A new way to monitor vital signs (that can see through walls) | Dina Katabi

譯者: Thomas Tam 審譯者: 易帆 余

When I was a kid,

小時候的我，

I was, like many of you in this room, very much fascinated by Star Wars,

我跟現場的大部分人一樣， 很迷《星際大戰》，

and what fascinated me the most is this notion of the Force,

尤其是「原力」的概念，

this energy that connects all people and all objects

這股能量能將人與物體做連結，

and allows you to feel people that you can't even see.

即使是看不見的人，你也能感應到。

And I remember many nights, I would be sitting at home,

我記得有好幾個晚上坐在家裡，

just, like, concentrating and focusing, trying to feel the Force,

嘗試著專注並認真感受那股「原力」；

and I didn't feel anything, don't worry.

別擔心，我甚麼也沒感受到。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And later in life, I became a scientist.

後來，我成為了一名科學家。

I joined the MIT faculty and started working on wireless signals.

加入麻省理工學院的教師行列， 開始研究無線電信號。

These are things like Wi-Fi or cellular systems,

像是 Wi-Fi 或蜂巢式系統這類科技，

and I did a lot of work in that domain.

我在那領域做了許多。

But then, again, this Force thing kept nagging me,

但「原力」這件事，一直在腦中盤旋，

and at some point, I was just like,

有些時候，我在想，

"Wait a minute, these wireless signals -- they are like the Force."

「等等，這些無線電信號， 就像是『原力』。」

So if you think about it,

各位可以想像一下，

wireless signals, they travel through space,

無線電信號可以穿透空間、

they go through obstacles and walls and occlusions,

障礙物、牆壁及遮擋物，

and some of them,

而部分無線電信號，

they reflect off our bodies, because our bodies are full of water,

會被充滿水分的身體所反射，

and some of these minute reflections,

這些微小的反射信號

they come back.

會被傳送回來。

And if, just if, I had a device that can just sense these minute reflections,

如果、要是有一個可以測量那些微小 反射無線電信號的儀器，

then I would be able to feel people that I cannot see.

就能偵測到看不見的人。

So I started working with my students on building such a device,

所以，我就開始和學生一起 建造這樣的儀器，

and I want to show you some of our early results.

我想向各位展示一些早期的成果。

So here, you see my student standing,

各位看一下，我的學生站在這裡，

and here is our device.

這邊擺了一台儀器。

And we are going to put the device in the other office, behind the wall,

我們把這個儀器擺放在 牆後的另一間辦公室，

and we are going to monitor him as he moves.

用來監視他的移動情況。

This red dot is tracking him using wireless signals.

這個紅點會跟踪他的無線電信號。

And as you can see, the red dot is tracking his movements very accurately,

如你所見，這紅點可以 非常準確地跟踪學生的動向，

purely based on how his body interacts with the surrounding wireless signals.

純粹因應他的身體與周圍 無線電信號的互動。

Pretty accurate, isn't it?

非常準確，是嗎？

He has no wearables, nothing.

身上沒有穿戴式裝置或類似物件。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now you might be wondering,

你可能會覺得奇怪，

how is it possible that we can sense people

在沒有任何穿戴式裝置的情況下，

and track them, without any wearables, through walls,

如何能穿透牆壁感應到有人的存在？

and the easiest analogy to think about is radar.

最容易想到的類比訊號就是雷達。

I'm sure many of you have seen this picture.

我確定很多人有看過這照片。

You transmit a wireless signal to the sky,

無線信號向天空發送，

it reflects off some airplane, comes back to you,

有飛機的地方，訊號會反射回來，

and you start detecting these airplanes.

如此就可以偵測到飛機。

But if it were just radar,

但如果只是雷達，

then we would have this 50 years ago.

50 年前就已經有了。

So it's not just radar.

所以這不僅僅是雷達。

There are two key differences.

其實有兩個關鍵的區別。

So the first difference, of course --

第一個區別當然是——

you can't, like radar, just blast wireless power at somebody.

你不能像雷達一般，向某人發射 強大功率的無線電波；

You're going to fry them like if they were in a microwave.

他們會像在微波爐中爆炸。

Don't do that.

不能這樣做。

So it means that you have to be able to deal with very weak signals,

意思就是要用非常微弱的信號，

and that means that your device has to be very sensitive.

而且儀器必須很靈敏。

The second difference is that, unlike the sky, where it's empty --

第二個區別是，天空的空間是空的， 但地面上就不同——

if you are lucky, there is one airplane that you can catch there.

如果你夠幸運，你可以在 天空中偵測到一架飛機。

Like, look at the room

可是，看看這個房間

and look how many objects and people there are.

