The Incredible Cancer-Detecting Potential of Photoacoustic Imaging | Lei Li | TED

Prevodilac: Milana Popara Lektor: Milenka Okuka

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths globally.

Rak dojke je jedan od najsmrtonosnijih na svetu.

About one in eight US women will develop invasive breast cancer

Jedna od osam žena u SAD-u dobije invazivni rak dojke u toku života.

over the course of their lifetime.

And globally, millions of women suffer from breast cancer every year.

A širom sveta, milioni žena pate od raka dojke svake godine.

But it is quite treatable if detected early.

Ako se pak detektuje na vreme, prilično je izlečiv.

Right now, actually, mammography is the gold standard

Tretnutno je mamografija zlatni standard

for breast cancer diagnosis.

za dijagnozu raka dojke.

But mammography has a 10 percent chance of missed detection.

Međutim, šansa da mamografija ne detektuje rak iznosi 10%.

Thousands of lives could be lost each year

Hiljade života mogu biti izgubljeni svake godine

because of this 10 percent.

zbog tih 10%.

Today, I’m going to introduce a new technology:

Danas ću da predstavim novu tehnologiju:

photoacoustic imaging.

fotoakustično slikanje.

As you can see,

Kao što vidite,

it provides a much clearer image,

daje mnogo jasniju sliku,

leading to a more accurate diagnosis.

što vodi ka znatno preciznijoj dijagnozi.

It will be affordable, just like an ultrasound scan.

Biće pristupačna poput ultrazvučnog skena.

It's painless and fast,

Bezbolna je i brza,

taking only 15 seconds to scan the entire breast in 3D.

i potrebno je svega 15 sekundi da se cela dojka skenira u 3D rezoluciji.

And immediate results will be delivered to the patients.

Rezultati skena su odmah dostupni pacijentu.

Beyond breast imaging,

Osim slikanja dojki,

this technology will broadly transform how we see inside our bodies --

ova tehnologija će uveliko transformisati način na koji gledamo unutar naših tela,

and, maybe one day, even allow us to diagnose cancer

i možda će jednog dana da nam omogući da dijagnostikujemo rak

via a wearable watch-like device

uz pomoć nosivog uređaja nalik satu

that monitors circulating tumor cells.

koji prati cirkulišuće ćelije raka.

So what is photoacoustic imaging?

Šta je fotoakustično slikanje?

Based on a photoacoustic effect,

Bazira se na fotoakustičnom efektu,

it is a conversion of light energy into sound energy.

tj. konverziji svetlosnih u zvučne talase.

We shot a gentle laser pulse onto the tissue.

Tkivo se ozrači blagim laserskim pulsom.

The light is absorbed, raising its temperature a bit.

Svetlost lasera se apsorbuje, čime se temperatura tkiva povisi.

The rise in temperature leads to a tiny fraction of volume expansion,

Porast temperature vodi ka malom povećanju zapremine tkiva,

which, in turn, generates acoustic waves.

što vodi ka stvaranju zvučnih talasa.

Sensors process those sound signals,

Senzori dalje obrade ove zvučne signale,

resulting in a high-resolution image

što daje sliku visoke rezolucije,

whose level of clarity and detail far surpasses

čiji stepen jasnoće i detalja nadaleko prevazilazi

what you've got with traditional CT scans or ultrasound.

trenutne mogućnosti tradicionalnog CT skena ili ultrazvuka.

Now, about me.

A sada malo o meni.

I started out in industrial optics,

Počeo sam da radim u oblasti industrijske optike,

but changed direction

ali sam promenio oblast

after my grandparents died of cancer and stroke.

nakon što su mi bake i dede umrli od raka i moždanog udara.

I realized that we needed better imaging technology

Shvatio sam da ono što nam je potrebno je bolja tehnologija za slikanje,

to aid early diagnosis

koja bi pomogla u ranoj dijagnozi

and to provide a better understanding of the diseases.

i omogućila bolje razumevanje bolesti.

So I decided to devote myself to biomedical optical imaging.

Stoga sam oglučio da se posvetim biomedicinskom optičkom slikanju.

I now research and develop next generation medical imaging

Sada istražujem i razvijam novu generaciju tehnologije za medicinsko slikanje,

with applications ranging from diagnosing cancer

čija aplikacija seže od dijagnostikovanja raka

to mapping brain functions

do mapiranja moždanih funkcija

and navigating medical micro robots for drug delivery.

i navigacije medicinskih mikrorobota za dostavu lekova.

Here are some examples showing what we can do.

Ovo su neki od primera šta možemo da uradimo.

Take this mouse.

Uzmite za primer ovog miša.

The mouse has been virtually sliced into 600 pieces from head to toe.

Ovaj miš je virtuelno isečen u 600 komada od glave do prstiju.

It took only 12 seconds to complete the whole body scan.

Bilo je potrebno svega 12 sekundi da bi celo telo bilo skenirano.

It looks a little like a mouse carpaccio.

Izgleda kao karpačo od miša.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But don't worry, no mice were hurt during the imaging.

Ali ne brinite se, nijedan miš nije povređen u toku slikanja.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

In this next video,

U sledećem videu,

we hold the animal, another mouse, in position to image its liver.

držimo životinju, drugog miša, u poziciji kako bismo slikali njegovu jetru.

The liver has a lot of blood vessels inside.

Jetra sadrži mnogo krvnih sudova.

