A new way to monitor vital signs (that can see through walls) | Dina Katabi

108,129 views ・ 2018-08-09

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:13
When I was a kid,
0
13150
1175
00:14
I was, like many of you in this room, very much fascinated by Star Wars,
1
14349
4900
00:19
and what fascinated me the most is this notion of the Force,
2
19273
4476
00:23
this energy that connects all people and all objects
3
23773
3110
00:26
and allows you to feel people that you can't even see.
4
26907
3418
00:30
And I remember many nights, I would be sitting at home,
5
30753
3088
00:33
just, like, concentrating and focusing, trying to feel the Force,
6
33865
3970
00:38
and I didn't feel anything, don't worry.
7
38624
2563
00:41
(Laughter)
8
41211
1857
00:43
And later in life, I became a scientist.
9
43092
2850
00:45
I joined the MIT faculty and started working on wireless signals.
10
45966
4713
00:51
These are things like Wi-Fi or cellular systems,
11
51184
3143
00:54
and I did a lot of work in that domain.
12
54351
2352
00:57
But then, again, this Force thing kept nagging me,
13
57489
4589
01:02
and at some point, I was just like,
14
62102
1925
01:04
"Wait a minute, these wireless signals -- they are like the Force."
15
64051
4652
01:08
So if you think about it,
16
68727
1194
01:09
wireless signals, they travel through space,
17
69945
2631
01:12
they go through obstacles and walls and occlusions,
18
72600
3480
01:16
and some of them,
19
76104
1241
01:17
they reflect off our bodies, because our bodies are full of water,
20
77369
4150
01:21
and some of these minute reflections,
21
81543
2206
01:23
they come back.
22
83773
1258
01:25
And if, just if, I had a device that can just sense these minute reflections,
23
85055
6971
01:32
then I would be able to feel people that I cannot see.
24
92050
2984
01:36
So I started working with my students on building such a device,
25
96444
3753
01:40
and I want to show you some of our early results.
26
100221
3310
01:44
So here, you see my student standing,
27
104584
2283
01:46
and here is our device.
28
106891
1977
01:48
And we are going to put the device in the other office, behind the wall,
29
108892
5610
01:54
and we are going to monitor him as he moves.
30
114526
2817
01:57
This red dot is tracking him using wireless signals.
31
117367
4079
02:02
And as you can see, the red dot is tracking his movements very accurately,
32
122760
4784
02:07
purely based on how his body interacts with the surrounding wireless signals.
33
127568
4754
02:13
Pretty accurate, isn't it?
34
133631
1704
02:16
He has no wearables, nothing.
35
136702
1873
02:18
(Applause)
36
138599
2814
02:21
Now you might be wondering,
37
141437
1745
02:23
how is it possible that we can sense people
38
143206
3182
02:26
and track them, without any wearables, through walls,
39
146412
3846
02:30
and the easiest analogy to think about is radar.
40
150282
3366
02:33
I'm sure many of you have seen this picture.
41
153672
2093
02:35
You transmit a wireless signal to the sky,
42
155789
2158
02:37
it reflects off some airplane, comes back to you,
43
157971
2968
02:40
and you start detecting these airplanes.
44
160963
2341
02:44
But if it were just radar,
45
164328
1944
02:46
then we would have this 50 years ago.
46
166296
2253
02:49
So it's not just radar.
47
169272
1706
02:51
There are two key differences.
48
171285
2190
02:54
So the first difference, of course --
49
174229
1763
02:56
you can't, like radar, just blast wireless power at somebody.
50
176016
3519
02:59
You're going to fry them like if they were in a microwave.
51
179559
2727
03:02
Don't do that.
52
182310
1150
03:04
So it means that you have to be able to deal with very weak signals,
53
184595
5065
03:09
and that means that your device has to be very sensitive.
54
189684
3126
03:14
The second difference is that, unlike the sky, where it's empty --
55
194144
4131
03:18
if you are lucky, there is one airplane that you can catch there.
56
198299
3144
03:21
Like, look at the room
57
201467
1342
03:22
and look how many objects and people there are.
