughing.

他們開始大笑。

Both were telling the other girls

他們兩個告訴其他女孩，

that the two girls should enjoy the experience instead of screaming.

那兩個女孩應該要享受 被強暴的過程而不是尖叫。

After a while, the girls were brought back into the room.

一會兒之後， 兩位女孩被帶回房間裡。

They were in shock and were bleeding.

她們都受到了驚嚇而且在流血。

They confirmed that they had been married and suffered a lot of pain.

她們都承認自己已經結婚 並且受了很多的痛苦。

It is important to consider the fact that they had been raised

需要考慮到的很重要一點是 她們在成長過程中

to believe in sexual intercourse with one man in their lifetime:

一直相信一生中只能 和一個男人發生性交，

their husband.

就是她們的丈夫。

The only connection that they could make in their shocked state

她們在這種受驚嚇的狀態下能 做出的唯一解釋，

is to define their rape as marriage.

就是將被強暴定義為婚姻。

Before the next two girls were taken to be raped,

在後面的兩個女孩被帶去強暴之前，

Ayda made a terrifying decision.

艾達做出了一個很可怕的決定。

As the oldest of the group, she convinced the emir

身為這群女孩中最年長的人， 她說服了埃米爾

to let them use the bathroom in order to wash themselves before marriage.

讓她們使用浴室， 在結婚之前先清洗乾淨。

其中一個女孩告訴艾達，

Ayda had been told by one of the girls

that she noticed rat poison in the bathroom.

她注意到在浴室裡有老鼠藥。

The 14 girls decided to end their suffering

14 名女孩決定要終止她們的苦難，

by drinking the poison.

喝下那個毒藥。

Before the poison took full effect,

在毒藥完全發揮作用之前，

they were discovered by ISIS and taken to the hospital,

她們被伊斯蘭國的人 發現並送到醫院，

where they survived.

救活了她們。

ISIS decided to separate the girls

伊斯蘭國決定將這些女孩分開，

and sell them individually.

並一個一個單獨賣掉。

Ayda was taken to another house and brutally raped

艾達被帶到另一間房子， 她被粗魯地強暴。

after she attempted again to kill herself with her headscarf.

在她嘗試用她的頭巾再次自殺之後，

She was beaten and raped every two days.

每兩天她就會被毒打和強暴。

After four months in captivity,

經過四個月的囚禁之後，

Ayda found the courage to escape.

艾達鼓起勇氣逃走了。

She never saw the other 13 girls again.

她再也沒見過另外 13 個女孩。

I interviewed Ayda multiple times.

我訪談過艾達好幾次。

She was willing to speak to me because she had heard from other victims

她願意跟我交談，是因為 其他受害者告訴她，

that there was a woman from the UN who understood her complicated culture.

有一個聯合國的女人 了解她複雜的文化背景。

I looked into her eyes

我看著她的雙眼，

and listened deeply to the stories of her darkest hours.

認真地傾聽她訴說 她那些最黑暗的時刻。

We established a personal connection that continues to this day.

我們建立了私人的友誼，直至今日。

My upbringing made it easy for me to understand her extreme sense of shame

我的成長背景讓我很能理解 她深刻的羞恥感，

and her fear of being rejected.

以及怕被排擠的恐懼。

These types of investigations are not only about gathering information and evidence,

這些調查並不只是 在收集資訊和證據，

but they're also about victim support.

這也是在幫助受害者。

The bonds I established with the victims

我和受害者建立的聯繫，

strengthens their confidence and willingness to seek justice.

增強了他們尋求正義的信心和意願。

當艾達在考慮要逃走時，

As she considered her escape,

Ayda, like all Yazidi survivors,

她和所有的雅茲迪倖存者一樣，

faced a dilemma:

都面臨了兩難：

Should she continue to suffer the abuse of her captors,

她應該繼續忍受被劫持者虐待，

or would it be better to return home,

還是選擇回家之後，

where she would face shame, rejection

面對羞辱、排擠，

and possibly honor killing?

甚至可能因為失去名節被殺？

我非常清楚被排擠的痛苦，

I know all too well the pain of being rejected

我在比利時的摩洛哥族群中體驗過，

by my Moroccan community in Belgium,

and I did not want this to happen to the Yazidi community.

我不希望同樣的事發生在 雅茲迪族群。

So a group of concerned entities,

所以，一群關切此議題的組織，

including the UN, NGOs, politicians and members of the Yazidi community

包括聯合國、非政府組織， 和雅茲迪的政治人物及其成員，

approached a religious leader,

聯繫了一名宗教領袖，

Baba Sheikh.

