Life on the Frontlines of War Reporting | Jane Ferguson | TED

翻译人员: Xiaolu Wang 校对人员: suya f.

When you think of a war reporter, who do you picture?

当你想到战争记者时，

你想象的是谁？

Someone like this?

像这样的人吗？

Or someone like this?

或者像这样的人？

Maybe him?

也许是他？

Or maybe someone like this?

或者像这样的人？

Her?

她吗？

I'm asked all the time,

我经常被问到，

what does it feel like to be one of the only women working in your field?

成为你所在领域仅有的女性之一

是什么感觉？

How do you cope in such a male-dominated industry

在像前线战争报道这样 一个以男性为主导的行业中，

as frontline war reporting?

你如何应对？

The question continues to baffle me.

这个问题仍然让我感到困惑。

Women have been doing this work for over a century.

一个多世纪以来， 女性一直在做这项工作。

From Martha Gellhorn to Clare Hollingworth,

从玛莎·盖尔霍恩 到克莱尔·霍林沃思，

from Marguerite Higgins to Christiane Amanpour.

从玛格丽特·希金斯 到克里斯蒂安·阿曼普尔。

In fact, one of the reasons I wanted to become a foreign correspondent

事实上，我想 成为国外记者

and a war reporter

和战地记者的原因之一

was watching these women in the field, reporting.

是看到这些女性在现场，报道。

They were professional role models,

她们是职业榜样。

every evening at 6pm on the news

我在北爱尔兰长大，

when I was a little girl in my living room,

在我小时候，每天晚上6点，

growing up in Northern Ireland.

她们都会出现在客厅的新闻中。

Women reporting from all over the world on the BBC,

英国广播公司（BBC）上有来自 世界各地的女性报道，

and the men were listening to them.

而男性在听。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

Today when I go to war zones,

现在，当我去战区时，

very often it is a majority of women who are actually reporting there.

在那里报道的实际上 大多数是女性。

So when I point out that I'm no trailblazer,

因此，当我指出我不是开拓者时，

the next question to come is, why?

接下来的问题是，为什么？

Why are so many women becoming war reporters?

为什么这么多女性 成为战地记者？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

My answer to this question is quick and easy.

我可以非常简单快速的回答这个问题

Because we are really, really good at it.

因为我们真的，真的很擅长做这件事。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So good, in fact, that war reporting today,

我们太擅长了， 以至于当今的战地报道、

the very nature of reporting,

报道的本质

and therefore how wars are perceived by those we report to,

以及我们报道的受众 如何看待战争，

has been changed by women taking the lead.

都被女性带头改变了。

The types of stories that are covered,

事实上越来越多的女性在报道，

the angles that are taken have been shaped by the fact

这已经开始塑造报道的故事类型以及

that more and more women are reporting them.

报道所采用的角度。

The debate over whether or not

关于男性和女性

men and women are different in the workplace,

在工作场所是否不同的争论，

whether we should highlight these differences,

以及我们是否应该 强调这些差异，

whether it matters, has gone on for years.

无论是否重要，

这个争论已经持续了很多年。

In war reporting, it hasn't always been a given

在战争报道中，我们并不总是认为

应该有性别倾向和偏见。

that we should lean into our gender lens.

For years, women who have fought to be at the front line,

多年来，那些女性为了 站在第一线而努力工作、

to be given assignments in major wars,

为了在重大战争中接受任务，

often by male editors,

而这些任务往往是由男性编辑分配。

have felt the pressure not to be pigeonholed

她们都感受到了压力，

要求她们不要专注报道

into covering "women's issues" or "softer topics."

“女性问题” 或 “较温和的话题”。

Who here hasn’t felt this way,

如果你曾经是男性主导领域的 第一批女性之一，

uf you’ve ever been one of the first women in a male-dominated field,

那种要让你成为男性的一员，

that pressure to be one of the guys, to not be too emotional?

让你不要太情绪化的压力，

谁没有过这种感觉呢？

I was first struck by the number of female war reporters

在报道叙利亚战争时，

我第一次被女性 战地记者的数量所震惊。

when covering the war in Syria.

It was one of my first ever major assignments for a TV news network.

这是我在电视新闻网的第一份 重要任务之一。

I was to be smuggled across the border from Lebanon

在早期 2012 年， 我本应被从黎巴嫩

into a rebel stronghold in early 2012.

越境偷运到叛军的据点。

The activists who were smuggling journalists in

typically took us one at a time.

