A Bold Plan to Rewild the Earth — at Massive Scale | Kristine McDivitt Tompkins | TED

翻译人员: Alexis Young 校对人员: Sue Lu

I'm of the first generation in all of human history

我是人类历史上第一代

to witness the decimation of wild nature

目睹野生自然在地球各个角落

taking place in every corner of the planet.

遭到大规模破坏的人。

This isn't a mystery, we know this.

这并不是个谜，我们都知道这是事实。

At the end of the day, it's simple mathematics.

归根结底，这是个简单的数学问题。

We humans expand our footprint,

人类扩展足迹，

habitat on land and sea shrink,

陆地和海洋的栖息地缩小，

wildlife numbers fall,

野生动物数量下降，

temperatures rise

气温上升，

and human communities suffer.

而人类社会也因此受苦。

And this is what keeps me up at night.

这就是让我夜不能寐的原因。

But I'm also busy.

但同时我也很忙碌。

Edward Abbey, the godfather of environmental activism, once said,

环保运动教父爱德华·艾比曾经说过，

"Sentiment without action is the ruin of the soul."

「没有行动的感伤会毁掉灵魂。」

And for me, the antidote to despair is to act.

对我来说，对抗绝望的解药就是行动。

And the most direct action at Tompkins Conservation

汤普金斯自然保护组织最直接的行动

is to be part of the global movement of rewilding the Earth.

就是参与「重野化」地球的全球运动。

So what is rewilding anyway?

那么什么是重野化呢？

It means allowing ancient nature

它的意思是给予古老的大自然

the space and the freedom to heal itself.

空间和自由来自我修复，

And when that's not possible,

当这无法实现时，

actively restoring territories

就要积极恢复野生领土，

and bringing back species who have gone missing.

并让那些已经消失的物种回归。

Rewilding is both simple and miraculous.

重野化既简单又奇妙。

I know this because I have lived it.

我知道这一点，因为我亲身经历过。

Here's what I think can happen if we take on rewilding the continent

如果我们大规模推进大陆的重野化，

at a massive scale.

以下就是我认为可能会发生的事情，

Because frankly,

因为坦白说，

we're kind of running out of time saving the natural world.

拯救自然世界的时间 真的所剩无几了，

So if there was ever a moment for a Hail Mary pass in conservation,

所以要说保护环境的关键时刻，

I think this is it.

我认为现在就是了。

30 years ago, when my late husband, Doug Tompkins, and I

三十年前，当我已故的丈夫 道格·汤普金斯和我

began working on land conservation projects,

开始从事土地保育计划时，

we weren't really sure what we were going to do,

我们并不确定自己要做什么，

but we knew we would invest everything we had

但我们知道，我们将投入

in terms of our time and resources

所有时间和资源，

to slow down the freight train of development

来试图减缓我们看到的

that we saw destroying the natural world.

破坏自然世界的发展洪流。

As climbers, ski racers, wildlife people,

作为登山者、滑雪赛手、 野生动物爱好者，

we had long begun to witness with our own eyes,

我们早已亲眼目睹了这一切，

and it was time for us to react to those things

事实明白地摆在眼前，

that were oh so clear to us.

该是我们做出反应的时候了。

For the two of us,

对我们俩来说，

that meant making a 180-degree shift of our business lives.

这意味着我们的事业生涯 来了一个 180 度的转变。

Doug, as the cofounder of “The North Face” and then “Esprit”

道格曾是“北面”和 “爱斯普利特” 的联合创始人，

And for me, it was retiring from Patagonia company after 25 years,

我则从工作了 25 年的 帕塔哥尼亚公司离职，

18 of those years as CEO.

我在那儿做了 18 年的首席执行官。

We moved to a roadless area at the tip of South America,

我们搬到了南美洲最南端 一个无路可通的地区，

at the foot of a very deep fjord in Chile.

位于智利的一个非常深的峡湾脚下。

We committed ourselves to saving as much wild habitat as we could,

我们致力于拯救 尽可能多的野生栖息地，

at first by simply buying land,

最初只是通过购买土地，

ultimately acquiring over two million acres

最终收购了超过 200 万英亩，

of key habitat in Chile and Argentina.

都是在智利和阿根廷的关键栖息地。

Some of these tracks were still wild,

其中一些土地仍然是野生的，

but some were deeply degraded

但有些在经过一个世纪的过度放牧、

after a century of livestock overgrazing and deforestation

森林砍伐和其他威胁后

and other threats.

已经严重退化。

We formed teams on the ground and worked with communities

我们组建了实地团队，

and local, regional, national governments.

与地方、区域和国家政府合作，

And partnering with now 12 presidential administrations in the two countries,

并与两国的 12 届总统政府合作，

we gave back everything that we put together

我们将所有保育土地

in terms of conservation lands

捐赠出来，

by donating them in the form of new national parks.

建立了新的国家公园。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Yes.

是的。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So far, we’ve initiated 15 new national parks,

至今，我们已新建 15 个国家公园，

protecting over 15 million acres.

