A New Understanding of Human History and the Roots of Inequality | David Wengrow | TED

388,067 views

2022-07-26 ・ TED


New videos

A New Understanding of Human History and the Roots of Inequality | David Wengrow | TED

388,067 views ・ 2022-07-26

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:04
In the summer of 2014,
0
4334
2794
U leto 2014,
00:07
I was in Iraqi Kurdistan with a small team of archaeologists,
1
7128
5798
bio sam u Iračkom Kurdistanu sa malom ekipom arheologa,
00:12
finishing a season of field excavations near the border town of Halabja.
2
12926
5172
završavali smo sezonu iskopavanja na terenu blizu pograničnog grada Halabdže.
00:18
Our project was looking into something which has puzzled and intrigued me
3
18932
5797
Naš projekat je istraživao nešto što me je zbunjivalo i intrigiralo
00:24
ever since I began studying archeology.
4
24729
3045
još otkad sam počeo da izučavam arheologiju.
00:28
We're taught to believe that thousands of years ago,
5
28233
3170
Naučeni smo da verujemo da je pre više hiljada godina
00:31
when our ancestors first invented agriculture
6
31444
3629
kada su naši preci tek izumeli zemljoradnju
00:35
in that part of the world,
7
35073
1710
u tom delu sveta,
00:36
that it set in motion a chain of consequences
8
36783
3253
to pokrenulo lanac posledica
00:40
that would shape our modern world in a particular direction,
9
40078
4421
koje će oblikovati naš savremeni svet u određenom smeru,
00:44
on a particular course.
10
44499
2503
u određenom pravcu.
00:47
By farming wheat,
11
47419
2294
Obrađujući pšenicu,
00:49
our ancestors supposedly developed new attachments to the land they lived on.
12
49754
5297
naši preci su navodno razvili novu privrženost zemlji na kojoj su živeli.
00:55
Private property was invented.
13
55093
2085
Izumljeno je privatno vlasništvo.
00:57
And with that, the need to defend it.
14
57220
2711
A s tim i potreba da se ono brani.
01:00
Along with new opportunities for some people to accumulate surpluses,
15
60265
5339
Sa novim prilikama za neke ljude da gomilaju viškove
01:05
came new labor demands,
16
65645
2169
stigli su novi zahtevi za radnom snagom,
01:07
tying most people to a hard regime of tending their crops
17
67856
5881
vezujući većinu ljudi za teški režim brige o njihovim usevima,
01:13
while a privileged few received freedom
18
73737
4004
dok je privilegovana nekolicina dobila slobodu
01:17
and the leisure to do other things.
19
77741
3128
i dokolicu da se bavi drugim stvarima.
01:20
To think, to experiment,
20
80910
3003
Da razmišlja, eksperimentiše,
01:23
to create the foundations of what we refer to as civilization.
21
83955
4880
da stvara temelje onoga što nazivamo civilizacijom.
01:29
Now, according to this familiar story,
22
89544
2252
Prema ovoj poznatoj priči,
01:31
what happened next is that populations boomed,
23
91838
3879
usledio je populacijski procvat,
01:35
villages turned into towns, towns became cities,
24
95759
3670
sela su prerasla u gradove, gradovi su postali velegradovi,
01:39
and with the emergence of cities,
25
99471
2002
a s usponom velegradova,
01:41
our species was locked on a familiar trajectory of development
26
101514
5464
naša vrsta je fiksirana na poznatoj trajektoriji razvoja
01:46
where spiraling populations and technological change
27
106978
5089
gde su uzlazna populacijska kriva i tehnološke promene
01:52
were bound up with the kind of dreadful inequalities
28
112067
4546
ujedinjeni sa tipom užasnih nejednakosti
01:56
that we see around us today.
29
116655
2627
koje vidimo oko nas trenutno.