通常一个接一个地带走我们。

The journalist who preceded me was a female correspondent

在我之前的那位记者

是西班牙《国家报》的一位女记者。

for "El Pais" newspaper in Spain.

Two journalists came after me together.

在我之后有两位女性记者是一起的

One of them a female correspondent for CNN,

其中一位是美国有线 电视新闻网的女记者，

the other a female correspondent for "The Times of London"

另一位是《伦敦时报》的女记者，

called Marie Colvin.

玛丽·科尔文（Marie Colvin）。

Colvin wouldn't make it out of Syria alive.

科尔文（Colvin ）没有 活着离开叙利亚。

She was killed by the Assad forces while reporting on their war crimes.

她在报道阿萨德部队 的战争罪行时被杀害。

Yes. This is dangerous work.

是的。这是一项危险的工作。

When I moved to Beirut in 2014,

在 2014 年，我移居贝鲁特时，

the war in Syria raged on,

叙利亚的战争仍在继续，

and the Lebanese capital had become a hub for international journalists

而黎巴嫩首都已成为居住在那里，

who were living there and covering the war across the border.

报道边境战争的国际记者中心。

I was struck by how many of them were women.

当我知道里面有多少是女性，我感到震惊

More obviously, of course, those who were on-camera TV reporters.

当然，更明显的是， 那些在镜头前做电视记者的人。

But a huge amount, in many cases, the majority of print reporters as well,

但是，在许多情况下，

大多数纸媒记者

were women.

也是女性。

Walk into any bar in Beirut back then

如果走进当时贝鲁特的任何一家

frequented by international and Lebanese journalists

国际和黎巴嫩记者经常光顾的酒吧，

and you would have been faced

你都会看到一小群面带微笑、

with a small crowd of smiling, waving female foreign correspondents

挥手致意的女外国记者，

catching up between assignments and deadlines.

在写稿和截止日期之间会面。

Now while there was plenty of camaraderie on the assignment in Syria,

尽管在叙利亚执行任务时 发展了很多友情，

the war in Afghanistan in recent years has felt different.

近年来的阿富汗战争却有所不同。

The US press, as the war came to an end, was less interested in that conflict

随着战争的结束， 除了这场冲突对该地区的地缘政治、

beyond what it meant for the geopolitics in the region

美国外交事务和国家安全的意义之外，

or US foreign affairs and national security.

美国媒体对这场冲突本身的兴趣不大。

The few times that I did bump into female journalists there,

我有几次在那里碰到女记者，

the few times I bumped into any journalists there,

有几次碰到那里的任何记者，

they were almost always women.

她们几乎都是女性。

One day, about six months before Kabul fell to the Taliban,

在喀布尔落入塔利班手中之前 大约六个月的某一天，

I went out to visit a checkpoint on the outskirts of Kabul.

我出去拜访了喀布尔郊区的一个检查站。

At the time, there was already concern

当时，已经有人担心

about whether or not the Afghan forces could hold off

阿富汗军队能否推迟

a Taliban attack on the capital.

塔利班对首都的袭击。

Shortly after I arrived,

我到达后不久，

another crew came, and the soldiers got very excited.

又有一批电视台人员来了， 士兵们非常兴奋。

This was a news team from TOLO TV,

这是来自 TOLO TV 的新闻组，

and the correspondent

同时来前线的记者

was one of the most famous journalists in Afghanistan.

是阿富汗最著名的 记者之一。

Her name was Anisa Shaheed.

她的名字叫 安妮莎·沙希德（Anisa Shaheed）。

The soldiers crowded around,

士兵们挤在一起，

trying to get a photograph with her in a selfie.

想和她拍张自拍照。

So did I.

我也一样。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

This sort of thing happened all the time in Afghanistan.

这种事情在阿富汗经常发生。

Women bumping into one another, reporting on that war.

女性互相碰面，报道那场战争。

Between us, we covered civilian casualties,

我们报道了平民伤亡、

women's rights, access to education

妇女权利、受教育的机会

and the hopes and dreams Afghans had for their future.

以及阿富汗人对未来的希望和梦想。

Of course, we also covered the major news of the day, the politics,

当然，我们还报道了 当天的主要新闻，政治、

the frontline fighting and the conditions for the Afghan security forces.