保护超过 1500 万英亩的土地。

We came to know, without a doubt,

我们毫无疑问地了解到，

that landscapes can recover,

地貌是可以恢复的，

even those forests, grasslands, wetlands hardest hit.

甚至是那些受打击最严重的 森林、草原和湿地。

But the more we worked saving and restoring lands and seascapes,

但我们越是努力拯救 和恢复土地和海洋景观，

the more we came to realize

我们越是意识到，

that you can't have healthy ecosystems

如果缺少关键物种，

if keystone species are missing.

就无法拥有健康的生态系统。

As Lois Crisler said,

正如罗伊斯·克里斯勒所说：

“Landscape without wildlife is just scenery.”

“没有野生动物的景观 只是一幅风景。”

And we never saw ourselves as being in the scenery business.

我们从不认为自己做的是风景的业务。

Protecting large-scale territories is essential.

保护大规模的领土是必不可少的。

You can't paint a masterpiece unless you have the canvas.

你无法在没有画布的情况下 创作一幅杰作。

But once the territory is secured long-term,

但一旦领土得以长期保护，

we had to commit ourselves to go beyond land conservation

我们就必须超越土地保护，

and set our goals to leaving behind fully functioning ecosystems.

将目标设定为留下 完整运作的生态系统。

Figuring out what species are missing

弄清楚有哪些消失的、

or whose numbers are low and fragile,

或者数量低和弱势的物种，

and commit to bringing them back.

并盡所能将它们带回来。

And that's exactly what we're doing.

这正是我们在做的事情。

Today, Patagonia grasslands,

今天，巴塔哥尼亚草原、

temperate rainforests are safe and whole,

温带雨林是安全和完整的，

and nearly two million acres of wetlands have been protected.

近 200 万英亩的湿地得到了保护。

A total of 24 native species, which were nearly extinct,

总共有 24 种原生物种几乎灭绝，

are again roaming free and reproducing in their rightful territories,

如今牠们再次自由漫游， 并在牠们应有的土地上繁殖，

from apex predators that influence entire ecosystems

从影响整个生态系统的顶端掠食者

to seed bearers, herbivores,

到种子携带者、草食动物、

smaller predators,

小型掠食者，

each playing out their essential role in the theater that we call life.

每个物种都在我们称之为生命的舞台上 扮演着至关重要的角色。

In Chile, the population of the nearly extinct huemul deer

在智利，濒临灭绝的华美鹿

is no longer losing ground.

数量不再减少。

And after a century of livestock grazing in the Patagonia grasslands,

经过一个世纪的牲畜放牧， 巴塔哥尼亚草原上

which celebrated the killing of predators such as cougars and foxes,

曾被恣意捕杀的掠食者， 如美洲狮和狐狸，

they are back and they are thriving.

如今已经回来了，并且茁壮成长。

But all of this experience has shown us that this is still not enough.

但所有这些经验告诉我们， 这还远远不够。

The speed and power of the climate crisis and the extinction crisis

气候危机和物种灭绝危机 的速度和力量

demand, I think, that we change our tactics again,

需要我们再次改变策略，

and this time it's got to be on a massive scale.

而这一次必须大规模进行。

Yes, the parks offer refuge from the forces of industrialization,

是的，公园提供庇护所，躲开工业化的破坏，

and we know ecosystems can be restored.

我们知道生态系统可以恢复。

And very importantly, we know that when people reconnect with nature,

更重要的是，我们知道， 当人们重新与自然联系时，

it inspires them to protect it.

他们保护自然的热情会被激发。

But at the same time, if you think about it, parks,

但同时，仔细想想，公园，

even the massive wild parks, are islands.

即使是大型的野生公园， 实际上也是孤立的岛屿。

They're not connected.

他们没有连接。

And this is a huge problem

这是一个很大的问题，

because in order to survive and become resilient,

因为为了生存、为了发展韧性，

ecosystems need to be connected.

生态系统需要连接起来，

Sometimes extensions of territories and sometimes as stepping stones.

有时是扩展领土，有时是作为跳板。

One way or the other,

不管是哪种方式，

flora and fauna have to be able to expand over territories

植物都必须能够像以前一样

as they once did.

扩展到各地。

So how is this done?

那么这该如何实现呢？

It requires expanding strategies into the next 20 years.

这需要在未来 20 年内 发展扩展策略。

We have to reconnect the wild fabric of South America,

我们必须重新连接 南美洲的野生生态，

both from Chile and Argentina.

无论是在智利还是阿根廷。

Our 30 years of conservation work is radiating up and out now,

我们 30 年的自然保护工作 现在已经辐射开来，

reconnecting habitat and species back into one full continent.

重新连接栖息地和物种， 让整个大陆成为一个完整的生态系。

Luckily, and not surprisingly,

幸运的是，不出所料，

Mother Nature has already built the literal road map

大自然母亲已经为我们建好了

to make this possible.

实现这一目标的路线图。

In Chile, this means going up the entire spine of the Andes

在智利，这意味着沿着 安第斯山脉的脊线向上，

with endangered species

那里有很多濒危物种，

and down the currents to Antarctica,

并且沿着洋流向下至南极洲，

following marine wildlife systems beyond --

追踪海洋野生生物系统及其他——

and this is the point -- human-made borders.