02:01
Except, as anyone can tell you,
30
121242
2920
Samo što, kao što vam bilo ko može reći
02:04
who's looked at the evidence from the Middle East,
31
124204
3462
ko je pogledao dokaze sa Bliskog istoka,
02:07
almost nothing of what I've just been saying is actually true.
32
127707
5214
skoro da ništa od ovoga što sam govorio nije zapravo istina.
02:14
And the consequences I'm going to suggest
33
134756
3045
A posledice koje nagoveštavam
02:17
are quite profound.
34
137801
1543
su prilično temeljne.
02:20
Actually, what happened after the invention of agriculture
35
140428
3045
Zapravo, ono što se desilo nakon izuma zemljoradnje
02:23
around 10,000 years ago,
36
143473
2461
pre oko 10 000 godina
02:25
is a long period of around another 4,000 years
37
145934
4004
je dug period od još dodatnih oko 4 000 godina
02:29
in which villages largely remained villages.
38
149979
3504
u kome su sela većim delom ostajala sela.
02:33
And actually there's very little evidence for the emergence of rigid social classes,
39
153483
5839
I zapravo ima veoma malo dokaza o pojavi rigidnih društvenih klasa,
02:39
which is not to say that nothing happened.
40
159364
2669
što ne znači da se ništa nije dešavalo.
02:42
Over those 4,000 years,
41
162450
1543
Tokom tih 4 000 godina,
02:44
technological change actually proceeded apace.
42
164035
4088
tehnološke promene su zapravo išle u korak.
02:48
Without kings,
43
168623
1668
Bez kraljeva,
02:50
without bureaucracies, without standing armies,
44
170291
2795
bez birokratije, bez profesionalne vojske,
02:53
these early farming populations fostered the development of mathematical knowledge,
45
173128
5422
ove rane zemljoradničke populacije su negovale razvoj matematičkog znanja,
02:58
advanced metallurgy.
46
178591
1836
napredne metalurgije.
03:00
They learned to cultivate olives, vines and date palms.
47
180468
4255
Naučili su da uzgajaju masline, grožđe i urminu palmu.
03:04
They invented leavened bread, beer,
48
184764
3712
Izumeli su kvasni hleb, pivo
03:08
and they developed textile technologies:
49
188476
2127
i razvili su tekstilnu tehnologiju:
03:10
the potter's wheel, the sail.
50
190603
2253
grnčarski točak, jedro.
03:13
And they spread all of these innovations far and wide,
51
193273
3336
I rasprostranili su sve ove pronalaske naširoko i nadugačko,
03:16
from the shores of the eastern Mediterranean,
52
196609
2753
od obala istočnog Mediterana
03:19
up to the Black Sea,
53
199362
1585
skroz gore do Crnog Mora,
03:20
and from the Persian Gulf,
54
200947
2044
i od Persijskog zaliva
03:22
all the way over to the mountains of Kurdistan,
55
202991
4713
skroz preko do planina Kurdistana,
03:27
where our excavations were taking place.
56
207746
3586
gde su se naša iskopavanja dešavala.
03:32
I've often referred, half jokingly, to this long period of human history
57
212208
4630
Često sam nazivao, u polušali, ovaj dugi period ljudske istorije
03:36
as the era of the first global village.
58
216880
3628
erom prvog globalnog sela.
03:40
Because it's not just the technological innovations that are so remarkable,
59
220925
4171
Jer nisu samo tehnološki pronalasci ono što je tako izvanredno
03:45
but also the social innovations
60
225138
1835
već i društvena inventivnost
03:47
which enabled people to do all these things
61
227015
3003
koja je omogućila ljudima da sve ovo postignu
03:50
without forming centers
62
230059
2086
bez formiranja centara
03:52
and without raising up a class of permanent leaders over everybody else.
63
232145
5797
i bez uspostavljanja klase trajnih vladara nad svima ostalima.
03:58
Now, oddly enough,
64
238860
1627
Sad, zaprepašćujuće je
04:00
this efflorescence of culture is not what we usually refer to
65
240528
5714
da ovaj kulturološki procvat obično ne nazivamo
04:06
as civilization.
