A new way to monitor vital signs (that can see through walls) | Dina Katabi

翻译人员: He Huang 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang

When I was a kid,

当我还是个孩子的时候，

I was, like many of you in this room, very much fascinated by Star Wars,

同房间里的很多人一样， 很喜欢星球大战，

and what fascinated me the most is this notion of the Force,

其中最令我着迷的， 是这个原力的概念，

this energy that connects all people and all objects

这股能量可以将所有 人和物体联系起来，

and allows you to feel people that you can't even see.

并且可以让你感受到 那些你看不见的人。

And I remember many nights, I would be sitting at home,

记得很多个深夜里， 我坐在家中，

just, like, concentrating and focusing, trying to feel the Force,

尝试集中精力去感受这股原力，

and I didn't feel anything, don't worry.

不过你们放心， 我没感受到任何东西。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And later in life, I became a scientist.

在我长大之后， 我成为了一名科学家。

I joined the MIT faculty and started working on wireless signals.

我进入了麻省理工学院， 开始无线信号方面的研究。

These are things like Wi-Fi or cellular systems,

我在像 Wi-Fi，蜂窝网络

and I did a lot of work in that domain.

这样的领域投入了很多精力。

But then, again, this Force thing kept nagging me,

但对于“原力”的念想 仍然徘徊在我的脑海中，

and at some point, I was just like,

某一天，我突然想到，

"Wait a minute, these wireless signals -- they are like the Force."

"对了，这些无线电信号， 不就像是电影中的原力吗？”

So if you think about it,

如果你思考一下，

wireless signals, they travel through space,

这些无线信号穿梭在空间里，

they go through obstacles and walls and occlusions,

它们中的一部分穿过障碍物， 墙壁和闭塞的区域，

and some of them,

另一部分

they reflect off our bodies, because our bodies are full of water,

则从我们身上反射， 因为我们身体中充满了水，

and some of these minute reflections,

有些信号在反射之后，

they come back.

又反射回来。

And if, just if, I had a device that can just sense these minute reflections,

如果，我能有一个仪器 可以捕捉到这些反射，

then I would be able to feel people that I cannot see.

那么我就能够感知到 那些我看不见的人了。

So I started working with my students on building such a device,

于是，我和我的学生们就开始 研发这样的一个仪器，

and I want to show you some of our early results.

我想给你们展示一些早期的成果。

So here, you see my student standing,

在这里，你们可以看到 我的学生站在白线圈中心，

and here is our device.

这是我们的仪器。

And we are going to put the device in the other office, behind the wall,

我们把仪器放在了 一墙之隔的另一间办公室里，

and we are going to monitor him as he moves.

我们将用仪器 来检测他的移动轨迹。

This red dot is tracking him using wireless signals.

这个红点代表无线信号 追踪到的他的位置。

And as you can see, the red dot is tracking his movements very accurately,

你们可以从屏幕上看到， 红点可以准确地展示他的运动轨迹，

purely based on how his body interacts with the surrounding wireless signals.

而这种监测完全依赖身边的 无线信号和他身体接触的情况。

Pretty accurate, isn't it?

相当准确，不是吗？

He has no wearables, nothing.

而且他的身上没有任何穿戴式设备。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Now you might be wondering,

你可能会感到好奇，

how is it possible that we can sense people

为什么我们可以完全不用 穿戴式设备，并且隔着墙

and track them, without any wearables, through walls,

来感知和追踪人体呢，

and the easiest analogy to think about is radar.

最简单的类比就是雷达。

I'm sure many of you have seen this picture.

我相信很多人都 看过这样的图片。

You transmit a wireless signal to the sky,

当你发射无线信号到空中，

it reflects off some airplane, comes back to you,

它被飞机反射回来，

and you start detecting these airplanes.

你就可以检测到飞机了。

But if it were just radar,

但如果仅仅是利用了雷达的工作原理，

then we would have this 50 years ago.

我们50年前就应该有这种技术了。

So it's not just radar.