You can see them as a tree-like network.

Izgledaju poput mreže korenja drveća.

Because our imaging exposure time is too short, only 15 microseconds,

Pošto je ekspozicija u toku slikanja prekratka, svega 15 mikrosekundi,

there is no blur at all,

slika nije zamućena

despite the movement of the animal during the imaging.

uprokos mrdanju životinje u toku procesa slikanja.

The mouse is breathing normally,

Miš diše normalno,

and every frame in our video is clear.

i svaki deo snimka je jasan.

With each slice we can clearly see the internal structure

Sa svakim presekom možemo jasno videti unutrašnju strukturu

and the blood vessel network.

i mrežu krvnih sudova.

This enables us to differentiate a tumor from normal tissue.

Ovo nam omogućuje da razlikujemo zdravo tkivo od tumorskog tkiva.

The light dose we use is well below the safety limit,

Količina svetlosti koju koristimo je znatno ispod sigurnosne granice,

and we don't need to inject any contrast agents.

i ne postoji potreba da se ubrizgaju bilo kakva sredstva za kontrast.

It is totally non-invasive.

Metoda je potpuno neinvazivna.

Now, for an example, that is a little closer to home.

A sada jedan primer koji name je malo bliži.

This is a side by side comparison of human brain images.

Ovo je poredbeni prikaz slika ljudskog mozga.

On the left, you see an image from an MRI.

Sa leve strane možete da vidite sliku dobijenu pomoću magnetne rezonance.

On the right, from photoacoustic imaging.

Desno je slika dobijena pomoću fotoakustične metode.

Photoacoustic imaging can reveal detailed vasculature,

Metoda fotoakustičnog slikanja može da otkrije detaljnu vaskulaturu,

but with even faster detection of the brain functions

ali i sa čak bržom detekcijom moždanih funkcija

and without using the costly high-magnetic field.

i bez korišćenja skupog magneta.

What you are seeing here is the brain's activity,

Ono što sada vidite je aktivnost mozga,

where a patient, now a human this time,

gde pacijent, u ovom slučaju čovek,

taps his finger, puckers his lips,

kuca prstom, skuplja usne,

taps his tongue and is listening and thinking of words.

mrda jezikom, te sluša i razmišlja o rečima.

Although I don't have a visual for it, I'd like to share one more example.

Iako nemam ilustraciju, hteo bih da podelim još jedan primer.

In science fiction,

U naučnoj fantastici,

micro robots enter our bodies to cure diseases

mikroroboti ulaze u naša tela da izleče bolesti

in hard-to-reach areas.

u teško dostupnim delovima tela.

However, in reality,

S druge strane, u realnosti,

locating, guiding and controlling them inside of the body is a big challenge.

lociranje, navigacija i njihova kontrola unutar tela je veliki izazov.

Just like the satellites in space guiding cars to their destinations,

Poput satelita u svemiru koji navode automobile ka njihovoj destinaciji,

a photoacoustic imaging system outside the body

metoda fotoakustičnog slikanja van tela

can serve similarly as a GPS for the micro robots.

može da služi poput dži-pi-es sistema za navigaciju mikrorobota.

Biomedical optics has come a long way.

Biomedicinska optika ima veliku istoriju.

The microscope used every day in modern medical diagnosis

Mikroskop koji se koristi svaki dan u modernoj medicinskoj dijagnozi,

was invented in the 17th century,

izumljen je u 17. veku,

which revolutionized 19th century medicine by letting us see into a cell.

a unapredio je medicinu 19. veka time što je omogućio da gledamo unutar ćelije.

Then, optical coherence tomography developed in 1990s

Zatim, tomografija optičke koherencije, razvijena 1990-ih,

increased optical penetration to 1 millimeter,

povećala je optičko prodiranje do 1 mm,

bringing huge benefits to clinical care for skin and eyes.

što je donelo velike pogodnosti kliničkim tretmanima kože i očiju.

Now, photoacoustic imaging,

Fotoakustično slikanje,

first adopted for medical use in the 2000s,

prvi put primenjeno u medicinske svrhe u toku 2000-ih,

allows us to see even more,

omogućuje nam da vidimo još više,

allowing penetration by another order of magnitude,

jer omogućuje prodiranje za još jedan red veličine,

to several centimeters,

nekoliko centimetara,

allowing organ-level in vivo human imaging.

što omogućuje in-vivo slikanje ljudskih organa.

Photoacoustic imaging is a highly-active and a fast-growing research field.

Fotoakustično slikanje je veoma aktivna oblast istraživanja koja se brzo razvija.

Using microwaves instead of light,

Koristeći mikrotalase umesto vidljive svetlosti,

this imaging method holds promises for whole body penetration in humans

ova metoda slikanja daje nadu da će biti moguće prodreti u celo ljudsko telo

in the future.

u budućnosti.

We are hoping that the further advancement of this technology

Nadamo se da će budući razvoj ove tehnologije

will aid early diagnosis of cancer and brain diseases,

omogućiti ranu dijagnozu raka i moždanih oboljenja,

ultimately benefiting global health.

što bi dovelo do globalnog poboljšanja zdravlja.

I hope you all can share my excitement over this fast-growing field

Nadam se da ste svi vi jednako uzbuđeni poput mene zbog ove oblasti u razvoju

and hope you'll join us in advancing the technology.

i nadam se da ćete nam se pridružiti u unapređivanju ove tehnologije.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)