66
246284
1752
civilizacijom.
04:08
Instead, that term is usually reserved for harshly unequal societies,
67
248995
6673
Naprotiv, taj termin je obično rezervisan za strogo nejednaka društva,
04:15
which came thousands of years later.
68
255668
2336
koja su usledila hiljadama godina kasnije.
04:18
Dynastic Mesopotamia. Pharaonic Egypt.
69
258046
3420
Dinastička Mesopotamija. Faraonski Egipat.
04:21
Imperial Rome.
70
261508
1334
Rimsko Carstvo.
04:22
Societies that were deeply stratified.
71
262884
3629
Društva koja su bila duboko raslojena.
04:26
So in short,
72
266930
2210
Dakle, ukratko,
04:29
I've always felt that there was basically something very weird
73
269182
3670
oduvek sam osećao da je u suštini nešto krajnje čudno
04:32
about our concept of civilization,
74
272852
3170
u našem konceptu civilizacije,
04:36
something that leaves us lost for words, tongue tied.
75
276064
3712
nešto što nas ostavlja bez reči, svezanog jezika.
04:39
When we're confronted with thousands of years of human beings,
76
279818
3420
Kada smo suočeni sa hiljadama godina u kojima se ljudska bića,
04:43
say, practicing agriculture, creating new technologies,
77
283238
4588
recimo, bave zemljoradnjom, stvarajući nove tehnologije,
04:47
but not lording it over each other
78
287826
2544
ali ne vladajući jedni drugima
04:50
or exploiting each other to the maximum.
79
290370
3044
ili maksimalno ne eksploatišući jedni druge.
04:54
Why don't we have better words?
80
294207
1501
Zašto nemamo bolje reči?
04:55
Where is our lexicon for those long expanses of human history
81
295750
4671
Gde nam je leksikon za ta duga prostranstva ljudske istorije
05:00
in which we weren't behaving that way?
82
300421
2420
u kojima se nismo ponašali na taj način?
05:04
Over the past ten years or more,
83
304634
1960
Tokom prethodnih deset ili više godina,
05:06
I worked closely together with the late,
84
306594
3504
blisko sam sarađivao sa pokojnim,
05:10
great anthropologist David Graeber
85
310139
4046
sjajnim antropologom Dejvidom Greberom
05:14
to address some of these questions.
86
314185
2795
kako bih se pozabavio ovim pitanjima.
Bavili smo se time pak na većim razmerama
05:17
But we did it on a much larger scale
87
317021
1836
05:18
because from our perspective as an archaeologist and an anthropologist,
88
318857
5171
jer iz našeg arheološkog i antropološkog ugla
05:24
this clash between theory and data,
89
324070
3670
ovaj sudar između teorije i podataka,
05:27
between the standard narrative of human history
90
327782
2586
između standardnog narativa o ljudskoj istoriji
05:30
and the evidence that we have before us today
91
330368
3045
i dokaza koji su trenutno pred nama
05:33
is not just confined to the early Middle East.
92
333413
3211
nije samo ograničen na rani Bliski istok.
05:37
It’s everything:
93
337458
1335
Radi se o svemu:
05:38
out whole picture of human history that we’ve been telling for centuries,
94
338835
4087
naša celokupna slika ljudske istorije koju pripovedamo vekovima
05:43
it’s basically wrong.
95
343381
1835
je u suštini pogrešna.
05:45
I'm going to try and explain a few more of the reasons why.
96
345216
4046
Pokušaću da objasnim još nekoliko razloga zašto je tako.
05:49
Let's go back to some of those core concepts,
97
349637
2836
Vratimo se na neke od ključnih koncepata,
05:52
the stable reference points around which we've been organizing
98
352515
4630
stabilnih referentnih tačaka oko kojih smo organizovali
05:57
and orchestrating our understanding of world history for hundreds of years.