所以我们研发的 仪器不仅仅是雷达。

There are two key differences.

它和雷达有两个关键的不同点。

So the first difference, of course --

第一个不同点，毋庸置疑，

你不能像雷达一样，随便就 向人体发射高强度的无线电波。

you can't, like radar, just blast wireless power at somebody.

You're going to fry them like if they were in a microwave.

那么做就等同于是 把人放进了微波炉。

Don't do that.

切记不要那么做。

So it means that you have to be able to deal with very weak signals,

我们面临的问题是，这个仪器 必须能接收很弱的信号，

and that means that your device has to be very sensitive.

这就意味着，这个仪器 必须非常的灵敏。

The second difference is that, unlike the sky, where it's empty --

第二个不同点，这个仪器的检测空间 不像是天空，空无一物，

if you are lucky, there is one airplane that you can catch there.

如果你很幸运，空中只有一架飞机， 你就可以轻松地跟踪到它。

Like, look at the room

但是看看现在这个房间，

and look how many objects and people there are.

有那么多人和物品。

So in indoor environments, the signal not only reflects off the person,

在一个室内的环境下， 信号不仅会被监测对象反射，

if reflects off the person, off the floor, the ceiling,

还会被地面，天花板

off other people around,

和身边的其他人反射回来，

and you get very complex reflections

仪器会接收到非常 复杂的反射信号，

where the same signal reflects off me and then off you,

因为同一个信号会在你我之间，

and then off the ceiling, then off the floor.

天花板、地面等等 物体之间来回反射。

And you have to make sense of that mess.

我们必须能够理解这杂乱的信号。

But we were lucky.

但我们还挺幸运的，

We were coming at the right time.

在万事俱备的时代开始了这项研究。

So two things helped us.

有两项技术帮助了我们。

The first thing is radiotechnologies have evolved a lot,

首先是无线电技术，

and over the last decade,

它在近十年来进化了很多，

正是得益于无线电 技术变得更加强大，

radio technology became much more powerful,

so we were able to build very sensitive radios

我们才可以制造出非常灵敏的，

that can sense weak and minute RF signals.

可以监测到极弱射频信号的仪器。

The second thing: machine learning.

第二项技术是：机器学习。

So you keep hearing about machine learning

你或许经常听到机器学习，

and there was a revolution of machine learning recently,

在近期，机器学习技术 在深度学习这方面

in deep learning,

又提升到了一个更高的层次，

and that allowed us to build machine-learning models

这使得我们有能力去建造一个

that can understand wireless signals and interpret them

可以理解并分析无线 信号的机器学习模型，

so they would know what happened in the environment.

它可以理解在特定 环境下发生了什么。

So if you think of it, the radio is like the ear of our device

所以想想看，无线电 就像是我们仪器的耳朵，

and the machine learning is like the brain,

而机器学习就像是它的大脑，

and together, they have a very powerful device.

两者的结合让仪器变得非常强大。

So what else can we sense about people using wireless signals?

那么我们还可以用这无线信号 去感知人的什么状态呢？

Sleep.

睡眠。

Sleep, actually, is something very dear to my heart,

睡眠实际上是 我尤为珍惜的事情，

because my sleep is a disaster.

因为我的睡眠状况惨不忍睹。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So one thing is when you start working on some physiological signal

当你开始研究生理信号，

and you discover that yours sucks.

会发现自己的生理状况一团糟。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So you can see why we can capture sleep,

你可以看到我们 是如何捕捉睡眠的，

because the person walks and the device sees him as he walks to bed,

因为我们的仪器可以感知 受监测的人什么时候走向了床，

when he stops tossing around in bed,

什么时候在床上停止了活动，

when he steps out of bed,

和什么时候受监测人离开了床，

and that measure of sleep is what people call actigraphy.

这种记录睡眠的方式也是 人们所说的“活动记录”。

It's based on motion.

这是一种以活动为基础的记录方式。

But it turned out that we can actually get sleep

但实际上，我们可以更加深入地

at a much more important level.