有多少人和物品。

So in indoor environments, the signal not only reflects off the person,

在室內環境中，不僅是 個人會反射信號，

if reflects off the person, off the floor, the ceiling,

地板、天花板、

off other people around,

和周圍的人等，

and you get very complex reflections

都會造成複雜的反射情況，

where the same signal reflects off me and then off you,

同樣的信號會從我身上、你身上、

and then off the ceiling, then off the floor.

天花板及地板接連反射。

And you have to make sense of that mess.

你必須弄清楚這些混雜的訊號。

But we were lucky.

但我們很幸運。

We were coming at the right time.

在適當的時間點切入這領域。

So two things helped us.

以下兩點對我們很有幫助。

The first thing is radiotechnologies have evolved a lot,

首先是無線電技術的進化很快，

and over the last decade,

在過去十年，

radio technology became much more powerful,

無線電技術變得更加成熟，

so we were able to build very sensitive radios

讓我們能夠建構出收發 靈敏度高的無線電儀器，

that can sense weak and minute RF signals.

讓我們可以偵測到 細小微弱的無線電訊號。

The second thing: machine learning.

第二件事，就是機器學習。

So you keep hearing about machine learning

各位最近一直聽到機器學習，

and there was a revolution of machine learning recently,

最近深度學習

in deep learning,

發生了很大的變革，

and that allowed us to build machine-learning models

使得我們能夠開發機器學習模型

that can understand wireless signals and interpret them

來處理和解讀無線電信號，

so they would know what happened in the environment.

探知環境中發生了什麼事情。

So if you think of it, the radio is like the ear of our device

無線電收發器就像儀器的耳朵

and the machine learning is like the brain,

機器學習就是大腦，

and together, they have a very powerful device.

它們一起構成了一個高效能的儀器。

So what else can we sense about people using wireless signals?

那麼，無線電信號還能檢測出甚麼？

Sleep.

睡眠。

Sleep, actually, is something very dear to my heart,

確實，睡眠對我來說很寶貴，

because my sleep is a disaster.

因為我的睡眠品質很爛 。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So one thing is when you start working on some physiological signal

當你開始研究某些生理信號時

and you discover that yours sucks.

你會發現自己的睡眠品質有多爛。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So you can see why we can capture sleep,

你會理解為什麼我們可以 捕捉到睡眠的狀況，

because the person walks and the device sees him as he walks to bed,

因為儀器可偵測到人何時走向床邊、

when he stops tossing around in bed,

何時翻身、

when he steps out of bed,

何時下床，

and that measure of sleep is what people call actigraphy.

並透過活動記錄儀 評估該人的睡眠品質。

It's based on motion.

根據人的動作。

But it turned out that we can actually get sleep

結果我們發現，我們可以

at a much more important level.

更進一步地偵測到睡眠品質的等級。

We can understand the change in the brain waves

我們可以透過儀器，

了解腦波在睡眠期間的變化。

that occur during sleep.

So, many of you probably know that as we go to sleep,

很多人可能知道，當我們在睡覺時，

our brainwaves change and we enter different stages:

腦電在不同睡眠階段 會有不同的變化，分別有：

awake, light sleep, deep sleep and REM, or rapid eye movement.

清醒、輕度、深度睡眠 和快速動眼 ( REM )階段。

These stages are of course related to sleep disorders,

這些不同階段都與睡眠障礙有關，

but they are also related to various diseases.

亦與各種疾病相關。

So for example, disturbances in REM are associated with depression.

例如，紊亂的快速動眼階段 與憂鬱症有關。

Disturbances in deep sleep are associated with Alzheimer's.

紊亂的深度睡眠與阿茨海默症有關。

So if you want to get sleep staging,

如今，如果你想了解你的 睡眠階段狀態，

today, you will send the person to the hospital,

你要去醫院檢查，

they put all of these electrodes on their head,

他們會在你在頭上放很多電極片，

and they ask them to sleep like that.

並要求你要這樣去睡覺。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It's not really a happy experience.

這種體驗並不愉悅。

So what if I tell you that I can do the same thing

如果我告訴你，我可以在

but without any of these electrodes on the person's body?

不須要任何電極片的情況下 做同樣的事呢？

So here is our device,

這一台是我們的儀器，

transmitting very low power wireless signal,

傳輸非常低功率的無線電信號，

analyzes the reflections using AI

用人工智能分析反射回來的信號，

and spits out the sleep stages throughout the night.

檢測整個晚上的睡眠狀態。

So we know, for example, when this person is dreaming.