99
357186
5005
i upravljali našim razumevanjem svetske istorije stotinama godina.
06:03
Take, for instance, that notion that for most of its history,
100
363026
3879
Uzmite, primera radi, pretpostavku da je većim delom svoje istorije
06:06
the human species lived in tiny egalitarian bands of hunter gatherers,
101
366905
5338
ljudska vrsta živela u malenim egalitarnim grupama lovaca sakupljača
06:12
until the advent of agriculture ushered in a new age of inequality.
102
372285
5547
sve dok pojava zemljoradnje nije otpočela novo doba nejednakosti.
06:18
Or the notion that with the arrival of cities came social classes,
103
378875
5964
Ili pretpostavku da su sa nastankom gradova došle i društvene klase,
06:24
sacred kings and rapacious oligarchs trampling everyone else underfoot.
104
384881
6715
sveti kraljevi i gramzivi oligarsi koji gaze sve pred sobom.
06:32
From our very first history lessons,
105
392055
2544
Od naših prvih lekcija iz istorije
06:34
we're taught to believe that our modern world,
106
394641
3378
naučeni smo da verujemo da naš savremeni svet,
06:38
with all of its advantages and amenities,
107
398061
3295
sa svim svojim prednostima i pogodnostima,
06:41
modern health care, space travel,
108
401397
2211
savremenim zdravstvom, svemirskim putovanjima,
06:43
all the things that are good and exciting,
109
403650
2794
svim onim što je dobro i uzbudljivo
06:46
couldn't possibly exist
110
406486
2169
ne bi uopšte mogao da postoji
06:48
without that original concentration of humanity
111
408655
3378
bez te prvobitne koncentracije čovečanstva
06:52
into larger and larger units
112
412033
2753
u sve veće i veće jedinice
06:54
and the relentless buildup of inequalities that came with it.
113
414786
5547
i nemilosrdnog gomilanja nejednakosti koje su to pratile.
07:00
Inequality, we're taught to believe,
114
420333
3920
Nejednakost, naučeni smo da verujemo,
07:04
was the necessary price of civilization.
115
424253
3838
bila je nužna cena za civilizaciju.
07:09
Well, if so, then what are we to make of the early Middle East?
116
429217
3962
Pa, ako je tako, kako onda da razumemo rani Bliski istok?
07:13
Perhaps one might say there was just a very, very, very long lag time,
117
433221
3754
Možda, neko bi rekao, prosto je postojala veoma, veoma, veoma duga vremenska pauza
07:17
4,000 years,
118
437016
1794
od 4 000 godina,
07:18
before all these developments took place.
119
438851
2086
pre nego što se sav ovaj razvoj desio.
07:20
Inequality was bound to happen, it was bound to set in.
120
440937
3003
Nejednakosti je bilo suđeno da se desi, suđeno je bilo da usledi.
07:24
It was just a matter of time.
121
444273
1669
Prosto je bilo pitanje vremena.
07:26
And perhaps the rest of the story still works
122
446693
2877
I možda ostatak priče i dalje funkcioniše
07:29
for other parts of the world.
123
449570
1794
za ostale delove sveta.
07:32
Well, let's think a bit about what we can actually say today
124
452532
4588
Pa, razmislimo malo o tome šta zapravo danas možemo reći
07:37
about the origin of cities.
125
457161
2127
o poreklu gradova.
07:40
Surely, you might think, with the appearance of cities
126
460289
3379
Zasigurno biste pomislili da je sa pojavom gradova
07:43
came the appearance of social classes.
127
463710
2961
došlo i do pojave društvenih klasa.
07:46
Think about ancient Egypt with its pyramid temples.
128
466671
4713
Setite se drevnog Egipta sa hramovima u vidu piramida.
07:51
Or Shang China with its lavish tombs.
129
471426
3753
Ili dinastije Šeng sa raskošnim grobnicama.
07:55
The classic Maya with their warlike rulers.