监测睡眠活动。

We can understand the change in the brain waves

我们可以通过仪器来理解

that occur during sleep.

人在睡眠时脑电波的变化。

So, many of you probably know that as we go to sleep,

很多人应该会了解， 在我们睡觉的时候，

our brainwaves change and we enter different stages:

脑电波会随着我们进入 不同的睡眠状态而改变：

awake, light sleep, deep sleep and REM, or rapid eye movement.

醒着、浅睡期、深度睡眠 和快速眼动期各不相同。

These stages are of course related to sleep disorders,

这些不同阶段的特征 不仅能反映出睡眠障碍，

but they are also related to various diseases.

更与多种不同的疾病相关联。

So for example, disturbances in REM are associated with depression.

比如说，快速动眼期存在干扰 往往与抑郁症有关。

Disturbances in deep sleep are associated with Alzheimer's.

深度睡眠期存在干扰往往与 阿兹海默症（老年痴呆症）有关。

So if you want to get sleep staging,

通常如果你想知道 自己在各阶段的睡眠状况，

today, you will send the person to the hospital,

你需要去大型医院，

they put all of these electrodes on their head,

医护人员会将很多电极 连接到你的身上，

and they ask them to sleep like that.

并且让你连着那些电极睡觉。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

这实在不是一个愉快的经历。

It's not really a happy experience.

So what if I tell you that I can do the same thing

但现在如果我告诉你， 我们可以不用在你身上贴电极

but without any of these electrodes on the person's body?

就可以监测你的各个 睡眠阶段的状况，听起来如何？

So here is our device,

这是我们的仪器，

transmitting very low power wireless signal,

它会发射低能无线信号，

analyzes the reflections using AI

并且用人工智能分析信号的反射，

and spits out the sleep stages throughout the night.

辨认出你在整晚不同的睡眠阶段。

So we know, for example, when this person is dreaming.

由此我们可以知道， 例如说这个人什么时候在做梦。

Not just that ...

不仅如此，

we can even get your breathing while you are sitting like that,

当你像画面中的人 一样坐着的时候，

and without touching you.

它可以在不接触你的状态下 监测你的呼吸。

So he is sitting and reading

你可以看到他在坐着看书，

这些曲线波动是他在吸气，呼气。

and this is his inhales, exhales.

We asked him to hold his breath,

我们让他屏住呼吸，

你可以看到信号停留 在了一个稳定的水平

and you see the signal staying at a steady level

because he exhaled.

因为他呼出了气，

He did not inhale.

没有再吸气。

And I want to zoom in on the signal.

现在我放大来看这些信号，

And this is the same signal as before.

这些是和以前一样的信号。

These are the inhales,

这些是吸气的时候，

these are the exhales.

这些是呼气的时候。

And you see these blips on the signal?

你看到这些信号上的小波动了吗？

These are not noise.

它们并不是噪音。

They are his heartbeats.

那是他的心跳。

And you can see them beat by beat.

你可以看到心脏的每一次跳动，

So I want to stop here for a moment and show you a live demo.

我想暂停一下讲解， 来给你们做一个现场演示。

Zach is going to help me with the demo,

扎克会帮助我做这个演示，

and we're going to use the device to monitor Zach's breathing.

我们将在这里直接用我们的仪器 来监测扎克的呼吸。

So this white box that you see here is the device,

这个白色的盒子里 装着我们的仪器，

and Zach is turning it on ...

扎克正在将它的电源打开，

and let's see whether he breathes well.

让我们看看他的呼吸怎么样。

So we're going to do exactly what we did in the video with the other guy,

我们正在做和之前视频中 完全一样的事情，

so the wireless signal is going through,

当无线信号传播过来的时候，

it's touching Zach's body,

会接触扎克的身体，

and it's reflecting back to the device,

然后反射回仪器中，

and we want to monitor his breathing, his inhale-exhale motion.

