A new way to monitor vital signs (that can see through walls) | Dina Katabi

108,007 views ・ 2018-08-09

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Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:13
When I was a kid,
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I was, like many of you in this room, very much fascinated by Star Wars,
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and what fascinated me the most is this notion of the Force,
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this energy that connects all people and all objects
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and allows you to feel people that you can't even see.
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And I remember many nights, I would be sitting at home,
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just, like, concentrating and focusing, trying to feel the Force,
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and I didn't feel anything, don't worry.
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(Laughter)
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And later in life, I became a scientist.
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I joined the MIT faculty and started working on wireless signals.
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These are things like Wi-Fi or cellular systems,
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and I did a lot of work in that domain.
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But then, again, this Force thing kept nagging me,
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and at some point, I was just like,
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"Wait a minute, these wireless signals -- they are like the Force."
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So if you think about it,
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wireless signals, they travel through space,
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they go through obstacles and walls and occlusions,
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and some of them,
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they reflect off our bodies, because our bodies are full of water,
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and some of these minute reflections,
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they come back.
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And if, just if, I had a device that can just sense these minute reflections,
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then I would be able to feel people that I cannot see.
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So I started working with my students on building such a device,
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and I want to show you some of our early results.
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So here, you see my student standing,
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and here is our device.
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And we are going to put the device in the other office, behind the wall,
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and we are going to monitor him as he moves.
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This red dot is tracking him using wireless signals.
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And as you can see, the red dot is tracking his movements very accurately,
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purely based on how his body interacts with the surrounding wireless signals.
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Pretty accurate, isn't it?
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He has no wearables, nothing.
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(Applause)
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Now you might be wondering,
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how is it possible that we can sense people
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and track them, without any wearables, through walls,
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and the easiest analogy to think about is radar.
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I'm sure many of you have seen this picture.
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You transmit a wireless signal to the sky,
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it reflects off some airplane, comes back to you,
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and you start detecting these airplanes.
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But if it were just radar,
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then we would have this 50 years ago.
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So it's not just radar.
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There are two key differences.
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So the first difference, of course --
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you can't, like radar, just blast wireless power at somebody.
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You're going to fry them like if they were in a microwave.
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Don't do that.
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So it means that you have to be able to deal with very weak signals,
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and that means that your device has to be very sensitive.
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The second difference is that, unlike the sky, where it's empty --
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if you are lucky, there is one airplane that you can catch there.
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Like, look at the room
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and look how many objects and people there are.
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So in indoor environments, the signal not only reflects off the person,
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if reflects off the person, off the floor, the ceiling,
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off other people around,
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and you get very complex reflections
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where the same signal reflects off me and then off you,
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and then off the ceiling, then off the floor.
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And you have to make sense of that mess.
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But we were lucky.
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We were coming at the right time.
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So two things helped us.
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The first thing is radiotechnologies have evolved a lot,
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and over the last decade,
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radio technology became much more powerful,
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so we were able to build very sensitive radios
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that can sense weak and minute RF signals.
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The second thing: machine learning.
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So you keep hearing about machine learning
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and there was a revolution of machine learning recently,
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in deep learning,
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and that allowed us to build machine-learning models
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that can understand wireless signals and interpret them
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so they would know what happened in the environment.
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So if you think of it, the radio is like the ear of our device
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and the machine learning is like the brain,
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and together, they have a very powerful device.
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So what else can we sense about people using wireless signals?
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Sleep.
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Sleep, actually, is something very dear to my heart,
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because my sleep is a disaster.
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(Laughter)
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So one thing is when you start working on some physiological signal
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and you discover that yours sucks.
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(Laughter)
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So you can see why we can capture sleep,
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because the person walks and the device sees him as he walks to bed,
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when he stops tossing around in bed,
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when he steps out of bed,
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and that measure of sleep is what people call actigraphy.
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It's based on motion.
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But it turned out that we can actually get sleep
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at a much more important level.
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We can understand the change in the brain waves
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that occur during sleep.
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So, many of you probably know that as we go to sleep,
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our brainwaves change and we enter different stages:
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awake, light sleep, deep sleep and REM, or rapid eye movement.
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These stages are of course related to sleep disorders,
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but they are also related to various diseases.
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So for example, disturbances in REM are associated with depression.
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Disturbances in deep sleep are associated with Alzheimer's.
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So if you want to get sleep staging,
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today, you will send the person to the hospital,
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they put all of these electrodes on their head,
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and they ask them to sleep like that.
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(Laughter)
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It's not really a happy experience.
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So what if I tell you that I can do the same thing
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but without any of these electrodes on the person's body?
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So here is our device,
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transmitting very low power wireless signal,
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analyzes the reflections using AI
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and spits out the sleep stages throughout the night.
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So we know, for example, when this person is dreaming.
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Not just that ...