130
475179
3212
Klasičnih Maja sa ratobornim vladarima.
07:59
Or the Inca empire with its mummified kings and queens.
131
479142
4045
Ili carstva Inka sa mumificiranim kraljevima i kraljicama.
08:03
But actually, the picture these days is not so clear.
132
483938
3003
Međutim, zapravo slika ovih dana nije tako jasna.
08:06
What modern archeology tells us, for example,
133
486983
3378
Savremena arheologija nam govori, na primer,
08:10
is that there were already cities
134
490403
2419
da su već postojali gradovi
08:12
on the lower reaches of the Yellow River
135
492822
2586
na donjim tokovima Huanghea
08:15
over 1,000 years before the rise of the Shang.
136
495408
3670
više od 1 000 godina pre uspona Šeng dinastije.
08:19
And on the other side of the Pacific,
137
499495
1961
A sa druge strane Pacifika,
08:21
in Peru’s Rio Supe,
138
501497
2545
u Rio Supe u Peruu,
08:24
we already see huge agglomerations of people
139
504083
3128
već vidimo ogromna sakupljanja ljudi
08:27
with monumental architecture 4,000 years before the Inca.
140
507253
5380
sa monumentalnom arhitekturom 4 000 godina pre Inka.
08:33
In South Asia, 4,500 years ago,
141
513926
2753
U Južnoj Aziji, pre 4 500 godina,
08:36
the first cities appeared at places like Mohenjo-daro
142
516721
4338
prvi gradovi su se pojavili na mestima poput Mohendžo-daro
08:41
and Harappa in the Indus Valley.
143
521059
2335
i Harapa u dolini Inda.
08:43
But these huge settlements present no evidence of kings or queens.
144
523895
6506
Međutim, ove ogromne naseobine ne nude dokaze o kraljevima i kraljicama.
08:52
No royal monuments, no aggrandizing art.
145
532487
3670
Nema kraljevskih spomenika, nema grandiozne umetnosti.
08:56
And what's more, we know that much of the population
146
536199
3670
Štaviše, znamo da je veći deo populacije
08:59
lived in high-quality housing with excellent sanitation.
147
539911
4087
živeo u visokokvalitetnim kućama sa odličnom sanitacijom.
09:04
North of the Black Sea,
148
544415
2044
Severno od Crnog Mora,
09:06
in the modern country of Ukraine,
149
546459
2461
u savremenoj državi Ukrajini,
09:08
archaeologists have found evidence of even more ancient cities
150
548961
3838
arheolozi su otkrili dokaze još drevnijih gradova
09:12
going back 6,000 years.
151
552840
2294
koji sežu 6 000 godina unazad.
09:15
And again,
152
555635
1251
I opet,
09:16
these huge settlements present no evidence
153
556928
4004
ove ogromne naseobine ne nude dokaze
09:20
of authoritarian rule.
154
560973
3087
o autoritarnoj vladavini.
09:24
No temples, no palaces,
155
564560
2628
Nema hramova, nema palata,
09:27
not even any evidence of central storage facilities
156
567230
2627
nema čak ni dokaza o centralizovanim skladištima
09:29
or top-down bureaucracy.
157
569899
2127
ili hijerarhijskoj birokratiji.
09:32
Actually what we see in those cases are these great concentric rings of houses
158
572944
4963
Zapravo ono što vidimo u tim slučajevima su veliki koncentrični prstenovi kuća
09:37
arranged rather like the inside of a tree trunk
159
577949
3128
koji su raspoređeni pre nalik unutrašnjosti debla drveta
09:41
around neighborhood assembly halls.
160
581119
2502
oko komšijskih zbornica.
09:44
And it stayed that way for about 800 years.
161
584038
5297
I to je tako bilo oko 800 godina.
