The hidden history found in your teeth | Carolyn Freiwald

Transcriber:

翻译人员: catherine poa 校对人员: Yuwei Wu

当我说“移民”这个词的时候，我希望 你们能想一下出现在你们脑海中的画面

I want you to think about the image that you see when I say one word, Migrante.

你可能想象出了在 汹涌水面的一艘挤满了人的小船，

紧抓着货运火车顶端的人群

或者正穿着破烂的鞋 横穿沙漠的人们。

这正是我们在新闻中 所一直看到的故事，

You may have pictured a crowded boat in rough waters,

people clinging to the top of a freight train or crossing

那些十分绝望的，想逃离战争， 逃离气候变化，又或是逃离贫穷的人们。

a desert wearing worn out shoes.

This is what we see in the news cycle, 24 hours, day after day, story after story,

但事实上，大部分人 移民的理由都很普通，

people who are desperate, fleeing wars, fleeing climate change, fleeing poverty.

为了更好的教育，为了更好的工作， 去寻家人或和自己所爱的人在一起。

But in reality, most people move for more common reasons to get

这其实并非新鲜事。包括我在内的 考古学家研究了人类的迁徙活动，

a good education, to find a job, to find family members or to fall in love.

发现人类成百乃至上千年来，

都在全球范围内移动着，

And this is nothing new. Archaeologists like me have been studying migration

从欧洲最早出现的农民， 到维京人，到海盗们，

and finding that people for hundreds

到罗马角斗士，甚至尼安德特洞穴人， 以及像你和我这样的人。

and even thousands of years have been moving around

the globe from Europe's earliest farmers to Vikings to Pirates,

流动性是使我们成为人类的因素之一。人们本身就是会迁徙的。

Roman gladiators and even Neanderthal cavemen and people like you and me.

我们之所以知道这些，是和你们今晚带到这里来的某样东西有关。

Mobility is one of the things that makes us human. People move.

你带着它去很多地方， 去工作，健身，睡觉，甚至去洗澡。

它不是你的手机， 也不在你的钱包或者口袋里。

And we know this because of something that you brought with you here tonight.

它就是你自己。它是你的身体 和所有的206块骨头。

You carry it with you to many places to work, to the gym, to bed,

and even in the shower. It's not your cell phone and it's not in your purse

我也把我的骨头带来了。

or your pockets. It's you. It's your body and your bones, all 206 of them.

为了避免你们没带来自己的骨头， 我们额外准备了一副。

你的骨头，哪怕只是一颗牙齿， 也会讲述你一生的故事。

I brought mine and in case for some reason you didn't bring yours along,

比如众所周知， 你的牙齿会让牙医知道很多事。

we do have an extra one here because your bones will tell

他/她能看出来你是不是使用牙线，

the story of your life, even a single tooth.

或者是否像我一样很喜欢糖果， 然后可能还因此而得了蛀牙。

And we know that teeth tell us many things for your dentist, for example.

如果我的牙医今晚在这儿的话。。。 是的，我们周一见。

He or she can see if you floss or if, like me,

我（牙齿）最近不错。除了这些， 你的牙齿还会透露一些关于迁徙的信息。

really like candy and you might end up with some cavities.

如果你的祖先是 欧洲人或者非洲人的话，

And if my dentist is here tonight, yes, I will see you Monday.

And I've been very good. But your teeth also tell you something about migration.

你用舌头贴着你的门牙后面，

这些前牙的背面会是平的。

If you take your tongue and run it along your incisors, these front teeth,

如果你感觉有点像 勺子或者铲子的形状，

你的祖先可能是美洲土著 或者是从亚洲迁徙过来的。

the back of those will be flat.

If you have European or African ancestry,

如果我们深入研究到牙髓腔，

if you feel a sort of scoop or shovel shape,

我们可以提取DNA 然后判断你的祖先是否来自埃及，

your ancestors may have been Native American or migrated from Asia.