我们用这反射信号 来监测他的呼吸活动。

So we see the inhales, exhales --

我们可以在这儿看到他的呼吸，

so see, these ups and downs are Zach breathing.

这些上下浮动的曲线 就是扎克的呼吸。

Inhaling, exhaling.

吸气，呼气。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So, he can breathe.

看来他呼吸得不错。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Zach, can you hold your breath, please?

扎克，可以请你屏住呼吸一会儿么？

OK, so now he's holding his breath,

好的，他现在屏住了呼吸，

so you see the signal stays at a steady level,

那么你可以看到信号 停留在了一个稳定的水平，

and these are his heartbeats.

还有这些是他的心跳。

Beat, beat, beat, beat, beat.

砰，砰，砰，砰，砰。

(Applause)

（掌声）

OK, Zach, you can breathe again.

谢谢你扎克， 你可以正常呼吸了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

We don't want accidents here.

我们可不想让他在台上缺氧。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

OK, thank you.

好的，谢谢你。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So as you can see, we have this device

那么你可以看到，我们的这个仪器

that can monitor so many physiological signals for you,

可以监测很多生理信号，

and what is really interesting about this device

最特别的是，

is that it does all this without any wearables,

这个仪器不需要连接 任何配戴式设备，

without asking the person to change his behavior

也不需要让被监测者 改变他的日常行为，

or to wear anything or charge anything special.

不需要穿戴任何东西，也不需要充电。

And that got doctors very excited,

这令医生们十分感兴趣，

because doctors,

因为医生们

they always want to know more information about their patients,

一直想要了解更多 他们病人的体征信息，

particularly at home,

特别是那些患有慢性疾病的人

and this is particularly true in chronic diseases,

在家中的状态，尤其像一些肺部疾病，

like pulmonary diseases, like COPD,

比如说COPD (慢阻肺)，

or heart failure or Alzheimer's and even depression.

或是心脏衰竭，阿兹海默症， 甚至是抑郁症。

All of these chronic diseases are very important.

所有这类慢性疾病都不容忽视。

In fact -- perhaps you know --

实际上，你可能知道，

two-thirds of the cost of health care in the US

美国三分之二的医疗支出

is due to chronic diseases.

都源于慢性疾病。

But what is really interesting about chronic diseases

但慢性疾病真正麻烦的是，

is that when the person, for example,

比如说一个人的健康问题，

has a problem that leads to the hospital and the emergency room,

已经发展到需要去医院 或是急症室的时候，

this problem doesn't happen overnight.

这些疾病并不是一晚上发展出来的。

Actually, things happen gradually.

这些慢性疾病都是渐渐发展的。

So if we can monitor chronic disease patients in their home,

那么当我们可以在慢性疾病 患者家中对其进行检测，

we can detect changes in their breathing, heartbeat, mobility, sleep --

我们就可以及时发现病人在呼吸、心率、 身体机能、睡眠等方面的异常，

and we can detect emergencies before they occur

从而在紧急情况发生之前，

and have the doctor intervene earlier

尽早地通知医生进行干预，

so that we can avoid hospitalization.

这样我们就可以避免住院治疗。

And indeed, today we are working with multiple doctors

如今，我们已经在与多名医生合作，

in different disease categories.

对不同的疾病类型进行研究。

So I'm really excited

我对此真的非常兴奋，

because we have deployed the device with many patients.

因为我们已经开始使用 仪器监测很多病人了。

We have deployed the device with patients that have COPD,

比如说我们在监测慢阻肺患者，

慢阻肺是一种肺部疾病，

which is a pulmonary disease,

patients that have Alzheimer's,

阿兹海默症患者，

patients that have depression and anxiety

抑郁症与焦虑症患者，

and people that have Parkinson's.

还有一些帕金森患者。

And we are working with the doctors on improving their life,

我们在和医生们一起努力， 去了解这些疾病的成因，

understanding the disease better.