09:51
So what this means is that long before the birth of democracy in ancient Greece,
162
591838
6214
Ovo, dakle, znači da su mnogo pre rođenja demokratije u antičkoj Grčkoj
09:58
there were already well-organized cities
163
598094
3045
već postojali dobro organizovani gradovi
10:01
on several of the world's continents
164
601139
2335
na nekoliko svetskih kontinenata
10:03
which present no evidence for ruling dynasties.
165
603474
4213
koji ne nude dokaze o vladajućim dinastijama.
10:08
And some of them also seem to have managed perfectly well without priests,
166
608146
4963
A kako se čini, neki su se snalazili sasvim dobro bez sveštenika,
10:13
mandarins and warrior politicians.
167
613151
2669
mandarina i političara ratnika.
10:16
Of course, some early cities did go on
168
616362
2878
Naravno, neki rani gradovi jesu prerasli
10:19
to become the capitals of kingdoms and empires.
169
619282
3378
u glavne gradove kraljevstava i carstava.
10:23
But it's important to note that others went
170
623161
2252
Međutim, važno je naglasiti da su drugi otišli
10:25
in completely the opposite direction.
171
625454
2962
u potpuno suprotnom smeru.
10:29
To take one well-documented example,
172
629584
2419
Uzmite jedan dobro dokumentovan primer,
10:32
around the year 250 AD,
173
632003
3545
oko 250. godine p.n.e.,
10:35
the city of Teotihuacan, in the valley of Mexico,
174
635590
4087
grad Teotivakan u dolini Meksika,
10:39
with a population of around 100,000 people,
175
639719
3837
sa populacijom od oko 100 000 ljudi,
10:43
turned its back on pyramid temples and human sacrifices
176
643598
5130
okrenuo je leđa hramovima u obliku piramida i ljudskim žrtvama
10:48
and reconstituted itself
177
648728
2919
i nanovo se konstituisao
10:51
as a vast collection of comfortable villas housing most of the city's population.
178
651689
6924
u ogromnu kolekciju udobnih vila u kojima je živeo veći deo gradske populacije.
10:59
When archaeologists first investigated these buildings,
179
659488
3963
Kada su arheolozi prvi put istražili ove građevine,
11:03
they assumed they were palaces.
180
663492
1836
pretpostavili su da se radi o palatama.
11:05
Then they realized that just about everyone in the city
181
665328
3253
Potom su shvatili da je otprilike gotovo svako u gradu
11:08
was living in a palace with spacious patios
182
668623
3253
živeo u palati sa prostranim tremom
11:11
and subfloor drainages,
183
671876
1668
i podzemnom kanalizacijom,
11:13
gorgeous murals on the walls.
184
673586
2502
prelepim muralima na zidovima.
11:16
But we shouldn't get carried away.
185
676631
1960
Međutim, ne bi trebalo da se zanosimo.
11:19
None of the societies that I've been describing
186
679383
3003
Nijedno od ovih društava koja sam opisivao
11:22
was perfectly egalitarian.
187
682428
3003
nije bilo savršeno egalitarno.
11:26
But then we might also remember that fifth-century Athens,
188
686641
3753
Međutim, takođe bi trebalo da se setimo da je Atina iz petog veka,
11:30
which we look to as the birthplace of democracy,
189
690394
3379
koju posmatramo kao mesto rođenja demokratije,
11:33
was also a militaristic society founded on chattel slavery,
190
693773
6631
takođe bila militarističko društvo osnovano na robovlasništvu,
11:40
where women were completely excluded from politics.
191
700404
4129
gde su žene bile u potpunosti izuzete iz politike.
11:45
So maybe by comparison,
192
705368
1293
Pa, možda u poređenju,
11:46
somewhere like Teotihuacan was not doing so badly
193
706702
3170
nekim mestima poput Teotivakana nije išlo toliko loše
11:49
at keeping the genie of inequality in its bottle.
194
709872
4004
u čuvanju duha nejednakosti u njegovoj boci.
11:53
But maybe we can just forget about all that, we can look away.