58
202833
2888
03:25
So in indoor environments, the signal not only reflects off the person,
59
205745
3937
03:29
if reflects off the person, off the floor, the ceiling,
60
209706
3793
03:33
off other people around,
61
213523
2222
03:35
and you get very complex reflections
62
215769
1983
03:37
where the same signal reflects off me and then off you,
63
217776
2731
03:40
and then off the ceiling, then off the floor.
64
220531
2238
03:42
And you have to make sense of that mess.
65
222793
3169
03:47
But we were lucky.
66
227993
1849
03:49
We were coming at the right time.
67
229866
2492
03:53
So two things helped us.
68
233252
1872
03:55
The first thing is radiotechnologies have evolved a lot,
69
235148
4056
03:59
and over the last decade,
70
239228
1775
04:01
radio technology became much more powerful,
71
241027
2310
04:03
so we were able to build very sensitive radios
72
243361
3737
04:07
that can sense weak and minute RF signals.
73
247122
3357
04:11
The second thing: machine learning.
74
251725
3039
04:14
So you keep hearing about machine learning
75
254788
2000
04:16
and there was a revolution of machine learning recently,
76
256812
2961
04:19
in deep learning,
77
259797
1151
04:20
and that allowed us to build machine-learning models
78
260972
3769
04:24
that can understand wireless signals and interpret them
79
264765
3547
04:28
so they would know what happened in the environment.
80
268336
3505
04:31
So if you think of it, the radio is like the ear of our device
81
271865
3810
04:35
and the machine learning is like the brain,
82
275699
2579
04:38
and together, they have a very powerful device.
83
278302
3823
04:44
So what else can we sense about people using wireless signals?
84
284108
5023
04:50
Sleep.
85
290458
1151
04:51
Sleep, actually, is something very dear to my heart,
86
291633
2429
04:54
because my sleep is a disaster.
87
294086
1927
04:56
(Laughter)
88
296037
1348
04:57
So one thing is when you start working on some physiological signal
89
297409
3229
05:00
and you discover that yours sucks.
90
300662
2659
05:03
(Laughter)
91
303908
3095
05:07
So you can see why we can capture sleep,
92
307344
2126
05:09
because the person walks and the device sees him as he walks to bed,
93
309494
3266
05:12
when he stops tossing around in bed,
94
312784
2275
05:15
when he steps out of bed,
95
315083
1841
05:16
and that measure of sleep is what people call actigraphy.
96
316948
3698
05:20
It's based on motion.
97
320670
1254
05:23
But it turned out that we can actually get sleep
98
323087
3294
05:26
at a much more important level.
99
326405
2387
05:28
We can understand the change in the brain waves
100
328816
3564
05:32
that occur during sleep.
101
332404
1548
05:35
So, many of you probably know that as we go to sleep,
102
335403
2953
05:38
our brainwaves change and we enter different stages:
103
338380
3373
05:41
awake, light sleep, deep sleep and REM, or rapid eye movement.
104
341777
4069
05:46
These stages are of course related to sleep disorders,
105
346267
4334
05:50
but they are also related to various diseases.
106
350625
3110
05:53
So for example, disturbances in REM are associated with depression.
107
353759
5461
05:59
Disturbances in deep sleep are associated with Alzheimer's.
108
359718
3928
06:04
So if you want to get sleep staging,
109
364614
2539
06:07
today, you will send the person to the hospital,
110
367177
2310
06:09
they put all of these electrodes on their head,
111
369511
2554
06:12
and they ask them to sleep like that.
112
372089
1830
06:13
(Laughter)
113
373943
2060
06:16
It's not really a happy experience.
114
376027
2935
06:20
So what if I tell you that I can do the same thing
115
380155
2936
06:23
but without any of these electrodes on the person's body?
116
383115
3167
06:27
So here is our device,
117
387596
1872
06:29
transmitting very low power wireless signal,
118
389492
2762
06:32
analyzes the reflections using AI
119
392278
2112
06:34
and spits out the sleep stages throughout the night.
120
394414
3166
06:38
So we know, for example, when this person is dreaming.
121
398647
3582
06:44
Not just that ...
122
404333
1150
06:46
we can even get your breathing while you are sitting like that,
123
406691
3087
06:49
and without touching you.
124
409802
1573
06:51
So he is sitting and reading
125
411399
1602
06:53
and this is his inhales, exhales.