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we can even get your breathing while you are sitting like that,
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and without touching you.
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So he is sitting and reading
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and this is his inhales, exhales.
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We asked him to hold his breath,
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and you see the signal staying at a steady level
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because he exhaled.
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He did not inhale.
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And I want to zoom in on the signal.
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And this is the same signal as before.
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These are the inhales,
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these are the exhales.
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And you see these blips on the signal?
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These are not noise.
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They are his heartbeats.
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And you can see them beat by beat.
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So I want to stop here for a moment and show you a live demo.
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Zach is going to help me with the demo,
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and we're going to use the device to monitor Zach's breathing.
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So this white box that you see here is the device,
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and Zach is turning it on ...
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and let's see whether he breathes well.
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So we're going to do exactly what we did in the video with the other guy,
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so the wireless signal is going through,
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it's touching Zach's body,
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and it's reflecting back to the device,
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and we want to monitor his breathing, his inhale-exhale motion.
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So we see the inhales, exhales --
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so see, these ups and downs are Zach breathing.
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Inhaling, exhaling.
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(Applause)
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So, he can breathe.
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(Laughter)
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Zach, can you hold your breath, please?
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OK, so now he's holding his breath,
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so you see the signal stays at a steady level,
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and these are his heartbeats.
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Beat, beat, beat, beat, beat.
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(Applause)
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OK, Zach, you can breathe again.
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(Laughter)
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We don't want accidents here.
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(Laughter)
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OK, thank you.
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(Applause)
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So as you can see, we have this device
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that can monitor so many physiological signals for you,
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and what is really interesting about this device
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is that it does all this without any wearables,
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without asking the person to change his behavior
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or to wear anything or charge anything special.
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And that got doctors very excited,
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because doctors,
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they always want to know more information about their patients,
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particularly at home,
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and this is particularly true in chronic diseases,
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like pulmonary diseases, like COPD,
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or heart failure or Alzheimer's and even depression.
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All of these chronic diseases are very important.
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In fact -- perhaps you know --
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two-thirds of the cost of health care in the US
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is due to chronic diseases.
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But what is really interesting about chronic diseases
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is that when the person, for example,
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has a problem that leads to the hospital and the emergency room,
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this problem doesn't happen overnight.
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Actually, things happen gradually.
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So if we can monitor chronic disease patients in their home,
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we can detect changes in their breathing, heartbeat, mobility, sleep --
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and we can detect emergencies before they occur
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and have the doctor intervene earlier
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so that we can avoid hospitalization.
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And indeed, today we are working with multiple doctors
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in different disease categories.
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So I'm really excited
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because we have deployed the device with many patients.
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We have deployed the device with patients that have COPD,
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which is a pulmonary disease,
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patients that have Alzheimer's,
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patients that have depression and anxiety
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and people that have Parkinson's.
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And we are working with the doctors on improving their life,
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understanding the disease better.
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So when I started, I told you
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that I'm really fascinated with Star Wars and the Force in Star Wars,
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and indeed, I'm still very much fascinated,
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even now, as a grown-up, with Star Wars,
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waiting for the next movie.
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But I'm very fascinated now and excited
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about this new Force of wireless signals,
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and the potential of changing health care with this new force.
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One of the patients with whom we deployed is actually my aunt.
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She has heart failure,
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and I'm sure many of you guys in the audience
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have parents, grandparents, loved ones who have chronic diseases.
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So I want you to imagine with me a future
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where in every home that has a chronic disease patient,
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there is a device like this device sitting in the background
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and just monitoring passively
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sleep, breathing, the health of this chronic disease patient,
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and before an emergency occurs,
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it would detect the degradation in the physiological signal
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and alert the doctor
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so that we can avoid hospitalization.
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This can change health care as we know it today,
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improve how we understand chronic diseases
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and also save many lives.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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Helen Walters: Dina, thank you so much.
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Thank you too, Zach.
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So glad you're breathing.
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So Dina, this is amazing.
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The positive applications are incredible.
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What is the framework, though, like the ethical framework around this?
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What are you doing to prevent this technology from being used
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for other, perhaps less positive types of applications?
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Dina Katabi: Yeah, this is a very important question, of course,
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like, what about misuse,
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or what about, I guess you could say, about the Dark Side of the Force?
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HW: Right, right.
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(Laughter)
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DK: So we actually have technologies
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that prevent people from trying to use this device
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to monitor somebody without their consent.
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Because the device understands space,
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it will ask you to prove, by doing certain movements,
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that you have access to the space
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and you are the person who you are asking the device to monitor.
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So technology-wise,
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we have technology that we integrate to prevent misuse,
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but also, I think there is a role for policy, like everything else,
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and hopefully, with the two of them, we can control any misuse.
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HW: Amazing. Thank you so much.
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DK: Thank you.
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(Applause)
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