前线战斗和阿富汗安全部队的状况。

But we relentlessly interviewed civilians,

但是我们还坚持不懈地采访了平民，

profiling doctors and teachers and business people, many of them women,

对医生、教师和商界人士 （其中许多是女性）进行了剖析，

elevating civilian voices.

从而扩大了平民的声音。

In the early days of the war in Afghanistan,

在阿富汗战争初期，

while vital, risky and important work was being done,

尽管正在开展重大和危险的工作，

very often the kind of images that were making it out of the conflict

但从冲突中脱颖而出的那种画面

looked largely like this.

往往看起来是这样的：

As the war came to an end in its final years,

随着战争在最后几年即将结束，

the predominant images were increasingly looking like this.

占主导地位的画面越来越像这样：

Now, of course, Afghanistan had evolved and changed,

当然，现在，阿富汗已经进步和变化，

but so too had those who were carrying the lens

而那些对性别戴有色眼镜的人

through which the world would see it.

也在进步和变化。

Now, none of this is to negate

然而，所有这些都不是否定 我们的男性同事在该领域

the vital and important work our male colleagues do in the field.

所做的重大和重要工作。

Male journalists have been and continue to do brilliant reporting.

男记者过去和现在都在做精彩的报道。

But what I want to draw attention to

但我要让大家关注的是，

is the rapid growth of female journalists in the field

新闻领域里女性记者的快速增长，

and also the impact they've had on the reporting itself

以及她们的报道的影响

that has come out of war zones around the world.

已经从战区走向全世界。

Now, when wars break out,

现在，当战争爆发时，

it's humanizing images like this

像这样的人性画面

that are predominantly broadcast around the world

会作为主要内容在世界各地播出，

that show how families and communities are impacted by war.

来展示家庭和社区 如何受到战争的影响。

They're no longer the exception.

它们不再是独特个案，

They are the norm.

相反的，它们是常态。

When Vladimir Putin invaded Ukraine in February 2022,

2022 年 2 月， 弗拉基米尔·普京入侵乌克兰时，

the images that were broadcast around the world

世界各地播出的画面

were of families saying goodbye to fathers in Kyiv train station,

都是许多家庭在基辅火车站 向父亲们说再见，

children clutching their pets in underground bunkers

孩子们在地下掩体里抱着宠物，

and the elderly clamoring over broken bridges, trying to escape.

老人大声疾呼着跨越断桥， 并且试图逃跑。

It was these human images that connected millions of people

正是这些人的画面

将数百万人与那里的 真实面貌联系起来，

to what it was really like there, for people to live through that war.

让他们设身处地地了解，

那些经历战争的人们。

Many of the stories coming from the war in Ukraine

许多来自乌克兰战争的故事

were reported by women.

都是由女性报道的。

Earlier this year,

今年初，

the Ukraine reporting team for "The Washington Post"

《华盛顿邮报》 的乌克兰报道团队

was awarded an award for courage in journalism

被授予新闻勇气奖，

for its huge, female-led teams

因其由女性领导的庞大团队，

of editors, writers, photographers and journalists.

其中有编辑、写手、摄影师和记者。

And who could forget the women of Iran,

谁能忘记伊朗的妇女，

who not only are protesting

她们不仅抗议政府的镇压性法令，

against the repressive edicts of their government,

but leading the fight to make sure the world covers their story.

而且领导着斗争，确保 全世界汇报到他们的故事。

Every day, women activists and journalists in Iran

每一天，伊朗的女性活动家和记者

fight to make sure, and risk their lives,

都冒着生命危险，

to make sure the images and videos of their struggle,

努力确保她们的斗争、抗议和

their protests and the crackdown against them, make it out.

镇压她们的画面和视频被揭露出来。

It's those voices that I remember most,

我印象最深刻的就是那些声音，

filling my apartment in New York City in the middle of the night.

在深夜里响彻我在纽约的公寓。

For journalists like me and many others who cannot access the country,

对于像我以及 许多其他无法进入该国的记者，

we have been able to make contact with these women.

我们已经能够与 这些女性取得联系。

They use slow internet connections and outlawed VPNs.

她们使用缓慢的网络和非法的 VPN。

Now, if you're going to report from a war zone,

现在，如果你要从战区报道，

female camaraderie does help, too.

女性友谊也会发挥作用。

When Kabul fell to the Taliban in August 2021,

2021 年 8 月， 当喀布尔落入塔利班手中时，

I was part of a small group of international journalists

我是一小群国际记者中的一员，

who decided to stay at the airport

他们决定留在机场

and continue on their reporting on the evacuations.