195
713918
2961
Možda ipak možemo da zaboravimo sve to i odvratimo pogled.
11:56
Perhaps all of these things I'm talking about are basically outliers.
196
716879
4755
Možda su sve ove stvari o kojima govorim prosto izuzeci.
12:03
Maybe we can still keep our familiar story of civilization intact.
197
723052
4463
Možda i dalje možemo da zadržimo našu poznatu priču o civilizaciji netaknutom.
12:08
And after all,
198
728933
1209
Naposletku,
12:10
if cities without rulers were really such a common thing in human history,
199
730142
6048
ako su gradovi bez vladara zaista bili tako uobičajena stvar u ljudskoj istoriji,
12:16
why didn't Cortéz and Pizarro and all the other conquistadors
200
736190
4922
zašto Kortez i Pizaro i svi ostali konkistadori
12:21
find any when they began their invasion of the Americas?
201
741153
3504
nisu otrkili nijedan kada su započeli invaziju Amerika?
12:24
Why did they find only Moctezuma and Atahualpa
202
744699
4337
Zašto su jedino našli Montezumu i Atahualpu
12:29
lording it over their empires?
203
749078
2085
kako gospodare svojim carstvima?
12:32
Except that's not true either.
204
752498
2085
Samo što ni to nije tačno.
12:35
Actually, the city where Hernan Cortéz found his military allies,
205
755042
4546
Zapravo, grad u kome je Ernan Kortez pronašao vojne saveznike,
12:39
the ones who enabled his successful assault
206
759588
2837
one koji su mu omogućili uspešan napad
12:42
on the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán,
207
762466
3504
na astečki glavni grad Tenočtitlan,
12:45
was exactly one such city without rulers:
208
765970
4421
upravo je bio takav grad bez vladara:
12:50
an indigenous republic by the name of Tlaxcala,
209
770975
4338
domorodačka republika nazvana Tlaskala,
12:55
governed by an urban parliament,
210
775354
2169
kojom je vladao gradski parlament,
12:57
which had some pretty interesting initiation rituals
211
777565
3086
koji je imao prilično zanimljive rituale za inicijaciju
13:00
for would-be politicians.
212
780693
1585
budućih političara.
13:02
They'd be periodically whipped
213
782320
1960
Periodično bi ih šibali
13:04
and subject to public abuse by their constituents
214
784322
3420
i podvrgavali javnom zlostavljanju od strane njihovih glasača
13:07
to sort of break down their egos and remind them who's really in charge.
215
787742
6840
kako bi im na neki način slomili ego i podsetili ih ko je zaista na vlasti.
13:14
It's a little bit different from what we expect of our politicians today.
216
794999
4338
Malčice je drugačije od onoga što danas očekujemo od političara.
13:19
And archaeologists, by the way, have also worked at this place Tlaxcala,
217
799337
4546
A arheolozi su, usput, takođe radili na ovom mestu Tlaskala,
13:23
excavating the remains of the pre-conquest city,
218
803924
3045
iskopavajući ostatke grada pre osvajanja,
i ono što su tamo otkrili uistinu je izvanredno.
13:27
and what they found there is really remarkable.
219
807011
2210
13:29
Again, the most impressive architecture is not temples and palaces.
220
809263
4546
Ponovo, najimpresivnija arhitektura nisu hramovi i palate.
13:33
It's just the well-appointed residences of ordinary citizens
221
813809
4046
To su prosto dobro opremljene rezidencije običnih građana
13:37
arrayed along these grand terraces overlooking district plazas.
222
817855
6298
nanizane duž tih velikih terasa sa pogledom na okružne trgove.
13:44
And it's not just the history of cities
223
824820
2503
I ne radi se samo o istoriji gradova
13:47
that modern archaeological science is turning on its head.
224
827365
4671
koje moderna arheološka nauka izvrće naglavačke.