去改善这些病人的生活。

So when I started, I told you

在我演讲的最开始， 我告诉过你们，

that I'm really fascinated with Star Wars and the Force in Star Wars,

我对星球大战非常的着迷， 尤其是星球大战里的原力，

and indeed, I'm still very much fascinated,

实际上，随着我一点点长大，

even now, as a grown-up, with Star Wars,

甚至现在，我依然对其非常着迷，

waiting for the next movie.

期待着星球大战的下一部巨作。

But I'm very fascinated now and excited

但是我现在对新的原力更加着迷，

about this new Force of wireless signals,

对无线信号的力量，

and the potential of changing health care with this new force.

以及新的原力可能改变 现有医疗现状的潜力。

One of the patients with whom we deployed is actually my aunt.

现在配备有我们仪器的病人 之一是我的姑妈。

She has heart failure,

她患有心力衰竭，

and I'm sure many of you guys in the audience

我相信很多在座的听众，

have parents, grandparents, loved ones who have chronic diseases.

你们的父母，祖父母，或是 所爱之人当中有人患有慢性疾病。

So I want you to imagine with me a future

我希望让你们和我一起 想象一下这个未来，

where in every home that has a chronic disease patient,

在每一个病人的家中，

there is a device like this device sitting in the background

有这样的一个仪器

and just monitoring passively

默默地监测病人的睡眠，呼吸，

sleep, breathing, the health of this chronic disease patient,

以及身体健康状况，

and before an emergency occurs,

它可以在紧急情况发生之前，

it would detect the degradation in the physiological signal

检测到病人的生理信号的异常，

and alert the doctor

并且向医生发出预警，

so that we can avoid hospitalization.

从而避免住院治疗。

This can change health care as we know it today,

这可以大大地改善 现有的医疗状况，

improve how we understand chronic diseases

让我们对慢性疾病 有更深层次的理解，

and also save many lives.

并且救助很多的生命。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Helen Walters: Dina, thank you so much.

海伦 · 沃尔特斯： “谢谢你，迪娜。

同样谢谢你，扎克。

Thank you too, Zach.

So glad you're breathing.

很高兴看到你还在正常呼吸。

So Dina, this is amazing.

迪娜，这仪器非常的不可思议。

The positive applications are incredible.

它积极的应用前景是不可估量的。

What is the framework, though, like the ethical framework around this?

我想问一下它的框架是什么？比如说， 使用此仪器需要遵从的道德框架？

What are you doing to prevent this technology from being used

你们有什么防范措施，

for other, perhaps less positive types of applications?

去防止别人不正当地使用这仪器呢？”

Dina Katabi: Yeah, this is a very important question, of course,

迪娜 · 卡塔比：“对，这确实是 一个非常重要的问题，

就像如果有人滥用，

like, what about misuse,

or what about, I guess you could say, about the Dark Side of the Force?

或是，像黑暗原力？“

HW: Right, right.

海伦 · 沃尔特斯：“对，是的。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

DK: So we actually have technologies

迪娜：“我们实际上有开发一些技术，

that prevent people from trying to use this device

去防止任何人使用此仪器

to monitor somebody without their consent.

来监控未征得本人同意的个人。

Because the device understands space,

因为这个仪器能识别空间，

it will ask you to prove, by doing certain movements,

它会要求被监测人做出指定动作

that you have access to the space

来向仪器证明你有 在此空间活动的权限，

and you are the person who you are asking the device to monitor.

以及你愿意被此仪器监控。

So technology-wise,

所以从技术的层面来说，

we have technology that we integrate to prevent misuse,

我们有这样的技术去防止滥用，

但同时，我觉得就像其他事物一样， 需要特定的法规约束，

but also, I think there is a role for policy, like everything else,

and hopefully, with the two of them, we can control any misuse.

希望在技术和法规的双重约束下， 我们可以控制住滥用。”

HW: Amazing. Thank you so much.

海伦 · 沃尔特斯： “太好了，谢谢你。”

DK: Thank you.

迪娜：“谢谢你。”

（掌声）

(Applause)