巴巴·謝赫。

After many meetings,

在多次會面之後，

he realized that these girls had not disrespected their religion

他意識到這些女孩 並沒有拋棄他們的宗教，

by being forcibly converted to Islam

她們是被強迫改信伊斯蘭教

and married to ISIS fighters.

並強嫁給伊斯蘭國戰士。

Instead, they have been abducted, raped and sexually enslaved.

事實上，她們是被綁架、強暴， 並成為性奴隸的。

I am happy to report that, after our meetings,

我很高興能跟大家說， 在多次會面之後，

Baba Sheikh announced publicly

巴巴·謝赫公開宣佈

that the survivors should be treated as victims

倖存者應該被當作受害者來對待，

and embraced by the community.

雅茲迪族群應該要 張開雙臂接納她們。

This message was heard throughout the community

這個訊息傳遍了整個族群，

and eventually reached the survivors being held captive by ISIS.

最終，被伊斯蘭國囚禁的 倖存者也聽到了。

After his declaration of support,

就在他的公開支持宣言之後，

the survivors were motivated to escape from ISIS

倖存者也有了動力， 想要逃離伊斯蘭國，

as Ayda has done,

和艾達一樣，

許多年輕的雅茲迪女性鼓起勇氣，

and many young Yazidi women took the bold step

and returned home to their communities.

返回她們的家鄉、族群。

Baba Sheikh's public pronouncement

巴巴·謝赫的公開宣言

saved the lives of many young Yazidi women,

拯救了許多年輕的 雅茲迪女性的性命，

both in captivity and after their escape.

讓她們在被囚禁時 和逃離後都能有希望。

Sadly, not all religious leaders agreed to talk with us.

令人難過的是，並非每一個 宗教領導人都願意和我們交談。

Some victims had far worse outcomes than the Yazidis.

有些受害者的結局 比雅茲迪人要悲慘許多。

For example, only 43 of the 500-600 victims

譬如說，五、六百名受害者中， 只有 43 名

from the Shia Turkmen community

什葉派土庫曼民族成員

were able to return home after escaping ISIS.

在逃離伊斯蘭國之後還能夠回家。

Some of them were advised by their family

當中有些受害者的家人

to stay with ISIS

還建議她們留在伊斯蘭國那裡，

or commit suicide in order to save the honor of the family.

或者自殺以拯救家族的名譽。

Germany established a project to support survivors of ISIS

德國建立了一個專項計劃 來幫助伊斯蘭國的倖存者，

by providing psychosocial support and housing for 1,100 women and children,

給 1100 名女性和孩子 提供心理輔導和住宿，

including Ayda.

包括艾達在內。

I visited Ayda several times during my work.

我工作期間去探視了艾達好幾次。

I am so proud of her and the other victims.

我為她和其他受害者感到驕傲。

The progress they have made is remarkable.

她們恢復的非常不錯。

It is really moving to see how many of them,

讓我感動的是看見這麼多人，

despite their struggles,

儘管經歷過這麼多苦難，

have benefited from this program.

在這個專項計劃中也逐漸好轉。

The program includes individual and group counseling,

這個專項計劃包括了 個人和團體諮商、

art therapy, music therapy,

藝術治療、音樂治療、

sport activities,

體育活動、

language courses,

語言課程、

school and other integration efforts.

學校，和其他組織活動。

What I observed was that removing the victims

我觀察到的是當受害者

from an area of conflict to a country at peace

從動亂區域遷移到和平的國家

had a positive impact on all of them.

對他們會有正面的影響。

This project caught the attention of other countries,

這個專項計劃吸引了 其他國家的注意力，

and they were interested to help more Yazidis.

它們有興趣想幫助更多雅茲迪人。

The Yazidi women and girls still call and text me

這些雅茲迪女人和女孩 仍然會打電話或發訊息給我，

to tell me about their grades at school,

告訴我她們的在校成績、

fun trips they've taken,

有趣的旅行經歷，

or to inform me about their future dreams,

或者和我分享她們未來的夢想，

like writing a book about what they have faced with ISIS.

比如寫一本書來講述她們曾經 在伊斯蘭國經歷的一切。

Sometimes they are sad

有時，她們會感到悲傷，

and feel the need to talk again about the events.

覺得需要再談談那些事件。

I'm not a psychologist,

我不是心理學家，

and I have faced secondary PTSD from their horrific stories.

她們的故事讓我要面對 次級創傷後壓力症候群。

But I keep encouraging them to talk,

但我不斷鼓勵她們說出來，

and I keep listening,

我也不斷傾聽，

because I do not want them to feel alone in their suffering.

因為我不希望她們 在苦難中再感到孤單。

Through these anecdotes,

透過這些小事，

I see a bigger picture emerging.