是否来自英国，或同时来自两边。 但是我们对于你家族移民史的兴趣

If we go inside the tooth to the pulp cavity,

并不像对于你个人的那么多。

we may be able to extract the DNA and see if your ancestors came from Egypt

这时我们就需要研究到牙釉质，

or England or both. But we're not interested

看看它的构成， 以此来判断这个人是否有移居过，

as much in your family's migration history as yours.

甚至判断出是何时移居的。

这是基于一个简单的观点， 即你进食的东西构成了你。

And we're that's where we go to the tooth enamel,

what it's made out of to try and find out if a person moved

食物中所含的矿物质和化学元素， 比如钙，组成水分子的氧，

and even if when they moved.

钠，还有盐，都能告诉我们 关于你饮食的信息。

And it's based on one simple idea that you are what you eat,

所以我们可以知道 你喜欢玉米面包还是白面包，

all the minerals and the elements in the food, like calcium, oxygen,

你更喜欢猪肉还是鸡肉， 或者你是不是很喜欢吃海鲜，

which is the own H2O, sodium and salt, can tell us something about your diet.

还有其他的元素可以告诉我们 你吃的食物来自哪里，

So we know if you like cornbread or white bread, if you prefer pork,

包括硫、锶、氧，甚至铅，当然，

chicken, or if you really like seafood,

你不会想要摄入铅的。

这些元素告诉我们 你吃的食物来自哪里，

there are other elements that tell us where that food came from

据此我们可以判断 你吃这些食物的时候身处何方。

and that includes sulfur, strontium, oxygen and even lead, which of course,

这就是考古学家用来 鉴别古代迁徙的方法。

you don't want very much of.

But these tell us where the food comes from

如果我们观察牙齿的牙釉质， 比如你臼齿的牙釉质，

and that can tell us where you were when you were eating it.

And that is what archaeologists use to identify ancient migration.

就可以判断出 你在婴儿时期的居住地。

因为臼齿是和你其他乳牙 一起长出来的，

If we look inside the tooth enamel, we can see, for example, in your first molar,

也是你现在唯一还有的乳牙。

如果我们观察一下智齿， 也就是最后一颗牙齿，

this is the one that was forming along with your baby teeth,

它的釉质形态应该已经矿化了。

but it's the only one you still have.

And that tells us where you were living as an infant.

就在你进入青少年时期之前。

所以如果我们观察你的骨头， 我们就会知道你那时住在哪里。

If we look at the wisdom tooth, which is the last tooth,

the form that enamel would have been mineralized.

在那个阶段，你会形成一些新的细胞， 它们告诉了我们你在吃什么，

And just before you hit your teenage years.

So we know where you're living then. If we look at your bones.

你在做什么， 以及你过去10年的生活。

所以我们能追溯到人们的行踪。

And in that pause, you just form some new cells that's telling us what you're

我们已经通过在成百上千的个体身上

eating and what you're doing and just about the past decade of life,

观察这些来鉴别他们过去的迁徙了。

so we can really track where people moved.

所以我向你们介绍一些古代的移民。 如果我们回到过去。

And we've looked at this for hundreds

公元600年， 我们可以去 Kapone，

and thousands of individuals to identify migration in the past.

那个玛雅人过去居住的 现在被称为洪都拉斯的地方。

So I'd like to introduce you to some ancient migrants. If we go back in time.

如果我们来到大约公元400年，

Six hundred years, we can go to the city of Kapone,

我们或许可以走进一个 在很热的热带阳光

照耀下的宽阔的广场，

where the Maya people lived in what's now Honduras.

阳光照在了前面有 祭坛和雕像的亮红色建筑上。

If we came around the year 400 A.D. ,

we might have walked into broad plazas under

如果我们在合适的时间来到，

a really hot tropical sun that was shining onto bright red painted buildings

我们可能可以看到统治者 Kenichi Cookman的就职典礼的大致翻译。

that had altars and carved statues in front of them.

也就是“太阳脸”的意思。

If we'd come on the right day,

虽然与一些玛雅统治者比起来，像美洲虎暗黑儿子、 女士、伟大的头骨，他的名字并不算很好，

we might have seen the inauguration of ruler Kenichi Cookman roughly translated.