126
413025
2945
06:55
We asked him to hold his breath,
127
415994
1991
06:58
and you see the signal staying at a steady level
128
418009
2866
07:00
because he exhaled.
129
420899
1151
07:02
He did not inhale.
130
422074
1150
07:05
And I want to zoom in on the signal.
131
425279
2484
07:07
And this is the same signal as before.
132
427787
2063
07:09
These are the inhales,
133
429874
1681
07:11
these are the exhales.
134
431579
1644
07:13
And you see these blips on the signal?
135
433247
2087
07:15
These are not noise.
136
435358
1311
07:17
They are his heartbeats.
137
437159
1779
07:19
And you can see them beat by beat.
138
439971
1801
07:23
So I want to stop here for a moment and show you a live demo.
139
443439
4221
07:27
Zach is going to help me with the demo,
140
447684
2071
07:29
and we're going to use the device to monitor Zach's breathing.
141
449779
4755
07:35
So this white box that you see here is the device,
142
455272
3768
07:39
and Zach is turning it on ...
143
459064
2341
07:43
and let's see whether he breathes well.
144
463581
2541
07:46
So we're going to do exactly what we did in the video with the other guy,
145
466146
4602
07:50
so the wireless signal is going through,
146
470772
2691
07:53
it's touching Zach's body,
147
473487
1650
07:55
and it's reflecting back to the device,
148
475161
2223
07:57
and we want to monitor his breathing, his inhale-exhale motion.
149
477408
3371
08:00
So we see the inhales, exhales --
150
480803
2523
08:03
so see, these ups and downs are Zach breathing.
151
483350
4373
08:10
Inhaling, exhaling.
152
490191
2151
08:12
(Applause)
153
492366
5602
08:17
So, he can breathe.
154
497992
2152
08:20
(Laughter)
155
500168
1421
08:21
Zach, can you hold your breath, please?
156
501613
2198
08:25
OK, so now he's holding his breath,
157
505216
3063
08:28
so you see the signal stays at a steady level,
158
508303
2254
08:30
and these are his heartbeats.
159
510581
1626
08:32
Beat, beat, beat, beat, beat.
160
512231
3476
08:35
(Applause)
161
515731
1001
08:36
OK, Zach, you can breathe again.
162
516756
2167
08:38
(Laughter)
163
518947
1889
08:40
We don't want accidents here.
164
520860
1420
08:42
(Laughter)
165
522304
1001
08:43
OK, thank you.
166
523329
1150
08:45
(Applause)
167
525756
5936
08:51
So as you can see, we have this device
168
531716
2761
08:54
that can monitor so many physiological signals for you,
169
534501
3540
08:58
and what is really interesting about this device
170
538065
2960
09:01
is that it does all this without any wearables,
171
541049
2563
09:03
without asking the person to change his behavior
172
543636
2698
09:06
or to wear anything or charge anything special.
173
546358
2492
09:09
And that got doctors very excited,
174
549739
2968
09:12
because doctors,
175
552731
1151
09:13
they always want to know more information about their patients,
176
553906
2957
09:16
particularly at home,
177
556887
1170
09:18
and this is particularly true in chronic diseases,
178
558081
2634
09:20
like pulmonary diseases, like COPD,
179
560739
4155
09:24
or heart failure or Alzheimer's and even depression.
180
564918
4524
09:29
All of these chronic diseases are very important.
181
569466
2317
09:31
In fact -- perhaps you know --
182
571807
2468
09:34
two-thirds of the cost of health care in the US
183
574299
2880
09:37
is due to chronic diseases.
184
577203
1984
09:39
But what is really interesting about chronic diseases
185
579545
2531
09:42
is that when the person, for example,
186
582100
1820
09:43
has a problem that leads to the hospital and the emergency room,
187
583944
4737
09:48
this problem doesn't happen overnight.
188
588705
2315
09:51
Actually, things happen gradually.
189
591044
2079
09:53
So if we can monitor chronic disease patients in their home,
190
593147
3722
09:56
we can detect changes in their breathing, heartbeat, mobility, sleep --
191
596893
4261
10:01
and we can detect emergencies before they occur
192
601178
4182
10:05
and have the doctor intervene earlier
193
605384
2317
10:07
so that we can avoid hospitalization.