我看到了更重要的事。

These women and girls are healing.

這些女人和女孩正在痊癒。

They are no longer afraid to seek justice.

她們不再害怕尋求正義。

若沒有希望，就不會有正義，

Without hope there can be no justice,

and without justice there can be no hope.

若沒有正義，也不會有希望。

Every 3rd and 15th of August, it's my remembrance day,

每年 8 月 3 日和 15 日 是我的紀念日，

and I reach out to the Yazidis to let them know that I'm thinking about them.

我會去聯繫這些雅茲迪人， 讓她們知道我在想著她們。

They're always happy when I do that.

我這麼做總會讓她們很開心。

It's an emotional day for them.

這對她們是個很感性的日子。

This past August, I spoke with Ayda.

今年 8 月，我和艾達聊過。

She was so happy to announce

她很高興地告訴我，

that one of her nieces who was abducted with her

當時和她一起被綁架的 其中一位姪女

was finally released out of ISIS hands in Syria

終於在敘利亞 被伊斯蘭國的人釋放，

and returned to Iraq.

然後回到伊拉克。

Can you believe that?

你能相信嗎？

After four years?

過了整整四年後？

Today, her biggest wish is for her whole family,

如今，她最大的願望 是希望她的整個家庭，

now located across three continents,

現在分別住在三大洲，

有一天能夠重聚。

to be reunited.

And I hope they will.

我希望會有這一天。

When I think about the survivors I work with,

當我想到我工作 遇到的這些倖存者，

I remember the words of an Egyptian doctor, writer

我就會想起一位埃及醫生、作家，

and human rights activist,

及人權活動家説過的話，

Nawal El Saadawi.

她叫做納瓦勒·薩達維。

In her book, "Woman at Point Zero,"

在她的書《冰點的女人》中，

she wrote, "Life is very hard,

她寫道：「生命充滿艱苦，

and the only people who really live

而真正活過的人，

are those who are harder than life itself."

是那些能克服生命中艱苦的人。」

These victims have been through unimaginable pain.

這些受害者曾經經歷過 無法想像的痛苦。

But with a little help,

但在一點協助之下，

they show how resilient they are.

她們展現出了她們的韌性。

Each has their own perspective on what kind of justice she seeks,

每個人對於要尋求怎樣的正義 都有自己的觀點，

and I believe deeply

而我深深地相信，

that a credible justice process is key

可靠可信的司法過程是關鍵，

to how she reclaims her dignity

能讓她重新取得尊嚴，

and finds closure with her trauma.

能讓她的創傷到此為止。

Justice is not only about punishing the perpetrator.

正義並不只是要懲罰行兇者。

It's about victims feeling that crimes committed against them

而是要讓受害者覺得 他們所遭受的罪行

have been recorded and recognized by the rule of law.

是受到法律認同及規範的。

For me, it has been the experience of a lifetime

對我來說，一生中最可貴的經驗，

to work with these survivors.

就是在工作中接觸到這些倖存者。

Because I share their sorrow,

因為我分擔了她們的悲傷、

their language and their culture,

擁有相同的語言和文化，

we connect on the deepest human level.

我們在人類最深的層面上有了連結。

This itself is an act of healing:

這本身就是一種治癒的行為：

to be heard, to be seen,

被聽見、被看見、

to be given compassion instead of condemnation.

得到同情而不是輕視。

When we get so close to people in pain,

當我們如此接近受苦的人，

it creates pain for the investigators, too.

身為調查者也會感覺痛苦。

My work is challenging, heartbreaking and trauma-inducing.

我的工作很有挑戰性、 讓人心碎，而且會造成創傷。

But let me tell you why I do it.

但這是我做這份工作的原因。

When I meet the survivors of these mass atrocities,

當我見到這些 大規模暴行的倖存者時，

when I hold their hands and look in their eyes,

當我握著她們的手， 看著她們的雙眼時，

it does not erase my own pain,

我自己的痛苦依然存在，

but it does make it almost worthwhile.

但我的痛苦卻變得值得了。

And there's nothing I would rather be doing.

而這就是我最想做的事。

When I see these brave survivors

當我看到這些勇敢的倖存者

struggling to connect again to their own self-worth,

努力想要重獲她們的自我價值，

to their families, to their place in a society that values them,

和她們的家人團聚，在一個 珍視她們的社會中找到自己的位置，

it is an honor to bear witness;

能見證這些，是一種榮幸；

it is a privilege to seek justice.

我很榮幸，能夠追求正義。

And that is healing, too --

而追求正義也是一種治癒——

for all of us.

治癒所有人。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）