A Bold Plan to Rewild the Earth — at Massive Scale | Kristine McDivitt Tompkins | TED

譯者: Alexis Young 審譯者: Amanda Zhu

I'm of the first generation in all of human history

我是人類歷史上第一代

to witness the decimation of wild nature

目睹野生自然在地球各個角落

taking place in every corner of the planet.

遭到大規模破壞的人。

This isn't a mystery, we know this.

這並不是個謎，我們都知道這是事實。

At the end of the day, it's simple mathematics.

歸根結底，這是一個 簡單的數學問題。

We humans expand our footprint,

人類擴展足跡，

habitat on land and sea shrink,

陸地和海洋的棲息地縮小，

wildlife numbers fall,

野生動物數量下降，

temperatures rise

氣溫上升，

and human communities suffer.

而人類社會也因此受苦。

And this is what keeps me up at night.

這就是讓我夜不能寐的原因。

But I'm also busy.

但同時我也很忙碌。

Edward Abbey, the godfather of environmental activism, once said,

環保運動教父愛德華·艾比曾經說過，

"Sentiment without action is the ruin of the soul."

「沒有行動的感傷會毀掉靈魂。」

And for me, the antidote to despair is to act.

對我來說，對抗絕望的解藥就是行動。

And the most direct action at Tompkins Conservation

湯普金斯保育組織最直接的行動

is to be part of the global movement of rewilding the Earth.

就是參與「重野化」地球的全球運動。

So what is rewilding anyway?

那麼什麼是重野化呢？

It means allowing ancient nature

它的意思是允許古老的大自然

the space and the freedom to heal itself.

獲得空間和自由來自我修復，

And when that's not possible,

當這無法實現時，

actively restoring territories

就要積極恢復野生領土，

and bringing back species who have gone missing.

並讓那些已經消失的物種回歸。

Rewilding is both simple and miraculous.

重野化既簡單又奇妙。

I know this because I have lived it.

我知道這一點，因為我親身經歷過。

Here's what I think can happen if we take on rewilding the continent

如果我們大規模推進大洲的重野化，

at a massive scale.

以下就是我認為可能會發生的事情，

Because frankly,

因為坦白說，

we're kind of running out of time saving the natural world.

拯救自然世界的時間 真的所剩無幾了，

So if there was ever a moment for a Hail Mary pass in conservation,

所以要說保護環境的關鍵時刻，

I think this is it.

我認為現在就是了。

30 years ago, when my late husband, Doug Tompkins, and I

三十年前，當我已故的丈夫 道格·湯普金斯和我

began working on land conservation projects,

開始從事土地保育計畫時，

we weren't really sure what we were going to do,

我們並不確定自己要做什麼，

but we knew we would invest everything we had

但我們知道，我們將投入

in terms of our time and resources

所有時間和資源，

to slow down the freight train of development

來試圖減緩我們看到的

that we saw destroying the natural world.

破壞自然世界的發展洪流。

As climbers, ski racers, wildlife people,

作為登山者、滑雪賽手、 野生動物愛好者，

we had long begun to witness with our own eyes,

我們早已親眼目睹了這一切，

and it was time for us to react to those things

事實明白地擺在眼前，

that were oh so clear to us.

該是我們做出反應的時候了。

For the two of us,

對我們倆來說，

that meant making a 180-degree shift of our business lives.

這意味著在我們業務上 來了一個 180 度的轉變。

Doug, as the cofounder of “The North Face” and then “Esprit”

道格是「北臉」和 「Esprit」的聯合創始人，

And for me, it was retiring from Patagonia company after 25 years,

我則在帕塔哥尼亞公司 工作了 25 年，

18 of those years as CEO.

其中 18 年擔任執行長。

We moved to a roadless area at the tip of South America,

我們搬到了南美洲最南端 一個無路可通的地區，

at the foot of a very deep fjord in Chile.

位於智利的一個非常深的峽灣腳下。

We committed ourselves to saving as much wild habitat as we could,

我們致力於儘可能拯救 野生棲息地數量，

at first by simply buying land,

最初只是透過購買土地，

ultimately acquiring over two million acres

最終在智利和阿根廷

of key habitat in Chile and Argentina.

收購了超過 200 萬英畝的 關鍵棲息地。

Some of these tracks were still wild,

其中一些土地仍然是野生的，

but some were deeply degraded

但有些在經過一個世紀的過度放牧、

after a century of livestock overgrazing and deforestation

森林砍伐和其他威脅後

and other threats.

已經嚴重退化。

We formed teams on the ground and worked with communities

我們組建了實地團隊，

與地方、區域和國家政府合作，

and local, regional, national governments.

And partnering with now 12 presidential administrations in the two countries,

並與兩國的 12 屆總統政府合作，

we gave back everything that we put together

我們將所有保育土地

in terms of conservation lands

捐贈出來，

by donating them in the form of new national parks.

建立了新的國家公園。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Yes.

是的。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So far, we’ve initiated 15 new national parks,

到目前為止，我們已經開啟了 15 個新的國家公園，

protecting over 15 million acres.