但Yash Kumar真正出色的地方 在于他建立了一个持续了超过400年的王朝。

That means faced first MCCA.

The Maya rulers had really great names for Jaguar Dark Son, Lady, Great Skull.

我们所有的关于他的描述， 就像你们看到的，都显示他穿着异国服饰。

But what was really neat about Yash Kumar is that he established

这是不属于玛雅地区，并且远在 数百英里以外的墨西哥中部人所穿的衣服，

a dynasty that lasted for more than 400 years.

And every depiction we have of him, as you see here,

所以在很长的一段时间里， 考古学家都认为这是一位外国国王，

shows him in foreign clothing.

This is what people wore in central Mexico,

which was not in the Maya region and actually hundreds of miles away.

但是通过取样他的第一颗臼齿， 智齿，牙齿和骨头，

So for a long time, archaeologists thought that this was a foreign king,

他的牙齿告诉了我们不一样的故事。 我们发现他，大概来自玛雅地区的某个地方。

but his teeth told a different story by sampling his first molar, his wisdom,

所以尽管他穿的像一个来自墨西哥的 外国人，但是他其实是一位移民，

tooth and bone. We found that he, in fact,

只不过在他定居Kapone之前， 他可能居住过很多地方。

probably came from somewhere in the Maya region.

So he was a migrant, but he may have lived in multiple places before coming to

我想到芝加哥小熊队 参加世界大赛的时候

即使人们可能从来没有去过芝加哥，

live at Kapone, even though he dressed like he was a foreigner,

但是他们会出去买小熊队的装备。 那个场景很赞。

someone from Mexico. And I was think about when the Chicago Cubs were in

但是让我带你去到另一个玛雅的城市。 这是我们文化延续的地方。

the World Series and people went out and bought Cubs gear,

even though maybe they'd never been to Chicago. It's a good look.

在2016年， 考古学家在伯利兹发现了该国

迄今为止最大的部落遗址。 Anthony Chiz 那个问题。

But let me take you to another Maya city. And this is where our culture continues.

在那个墓穴里面，有一些遗骸， 一位统治者的遗骸，

In 2016, archaeologists found the largest team ever discovered in

一些你可能在博物馆或者展览见过的

the country in Belize. That question, Anthony Chiz.

盘子，器皿的种类 以及一些猎豹的骨骸。

And inside that tomb, there was the remains, the remains of a ruler,

它们象征着王权。

这个人可能甚至 穿着美洲豹毛皮披肩，

but also gayed, the kind of plates and

the kind of vessels that you might see in a museum and Jagwar Bones,

可是Xunantunich 是个比较小的城市

which symbolize possibly royal power.

所以外国统治者的可能性比较大

This person may have actually even been wearing a Jaguar pelt cape,

但是事实上，观察DNA和牙釉质，

but she was a fairly small city.

这不是外国国王。 她是一个玛雅王后或者

So there was a possibility that this was a foreign ruler.

一些其它的本土王室。

But in fact, looking at the DNA and looking at the tooth enamel,

事实上，我们通常不会遇到 外国国王和王后。

this was no foreign king. She was a Maya queen

但是我告诉你的这个故事 是关于移民的。

or some other royalty who was probably local.

并且确实是这样，因为事实上，

迁徙的一般都是平民。每个村庄和城市里 都有高达25%的人口是移民，

We actually don't usually find foreign kings and queens.

那些迁徙的男人，女人，和小孩，

But I told you the story was about migrants.

And it is because, in fact,

有时候都是从不同的地方 移居到了这一地方。

it was the commoners who moved up to 25 percent of

the population of every village and every city consisted of migrants, men,

移民在玛雅以及很多古老文明里 似乎都很常见。

women and children who'd moved sometimes from multiple places to live in

但是我们可以来到公元1493年，

the same household. Migration seemed to be common among the Maya

当哥伦布开启他的第二次航行 来建立一个贸易基地，

and many ancient civilizations.