194
607725
2063
10:10
And indeed, today we are working with multiple doctors
195
610645
4102
10:14
in different disease categories.
196
614771
1959
10:16
So I'm really excited
197
616754
1183
10:17
because we have deployed the device with many patients.
198
617961
2684
10:20
We have deployed the device with patients that have COPD,
199
620669
3332
10:24
which is a pulmonary disease,
200
624025
1507
10:25
patients that have Alzheimer's,
201
625556
2055
10:27
patients that have depression and anxiety
202
627635
2293
10:29
and people that have Parkinson's.
203
629952
1715
10:32
And we are working with the doctors on improving their life,
204
632798
2883
10:35
understanding the disease better.
205
635705
1841
10:38
So when I started, I told you
206
638718
2571
10:41
that I'm really fascinated with Star Wars and the Force in Star Wars,
207
641313
5420
10:46
and indeed, I'm still very much fascinated,
208
646757
3326
10:50
even now, as a grown-up, with Star Wars,
209
650107
2006
10:52
waiting for the next movie.
210
652137
2295
10:54
But I'm very fascinated now and excited
211
654456
5269
10:59
about this new Force of wireless signals,
212
659749
3798
11:03
and the potential of changing health care with this new force.
213
663571
4006
11:07
One of the patients with whom we deployed is actually my aunt.
214
667601
2944
11:10
She has heart failure,
215
670569
2151
11:12
and I'm sure many of you guys in the audience
216
672744
3708
11:16
have parents, grandparents, loved ones who have chronic diseases.
217
676476
4688
11:21
So I want you to imagine with me a future
218
681188
2858
11:24
where in every home that has a chronic disease patient,
219
684070
2882
11:26
there is a device like this device sitting in the background
220
686976
3125
11:30
and just monitoring passively
221
690125
2365
11:32
sleep, breathing, the health of this chronic disease patient,
222
692514
4666
11:37
and before an emergency occurs,
223
697204
2124
11:39
it would detect the degradation in the physiological signal
224
699352
3023
11:42
and alert the doctor
225
702399
1500
11:43
so that we can avoid hospitalization.
226
703923
2063
11:46
This can change health care as we know it today,
227
706652
3127
11:49
improve how we understand chronic diseases
228
709803
3000
11:52
and also save many lives.
229
712827
1769
11:54
Thank you.
230
714898
1151
11:56
(Applause)
231
716073
5134
12:01
Helen Walters: Dina, thank you so much.
232
721231
1887
12:03
Thank you too, Zach.
233
723142
1151
12:04
So glad you're breathing.
234
724317
1311
12:05
So Dina, this is amazing.
235
725652
2697
12:08
The positive applications are incredible.
236
728373
3028
12:11
What is the framework, though, like the ethical framework around this?
237
731425
3995
12:15
What are you doing to prevent this technology from being used
238
735444
2880
12:18
for other, perhaps less positive types of applications?
239
738348
3769
12:22
Dina Katabi: Yeah, this is a very important question, of course,
240
742141
3055
12:25
like, what about misuse,
241
745220
1169
12:26
or what about, I guess you could say, about the Dark Side of the Force?
242
746413
3622
12:30
HW: Right, right.
243
750059
1174
12:31
(Laughter)
244
751257
2087
12:33
DK: So we actually have technologies
245
753368
3499
12:36
that prevent people from trying to use this device
246
756891
4277
12:41
to monitor somebody without their consent.
247
761192
2354
12:43
Because the device understands space,
248
763570
2253
12:45
it will ask you to prove, by doing certain movements,
249
765847
3421
12:49
that you have access to the space
250
769292
1755
12:51
and you are the person who you are asking the device to monitor.
251
771071
3300
12:54
So technology-wise,
252
774395
2190
12:56
we have technology that we integrate to prevent misuse,
253
776609
3388
13:00
but also, I think there is a role for policy, like everything else,
254
780021
3890
13:03
and hopefully, with the two of them, we can control any misuse.
255
783935
5436
13:09
HW: Amazing. Thank you so much.
256
789395
1557
13:10
DK: Thank you.
257
790976
1151
13:12
(Applause)
258
792151
3769
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7