保護了超過一千五百 萬英畝的土地。

We came to know, without a doubt,

我們毫無疑問地了解到，

that landscapes can recover,

景觀是可以恢復的，

even those forests, grasslands, wetlands hardest hit.

甚至是那些受打擊最嚴重的 森林、草原和濕地。

But the more we worked saving and restoring lands and seascapes,

但我們越是努力拯救 和恢復土地和海洋景觀，

the more we came to realize

我們越是意識到，

that you can't have healthy ecosystems

如果缺少關鍵物種，

if keystone species are missing.

就無法擁有健康的生態系統。

As Lois Crisler said,

正如羅伊斯·克里斯勒所說：

“Landscape without wildlife is just scenery.”

「沒有野生動物的景觀 只是一幅風景。」

And we never saw ourselves as being in the scenery business.

我們從不認為自己做的是風景的業務。

Protecting large-scale territories is essential.

保護大規模的領土是必不可少的。

You can't paint a masterpiece unless you have the canvas.

你無法在沒有畫布的情況下 創作一幅傑作。

But once the territory is secured long-term,

但一旦領土得以長期保護，

we had to commit ourselves to go beyond land conservation

我們就必須超越土地保護，

and set our goals to leaving behind fully functioning ecosystems.

將目標設定為留下 完整運作的生態系統。

Figuring out what species are missing

弄清楚有哪些消失

or whose numbers are low and fragile,

或者數量低和弱勢的物種，

and commit to bringing them back.

並盡所有努力將它們帶回來。

And that's exactly what we're doing.

這正是我們正在做的事情。

Today, Patagonia grasslands,

今天，巴塔哥尼亞草原、

temperate rainforests are safe and whole,

溫帶雨林是安全和完整的，

and nearly two million acres of wetlands have been protected.

近 200 萬英畝的濕地得到了保護。

A total of 24 native species, which were nearly extinct,

總共有 24 種原生物種幾乎滅絕，

are again roaming free and reproducing in their rightful territories,

如今牠們再次自由漫遊， 並在牠們應有的土地上繁殖，

from apex predators that influence entire ecosystems

從影響整個生態系統的頂端掠食者

to seed bearers, herbivores,

到種子攜帶者、草食動物、

smaller predators,

小型掠食者，

each playing out their essential role in the theater that we call life.

每個物種都在我們稱之為生命的舞台上 扮演著至關重要的角色。

In Chile, the population of the nearly extinct huemul deer

在智利，瀕臨滅絕的華美鹿

is no longer losing ground.

數量不再減少。

And after a century of livestock grazing in the Patagonia grasslands,

經過一個世紀的牲畜放牧， 巴塔哥尼亞草原上

which celebrated the killing of predators such as cougars and foxes,

曾被恣意捕殺的掠食者， 如美洲獅和狐狸，

they are back and they are thriving.

如今已經回來了，並且茁壯成長。

But all of this experience has shown us that this is still not enough.

但所有這些經驗告訴我們， 這還遠遠不夠。

The speed and power of the climate crisis and the extinction crisis

氣候危機和物種滅絕危機的速度和力量

demand, I think, that we change our tactics again,

需要我們再次改變策略，

and this time it's got to be on a massive scale.

而這一次必須是以巨大規模進行。

Yes, the parks offer refuge from the forces of industrialization,

是的，公園在工業化力量 之下提供庇護，

and we know ecosystems can be restored.

我們知道生態系統可以恢復。

And very importantly, we know that when people reconnect with nature,

更重要的是，我們知道， 當人們重新與自然聯繫時，

it inspires them to protect it.

他們保護自然的熱情會被激發。

But at the same time, if you think about it, parks,

但同時，仔細想想，公園，

even the massive wild parks, are islands.

即使是大型的野生公園， 實際上也是孤立的島嶼。

They're not connected.

他們沒有相連接。

And this is a huge problem

這是一個很大的問題，

because in order to survive and become resilient,

因為為了生存、為了發展韌性，

ecosystems need to be connected.

生態系統需要連結。

Sometimes extensions of territories and sometimes as stepping stones.

有時是擴展領土，有時是作為跳板。

One way or the other,

不管是哪種方式，

flora and fauna have to be able to expand over territories

動植物都必須能夠像以前一樣

as they once did.

擴展到各地。

So how is this done?

那麼這該如何實現呢？

It requires expanding strategies into the next 20 years.

這需要在未來 20 年內 發展擴展策略。

We have to reconnect the wild fabric of South America,

我們必須重新連接 南美洲的野生生態，

both from Chile and Argentina.

無論是在智利還是阿根廷。

Our 30 years of conservation work is radiating up and out now,

我們 30 年的保育工作 現在已經輻射開來，

reconnecting habitat and species back into one full continent.

重新連接棲息地和物種， 讓整個大洲成為一個完整的生態系。

Luckily, and not surprisingly,

幸運的是，不出所料，

Mother Nature has already built the literal road map

大自然母親已經為我們建好了

to make this possible.

實現這一目標的路線圖。

In Chile, this means going up the entire spine of the Andes

在智利，這意味著沿著 安第斯山脈的脊線向上，

with endangered species

隨著瀕危物種的出現，

and down the currents to Antarctica,

並且向下延伸至南極洲，

following marine wildlife systems beyond --

跟隨海洋野生生物系統，超越——

and this is the point -- human-made borders.