他留下了17艘船，1200个人， 包括贵族，牧师，

But we can move forward in time to the A14 93,

when Christopher Columbus set off on his second voyage to establish

海员和工匠来建立今天 我们所知道的伊莎贝拉，

a trading outpost, he left with 17 ships and twelve hundred men, nobility, clergy,

一个以女王伊莎贝拉名字来命名的

多米尼加共和国，或称西班牙， 这个地方就以这个名字来命名了。

sailors and craftsmen to establish what we now know is like Isabella,

事情发展的并不顺利， 食物稀缺，疾病蔓延。

named after Queen Isabella in the northern part of

the Dominican Republic, or La Spagnola, as they called it then.

哥伦布可能是没有最好的管理经验， 所以死亡率非常高。

Things were not good, food was scarce, disease was rampant in Columbus,

在20世纪80年代和90年代， 当考古学家开始

挖掘聚居地以及墓地， 他们开始想知道，

may not have been the best manager, so mortality rates were high.

船上的人都离开了吗？

And by the 1980s and 90s, when archaeologists began to excavate

包括每一个被埋在这里的人， 他们其实是居住在LA 伊莎贝拉的。

the settlement and then the cemetery, they started to wonder,

作为一个毕业生， 我的工作来的有点晚，

did the ships rosters leave?

我被分配的任务是在岛上转悠并且

Include everyone who is buried here who actually lived at LA Isabella.

尝试去收集能作为人类牙齿的？

居住在伊莎贝拉的人们， 牙釉质看起来会是什么样呢？

My job came a bit later as a graduate student when

I was tasked with going around the island to try

有一些其他人不得不去到西班牙， 但是我租了一辆车，四处转悠，

and collect samples that could serve as proxies for human teeth,

开到山里，开向河谷。

what would the enamel look like of the people who are living at Isobella?

当然，我去了1个或者2个海滩，

Someone else got to go to Spain, but I rented a car, drove around,

所有的事情都进行的很顺利，

直到最后一天我来到了 本该是一座桥的地方，在那里

went into the mountains, drove toward the river valleys.

我看到了一条河和一群牛。当时天色 正在变暗。我孤身一人。并且油量很少。

And of course, I went to a beach or two

and everything was going really well until the last day when

I came to what was supposed to be a bridge and saw a river and

在我看到一群在河对岸的 牛仔在招手之后，

a herd of cows. So it was getting dark. I was by myself. I was low on gas.

我摇下了窗户，加速前进穿过了河。

And after I saw some cowboys on the other side of

我有了样本，这是一件很棒的事， 因为这算是一些意外惊喜。

the river kind of waving their hands,

我们确实在找到了一些来自西班牙， 可能是安达卢西亚，哥伦布起航的地方

I just rolled down the window and gunned it and I made it across and I had

或者地中海地区的 其他区域的士兵和群众，

the samples, which was a good thing because there were some surprises.

但是我们也找到了一个 本地泰诺女人，

We did find soldiers and people from Spain , probably Andalusia,

一个本地人和一个来自欧洲的女人， 以及一个可能来自非洲的人，

where Columbus sailed from and maybe other parts of the Mediterranean.

如果我们能获得他的DNA 来确认是否是真的。

But we also found an indigenous Taino woman,

a local one and other women who came from Europe, and one person who,

这些人中没有人是在船员名单上的。

牙齿能告诉我们历史书遗漏的信息。

if we can get some DNA to see if this is actually true, may have been from Africa.

我们最终的故事将我们带回到 离密西西比更近的地方，

None of these people were on the ships rosters.

一个就在jackson西边的 被遗弃的墓地，

Teeth can tell us things that the history books leave out.

在那里我们能了解到关于19世纪 早期居住在这里的人的生活。

现在，他们其中一些人变得富有了。

Our final story brings us back closer to Mississippi to

如果他们结婚了，或者有小孩了，

an abandoned cemetery just west of Jackson,

where we can learn about the lives of the settlers who lived here in

他们可以拥有墓碑并在坟墓上写下 关于他们的一生的故事，

the early eighteen hundreds. Now, some of them came with wealth.