这是重点——人为边界。

As an example of this in Argentina,

例如，在阿根廷，

rivers are natural wildlife bridges.

河流是天然的野生动物桥梁。

So if we protect the rivers and the land around them,

如果我们保护河流及周围土地，

we create these continental-scale corridors.

我们就能创造这些大陆规模的走廊。

Think of them as wild highways.

把它们想象成野生高速公路。

In our kind of work,

在我们的工作中，

there's a saying about the role of top predators

有句俗话描述顶端掠食者的角色，

that I think helps make this clearer.

我认为可以帮助大家更清楚地了解。

In our case,

以我们为例，

if jaguars can expand their territory from north to south,

如果美洲虎能够从北向南、

east to west,

从东向西扩展它们的领土，

then everybody else, animals, insects, flora, fauna,

那么其他所有动物， 昆虫、植物、动物，

can "walk under their legs."

都能“在它们的腿下穿行”。

And that's our goal.

这就是我们的目标。

So from Ibera National Park in Argentina,

因此，从阿根廷的 伊比拉国家公园开始，

we build connections across the borders in Brazil, Paraguay,

我们正在建造跨越巴西、巴拉圭、

Uruguay, Bolivia,

乌拉圭、玻利维亚边界的连接，

and create biodiversity throughout the La Plata River basin,

并在拉普拉塔河流域、

the Yungas cloud forest,

云加斯云雾森林、

the Chaco forest,

查科森林

the Atlantic forest.

和大西洋森林中创造生物多样性。

There's no question that this is a very audacious next and new step.

毫无疑问，这是非常大胆的新的一步。

I'm 73,

我已经 73 岁了，

and for the first time in my business and conservation life,

这是第一次，在我的事业和保育生活中，

I know I'm not going to see the end of this new story.

我将不会看到这个新故事的结局。

But that's OK with me.

但我不在乎。

In fact, a very wise and good friend of ours, Wes Jackson,

我们非常聪明的好朋友韦斯·杰克逊

said to us years ago,

多年前对我们说过：

"If your life's work can be accomplished in your lifetime,

“如果你的毕生志业 能够在你有生之年完成，

you're not thinking big enough."

那你的设想就不够大。“

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

Today, the original teams we built have become independent organizations

今天，我们最初建立的团队 已经成为独立的组织，

known as Fundación Rewilding Chile

分别是智利重野化基金会

and Fundación Rewilding Argentina.

和阿根廷重野化基金会。

And they are continuing this work long into the future.

他们将在未来很长一段时间内 继续这项工作。

Sometimes people ask me what Doug would have wanted

有时候，人们会问我， 道格会希望什么，

and what I would hope our legacy becomes.

我希望我们能留下什么。

And I always say the same thing.

我总是给出同样的回答。

As proud as we are of what we've been able to accomplish thus far,

尽管我们对迄今 所取得的成就感到自豪，

none of us spends much time looking backwards.

我们从不花太多时间回顾过去。

Rather, we see all the work that we've done

相反地，我们将我们所做的所有工作

as a foundation to build third, fourth generations of team leaders

视为一个基础，为与我们有共同愿景的 第三、第四代的团队领导者

who share a common vision with us.

铺平道路，

And that is, we refuse to accept a future without wildness,

我们拒绝接受一个未来没有野性、

without abundance

没有丰富生物多样性

and dignified human communities.

和没有尊严的人类社会。

So what started as a personal journey has become a journey of many.

因此，这场个人旅程 已经成为许多人的旅程。

From several dedicated individuals to whole teams,

从几个致力于此的人到整批团队，

generations of teams and communities

一代又一代的团队和社区，

who are joining the movement toward regenerative economies,

纷纷加入这场迈向再生经济的运动，

followed by their offspring and their descendants.

而他们的子孙后代紧随其后。

And finally,

最后，

this journey is about bringing back large-scale territories,

这段旅程是关乎 恢复大规模的野生领土，

keeping them safe

保护它们的安全，

and finding the species who were long gone missing:

并找到那些早已消失的物种：

the jaguars, the huemul deer, the Andean condors,

美洲虎、华美鹿、安第斯兀鹫、

giant anteaters, pumas,

大食蚁兽、美洲狮、

Pampas deer, the bare-faced curacao,

潘帕斯鹿、裸脸咬鹃、

the Darwin’s rheas, maned wolf,

达尔文鸸鹋、鬃狼、

marsh deer, macaws, ocelots,

沼鹿、金刚鹦鹉、豹猫、

red footed-tortoises, giant river otters.

红足龟、大河獭。

May they thrive long into the future.

愿它们在未来繁荣生息，

They are the legacy long after our story is told.

在我们的故事讲完之后， 它们仍将长久地繁衍下去。

And remember,

请记住，

the first step in saving nature

拯救自然的第一步

is the rewilding of our own minds.

是重新野化我们的思想。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）