這是重點——人為邊界。

As an example of this in Argentina,

例如，在阿根廷，

rivers are natural wildlife bridges.

河流是天然的野生動物橋樑。

So if we protect the rivers and the land around them,

因此，如果我們保護河流 及其周圍的土地，

we create these continental-scale corridors.

我們就能創造這些洲級規模的走廊。

Think of them as wild highways.

把它們想像成野生高速公路。

In our kind of work,

在我們的工作中，

there's a saying about the role of top predators

有句話在描述頂端掠食者的角色，

that I think helps make this clearer.

我認為這可以幫助大家更清楚地了解。

In our case,

在我們的情況下，

if jaguars can expand their territory from north to south,

如果美洲虎能夠從北向南、

east to west,

從東向西擴展它們的領土，

then everybody else, animals, insects, flora, fauna,

那麼其他所有動物、昆蟲、植物、動物

can "walk under their legs."

都能「在它們的腿下穿行」。

And that's our goal.

這就是我們的目標。

So from Ibera National Park in Argentina,

因此，從阿根廷的 伊比拉國家公園開始，

we build connections across the borders in Brazil, Paraguay,

我們正在建立跨越巴西、巴拉圭、

Uruguay, Bolivia,

烏拉圭、玻利維亞邊界的連接，

and create biodiversity throughout the La Plata River basin,

並在拉普拉塔河流域、

the Yungas cloud forest,

雲加斯雲霧森林、

the Chaco forest,

查科森林

the Atlantic forest.

和大西洋森林中創造生物多樣性。

There's no question that this is a very audacious next and new step.

毫無疑問，這是一個 非常大膽的新的一步。

I'm 73,

 我已經 73 歲了，

and for the first time in my business and conservation life,

在我的事業和保育生活中，

I know I'm not going to see the end of this new story.

這是我第一次知道自己不會看到 這個新故事的結局。

But that's OK with me.

但我不在乎。

In fact, a very wise and good friend of ours, Wes Jackson,

事實上，我們一位非常聰明 且善良的朋友韋斯·傑克遜

said to us years ago,

多年前對我們說過：

"If your life's work can be accomplished in your lifetime,

「如果你的畢生志業 能夠在你有生之年完成，

you're not thinking big enough."

那你想得就不夠大。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Today, the original teams we built have become independent organizations

今天，我們建立的原始團隊 已經成為獨立的組織，

known as Fundación Rewilding Chile

分別是智利重野化基金會

and Fundación Rewilding Argentina.

和阿根廷重野化基金會。

And they are continuing this work long into the future.

他們將在未來很長一段時間內 繼續這項工作。

Sometimes people ask me what Doug would have wanted

有時候，人們會問我， 道格會希望什麼，

and what I would hope our legacy becomes.

我希望我們的留下什麼。

And I always say the same thing.

我總是說同樣的話。

As proud as we are of what we've been able to accomplish thus far,

儘管我們對迄今 所取得的成就感到自豪，

none of us spends much time looking backwards.

但我們沒有花太多時間回顧過去。

Rather, we see all the work that we've done

相反地，我們將我們所做的所有工作

as a foundation to build third, fourth generations of team leaders

視為一個基礎，為與我們有共同願景的 第三、第四代的團隊領導者

who share a common vision with us.

鋪平道路，

And that is, we refuse to accept a future without wildness,

而我們共同的願景是： 我們拒絕接受一個沒有野性、

without abundance

沒有豐富生物多樣性

and dignified human communities.

和沒有尊嚴的人類社會的未來。

So what started as a personal journey has become a journey of many.

因此，這場個人旅程 已經成為許多人的旅程。

From several dedicated individuals to whole teams,

從幾個致力於此的人到整個團隊，

generations of teams and communities

一代又一代的團隊和社群

who are joining the movement toward regenerative economies,

加入了邁向再生經濟的運動，

followed by their offspring and their descendants.

隨後是他們的後代和子孫。

And finally,

最後，

this journey is about bringing back large-scale territories,

這段旅程是關乎 恢復大規模的野生領土，

keeping them safe

保護它們的安全，

and finding the species who were long gone missing:

並找到那些早已消失的物種：

the jaguars, the huemul deer, the Andean condors,

美洲虎、華美鹿、安第斯兀鷲、

giant anteaters, pumas,

大食蟻獸、美洲獅、

Pampas deer, the bare-faced curacao,

潘帕斯鹿、裸臉咬鵑、

the Darwin’s rheas, maned wolf,

達爾文鴯鶓、鬃狼、

marsh deer, macaws, ocelots,

沼鹿、金剛鸚鵡、豹貓、

red footed-tortoises, giant river otters.

紅足龜、大河獺。

May they thrive long into the future.

願它們在未來繁榮生息。

They are the legacy long after our story is told.

它們將是我們故事講述之後 留下的遺產。

And remember,

請記住，

the first step in saving nature

拯救自然的第一步

is the rewilding of our own minds.

是重新野化我們的思想。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）