他们来自哪里， 有时甚至是他们的死因。

They could have tombstones and write the life histories

当霍乱和黄热病肆虐于这片区域时，

on their graves if they were married, whether they had children,

理查德活到了56岁， 他死于1849年。

where they came from and sometimes even how they died.

As cholera and yellow fever epidemics swept through the region,

查理短暂的一生结束于 1855年，时年29岁。

Richards lived until age 56. He died in 1849.

但是这些人是种植者，

我们知道他们带了奴役一起。 而他们又被埋在了哪里呢？

Charles had a shorter life in 1855, he'd survived only to age 29.

穷苦的农民和佃户又是什么情况呢？

在这个墓地有超过350座坟墓。

But these men were planters,

and we know that they bought enslaved people with them. Where were they buried?

所以我们决定尽我们全力 去解决这些历史司法案件

And what about the poor farmers and the sharecroppers?

以及重建当地居民的生活。

There were more than 350 graves in the cemetery.

这些人中的其中一个人， 移民中的一员，

And so we decided to do our best to solve these historic forensic cases

是一个被埋在3号坟墓的男人。 他是一个有着非洲血统的人。

and reconstruct the lives of the people who lived there.

他居住在中部地区， 死于20世纪80年代早期，

And one of these people, one of the migrants,

was a man buried in Grave three. He was of African descent.

那个是他可能年龄已经很大了。 他可能生来就是奴隶。

所以我们想知道， 他是被买到密西西比这里的吗？

He lived in the middle, maybe even old age by the time he died in

他像很多被奴役的孩子一样 是被从家里带过来的吗？

the early 1980s. He was probably born into slavery.

又或者他是在内战之后来到这里 来寻求新生活，改善家庭情况的？

And so we wonder, was he brought to Mississippi,

他和有着相似生活史的人们，

was he taken from his family like so many enslaved children were,

那些被埋在18号坟墓 和219号坟墓的移民们。

or did he come after the civil war to make a new life for himself,

refined family? He and the men with similar life histories,

他们维持了足够好的生活， 他们的家人能够给他们好的葬礼，

可能甚至是昂贵的葬礼。

migrants who are buried in Graves 18 and grave 219.

所以即使我们叫不出他们的名字，

They made a good enough living that their families were able to give them nice

我们至少能讲一些关于他们故事。

移民也是我自己故事的一部分， 我的祖父母来自德国，

burials, maybe even expensive ones.

So even if we can't say their names,

我祖父于1923年搬来和他的叔叔 以及我祖母一起居住。

we can at least tell something of their stories.

一些年后，我们才发现他们的 旅行文件和我祖母的一张照片

And migration is part of my story, too, my grandparents came from Germany,

以及一把在其中一艘大船上 被运输通过大西洋的休闲椅。

my grandpa in 1923, to join his uncle and my grandma.

A few years later, we just found their travel documents and

事实上，我们不知道 他们为什么会来这里，

但是我觉得他们跟现如今来美国的人 有着相同的理由，

a picture of my grandma and a lounge chair on one of

the big ships that sailed across the Atlantic.

因为他们有一种渴望，一种希望，

We actually don't know exactly why they came,

如果不为他们自己， 也得为他们的孩子创造更好的生活。

but I imagine it's for the same reason that people come today to

他们在芝加哥相遇，结婚并且有了 2个小男孩，其中之一就是我父亲，

the United States because they had a hunger and a hope,

if not to make life better for themselves, to do it for their kids.

我是我们家族 生活在这里的第三代移民。

They met in Chicago, got married and had two boys, one of those was my dad,

在不到10年前，我从中西部地区 移居到了密西西比地区。

I'm the third generation of my family to be here and I'm also a migrant.

所以你的家庭是否 有一个古老的移民故事，又或者，

I've come less than 10 years ago from the Midwest to live in Mississippi.

你是否通过镜子看到你自己的故事， 请记住每次你笑的时候要露出牙齿，

So whether your family has an ancient migration story or whether you look in

你是在分享你的故事。谢谢！

the mirror and see yours, remember that every time you smile and show your teeth,

you're sharing that. Thank you.