继续报道撤离情况。

Part of that group included a female producer for British TV,

该团体的一部分包括英国电视台 的一位女性制片人

as well as a female correspondent for Danish television.

以及丹麦电视台的一位女记者。

Between the three of us,

我们三人

we shared everything from a precious clean shirt

分享了所有东西，从珍贵的干净衬衫

to eyeliner and hairbrushes.

到眼线笔和梳子。

We may have been reporting from a war zone,

我们可能会一直在战区进行报道，

but we all knew the pressures of being a woman

但我们都知道

who had to be on TV that night.

做为当晚必须 上电视的女性的压力。

And I know what a lot of people wonder.

而且我知道很多人想知道什么。

What about the tough stuff?

那些艰难的东西呢？

What about the sleeping in trenches, lugging gear, coming under fire

那些睡在战壕里、 拖着装备、遭到射击

and the generally rough living conditions?

以及普遍恶劣的生活条件呢？

I get asked all the time,

我经常被问到，

how do you take a shower?

你怎么洗澡？

My male colleagues never get asked.

我的男同事从来没有被问到这一问题。

It seems absurd that we have to keep answering these questions.

我们必须一直回答 这样的问题很荒谬。

But again and again,

但是，

women have proven that they are just as tough,

女性已经一次又一次地证明，

brave and stoic

在面对战区报道的身体和心理地挑战时，

when faced with the physical and emotional challenges

她们与男性一样坚强、

of reporting from war zones as the men.

勇敢和坚忍。

Why wouldn't we be?

我们有什么不能的？

We've been doing it for decades,

自西班牙内战、

since the Spanish Civil War,

第二次世界大战和越南战争以来，

World War II and the War in Vietnam,

我们已经这样做了几十年，

even though women at the time were a tiny minority.

尽管当时的女性只占极少数。

Since those who came before us nudged the door open just enough,

在过去 20 年中，

the number of women who have been able to in the last 20 years

自从我们的前辈把大门打开了一条缝，

能够在主要战区 担任编辑、摄影师、

get assigned stories as editors, photographers,

writers and broadcasters

写手和播报员等

in major war zones

的女性人数

has massively increased.

大幅增加。

We've not only increased in numbers,

我们不仅在数量上有所增加，

but crucially, we've increased in our confidence to tell stories

而且至关重要的是，我们增强了 利用我们独特的视角

that harnesses our unique perspective

和自身独特优势

and our own unique strengths.

来讲述故事的信心。

Now many of the things we may have feared in the past

现在，我们过去可能担心的，

would be held against us,

会对我们不利的许多事情，

our compassion, our empathy

我们的同情心、同理心

and our focus on civilian lives

和对平民生活的关注

have become our greatest strengths.

已成为我们最大的优势。

We're also seeing that reflected in our male colleagues' reporting as well.

我们看到这也反映 在男同事的报道中。

A focus on how war impacts communities and families more broadly

关注战争如何更广泛 地影响社区和家庭

has become the norm.

已成为常态。

We are not just good at this job because we are empathetic and softer

我们之所以擅长这份工作， 不仅是因为我们善解人意，更柔软，

and have a really good eye for a human story.

而且对人们的故事有着非常好的眼光。

We're good at this reporting because we're soft and empathetic

我们之所以擅长这类报道， 是因为我们柔软、善解人意、

and strong and tough and brave.

坚强、坚韧、勇敢。

We have extraordinary range,

我们的发声的范围非常广泛，

and it is female range that is added

而当今战区在公众

to the range of voices and stories and faces

面前的声音、故事

that are making it out and in front of the public

和面孔中，又增加了

from war zones today.

女性视角。

When the world is presented to you,

当世界用男性的凝视，

not just in television and radio and print and magazine,

在电视、广播、纸媒 和杂志上，

by a male gaze

呈现给你时，

but by a female reporter as well,

同时还有女性记者的视角，

our attitudes to the outside world change, too.

我们对外界的态度也会发生变化。

We feel more connected.

我们感到联系更加紧密。

We can see beyond the statistics,

我们能看到高于统计数据，

the politics and just the war-fighting.

政治和战斗的那些。

We as journalists are at heart communicators,

作为记者，我们本质上是沟通者，

and it is female reporting that is helping the world better commune.

而正是女性报道，帮助世界更好地沟通。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）