例如，我們可以知道， 這個人何時開始做夢。

Not just that ...

不僅如此......

we can even get your breathing while you are sitting like that,

我們還可以在不接觸的情況下，

偵測到你坐著時的呼吸狀況，

and without touching you.

So he is sitting and reading

這個人正坐著看書，

and this is his inhales, exhales.

這是他的吸氣和呼氣。

We asked him to hold his breath,

我們要求他，停止呼吸，

and you see the signal staying at a steady level

各位可以看到，信號保持穩定

because he exhaled.

因為他呼氣，

He did not inhale.

沒有吸氣。

And I want to zoom in on the signal.

我想放大信號。

And this is the same signal as before.

這與之前的信號相同。

These are the inhales,

這些是吸氣，

these are the exhales.

這些是呼氣。

And you see these blips on the signal?

各位有看到信號上的這些尖音訊號嗎？

These are not noise.

這些不是噪音。

They are his heartbeats.

是他的心跳。

And you can see them beat by beat.

有節拍的。

So I want to stop here for a moment and show you a live demo.

所以我想先暫停一下， 向各位展示活體示範

Zach is going to help me with the demo,

扎克會協助我作示範；

and we're going to use the device to monitor Zach's breathing.

我們使用一個儀器監控扎克的呼吸。

So this white box that you see here is the device,

這個白盒是儀器，

and Zach is turning it on ...

扎克會把開關打開......

and let's see whether he breathes well.

我們來看看他的呼吸如何。

So we're going to do exactly what we did in the video with the other guy,

我們會在影片中做同樣的事情，

so the wireless signal is going through,

無線信號正在穿過

it's touching Zach's body,

接觸扎克的身體，

and it's reflecting back to the device,

訊號反射回儀器，

and we want to monitor his breathing, his inhale-exhale motion.

我們想監視他的 吸氣和呼氣的動作。

So we see the inhales, exhales --

因此我們看到，

so see, these ups and downs are Zach breathing.

這些跌宕起伏，都是扎克的呼吸。

Inhaling, exhaling.

吸氣，呼氣。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So, he can breathe.

那麼，他可以呼吸。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Zach, can you hold your breath, please?

扎克，你能停止呼吸一下嗎？

OK, so now he's holding his breath,

現在他停止呼吸了，

so you see the signal stays at a steady level,

信號保持穩定水平，

and these are his heartbeats.

這些都是他的心跳。

Beat, beat, beat, beat, beat.

跳動、跳動、繼續跳動。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

OK, Zach, you can breathe again.

扎克，你可以再次呼吸了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

We don't want accidents here.

我們不想在這裡發生意外。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

OK, thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So as you can see, we have this device

如各位所見，我們的儀器

that can monitor so many physiological signals for you,

可以監控很多生理信號，

and what is really interesting about this device

這儀器有趣的是

is that it does all this without any wearables,

在不需要任何穿戴式裝置下 可以做很多事情，

without asking the person to change his behavior

也不需要受偵測的人， 改變任何行為，

or to wear anything or charge anything special.

或配戴任何特殊的充電設備。

And that got doctors very excited,

這讓醫生異常興奮，

because doctors,

因為醫生，

they always want to know more information about their patients,

總是希望能更了解病人的情況，

particularly at home,

特別是在家裡，

and this is particularly true in chronic diseases,

尤其是那慢性病，

like pulmonary diseases, like COPD,

像肺部疾病、慢性阻塞性肺病、

or heart failure or Alzheimer's and even depression.

心臟衰竭、阿茨海默症， 甚至是憂鬱症。

All of these chronic diseases are very important.

這些慢性疾病都非常重要。

In fact -- perhaps you know --

事實上，也許你知道

two-thirds of the cost of health care in the US

美國醫療保健費用有三分之二

is due to chronic diseases.

是用於治療慢性疾病。

But what is really interesting about chronic diseases

但是慢性病真正有趣的地方是，

is that when the person, for example,

當病人，比如，

has a problem that leads to the hospital and the emergency room,

有問題導致要進入醫院和急診室時，

this problem doesn't happen overnight.

那些問題不會在一夜之間發生。

Actually, things happen gradually.

事情是逐漸惡化的。

So if we can monitor chronic disease patients in their home,

因此，我們可以在 慢性病患的家中監測他們的情況，

we can detect changes in their breathing, heartbeat, mobility, sleep --

洞察他們的呼吸、心跳、 活動及睡眠的變化，

and we can detect emergencies before they occur

就能夠在緊急事故發生之前察覺，

and have the doctor intervene earlier

讓醫生能及早介入，

so that we can avoid hospitalization.

如此就可以不用住院。

And indeed, today we are working with multiple doctors

事實上，我們在不同的疾病類別上

in different disease categories.

與多名醫生合作。

So I'm really excited

因此我很興奮，

because we have deployed the device with many patients.

因為我們分發了儀器給許多病人；

We have deployed the device with patients that have COPD,

發給 COPD 也就是 慢性阻塞性肺病的患者，

which is a pulmonary disease,

patients that have Alzheimer's,

阿茨海默症患者，

patients that have depression and anxiety

及患有憂鬱和焦慮的病人，

and people that have Parkinson's.

還有帕金森症的病人。

And we are working with the doctors on improving their life,

我們協助醫生更好地掌握病情，

understanding the disease better.

進行改善病人的生活質素，

So when I started, I told you

因此，在我一開始，告訴過你

that I'm really fascinated with Star Wars and the Force in Star Wars,

我對《星際大戰》中的 「原力」非常著迷，

and indeed, I'm still very much fascinated,

沒錯，我還是相當著迷，

even now, as a grown-up, with Star Wars,

即使是現在，身為一個成年人，

waiting for the next movie.

還是很期盼下一部《星際大戰》電影。

But I'm very fascinated now and excited

但現在我非常著迷和興奮的是

about this new Force of wireless signals,

關於這種新的無線電信號「原力」，

and the potential of changing health care with this new force.

及透過其力量改變醫療保健的潛力。

One of the patients with whom we deployed is actually my aunt.

其中有分發到儀器的病人， 我的阿姨就是其中之一。

She has heart failure,

她有心臟病，

and I'm sure many of you guys in the audience

而且我相信你們當中很多人

have parents, grandparents, loved ones who have chronic diseases.

有父母、祖父母， 或是患有慢性疾病的親人。

So I want you to imagine with me a future

請和我一起想像未來，

where in every home that has a chronic disease patient,

在每個有慢性病患者的家中，

there is a device like this device sitting in the background

有一個像這樣的儀器，作為後盾，

and just monitoring passively

被動地監測

sleep, breathing, the health of this chronic disease patient,

慢性病患者的睡覺、呼吸和健康狀況，

and before an emergency occurs,

在緊急事故發生之前，

it would detect the degradation in the physiological signal

儀器會檢測出退化的生理信號，

and alert the doctor

並提醒醫生作預先處理，

so that we can avoid hospitalization.

這就可以避免住院治療的需要。

This can change health care as we know it today,

這可以改寫今天的醫療保健狀況，

improve how we understand chronic diseases

加深我們對慢性疾病的了解，

and also save many lives.

並且還可以挽救許多生命。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Helen Walters: Dina, thank you so much.

海倫‧沃爾特斯：迪娜， 非常感謝你。

Thank you too, Zach.

也謝謝你，扎克。

So glad you're breathing.

很高興你還有呼吸。

So Dina, this is amazing.

迪娜，這太棒了。

The positive applications are incredible.

這積極的應用很了不起。

What is the framework, though, like the ethical framework around this?

但使用的機制， 使用儀器的道德機制如何呢？

What are you doing to prevent this technology from being used

你要如何防止這項技術

for other, perhaps less positive types of applications?

應用在不太正面的層面上？

Dina Katabi: Yeah, this is a very important question, of course,

狄娜·卡塔碧：這當然是 一個重要的問題，

like, what about misuse,

被不當利用怎麼辦？

or what about, I guess you could say, about the Dark Side of the Force?

或者可以問，「原力」的黑暗面呢？

HW: Right, right.

沃爾特斯：對。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

DK: So we actually have technologies

卡塔碧：實際上我們有技術

that prevent people from trying to use this device

阻止人們嘗試使用此儀器，

to monitor somebody without their consent.

在未經患者本人同意之下 監測他的情況。

Because the device understands space,

因為儀器能掌握空間，

it will ask you to prove, by doing certain movements,

它要有你的准許，

that you have access to the space

才能進入某個空間，

and you are the person who you are asking the device to monitor.

而你就是儀器的監控人。

So technology-wise,

技術方面，

we have technology that we integrate to prevent misuse,

我們將防止濫用的技術 整合到系統中，

but also, I think there is a role for policy, like everything else,

但我想政策扮演同樣重要的角色， 就像其它科技一樣，

and hopefully, with the two of them, we can control any misuse.

我們希望，有了這兩方面的管制， 就能控制任何的不當使用。

HW: Amazing. Thank you so much.

沃爾特斯：很棒。非常感謝。

DK: Thank you.

卡塔碧：謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）