13:52
We also know now that the history of human societies
225
832995
2795
Takođe znamo da istorija ljudskih društava
13:55
before the coming of agriculture
226
835831
1794
pre pojave zemljoradnje
13:57
is just nothing like what we once imagined.
227
837666
2753
uopšte nije ni nalik onome kako smo je nekad zamišljali.
14:01
Far from this idea of people living all the time
228
841337
2586
Daleko je od te zamisli o ljudima koji sve vreme žive
14:03
in tiny bands of hunter-gatherers,
229
843964
2044
u malenim grupama lovaca sakupljača,
14:06
actually, what we see these days
230
846050
1835
zapravo, ovih dana vidimo
14:07
is evidence for a really wild variety of social experimentation
231
847885
5547
dokaze za uistinu širok dijapazon društvenog eksperimentisanja
14:13
before the coming of farming.
232
853474
1919
pre nastanka zemljoradnje.
14:15
In Africa,
233
855393
1251
U Africi,
14:16
50,000 years ago,
234
856644
2210
pre 50 000 godina,
14:18
hunter-gatherers were already creating huge networks,
235
858854
4421
lovci sakupljači su već stvarali ogromne mreže,
14:23
social networks, covering large parts of the continent.
236
863317
3212
društvene mreže, koje su pokrivale velike delove kontinenta.
14:26
In Ice Age Europe, 25,000 years ago,
237
866946
3211
U Evropi tokom ledenog doba, pre 25 000 godina,
14:30
we see evidence of individuals singled out for special grand burials,
238
870199
6048
vidimo dokaze pojedinaca koji su izdvojeni radi specijalnih veličanstvenih sahrana,
14:36
their bodies suffused with ornamentation,
239
876247
3295
tela su im prekrivena ukrasima,
14:39
weapons and even what looked like regalia.
240
879542
2961
oružjem, pa čak i nečim što liči na počasti dostojanstvenika.
14:42
We see public buildings constructed on the bones and tusks of woolly mammoth.
241
882503
5714
Vidimo javne zgrade izgrađene od kostiju i kljova runastog mamuta.
14:49
And around 11,000 years ago,
242
889051
2878
A pre oko 11 000 godina,
14:51
back in the Middle East, where I started,
243
891929
2836
nazad na Bliskom istoku, odakle sam počeo,
14:54
hunter-gatherers constructed enormous stone temples
244
894807
5047
lovci sakupljači su gradili ogromne kamene hramove
14:59
at a place called Göbekli Tepe in eastern Turkey.
245
899854
4337
u mestu koje se naziva Gobekli Tepe u istočnoj Turskoj.
15:05
In North America,
246
905234
1752
U Severnoj Americi,
15:07
long before the coming of maize farming,
247
907027
2294
mnogo pre nastanka uzgoja kukuruza,
15:09
indigenous populations created the massive earthworks of poverty point
248
909363
4630
domorodačke populacije su pravile ogromne zemljane strukture Paverti pointa
15:14
in Louisiana,
249
914034
1419
u Luizijani,
15:15
capable of hosting hunter gatherer publics in their thousands.
250
915494
3921
koje su mogle da ugoste na hiljade lovaca sakupljača.
15:19
And then Japan, again, long before the arrival of rice farming,
251
919457
4295
A potom Japan, opet, mnogo pre pojave uzgoja pirinča,
15:23
the storehouses of Sannai Maruyama could already hold great surpluses
252
923794
5297
skladišta Sanaj Marujama su i tada mogla da čuvaju velike viškove
15:29
of wild plant foods.
253
929133
1835
hrane od divljih biljaka.
15:30
Now what do all these details amount to?
254
930968
2753
Na šta se svi ovi detalji svode?
15:33
What does it all mean?
255
933762
1836
Šta sve to znači?
15:35
Well, at the very least, I'd suggest
256
935639
2336
Pa, u najmanju ruku, predložio bih
15:38
it's really a bit far-fetched these days to cling to this notion
257
938017
5297
da je zaista malčice nategnuto ovih dana držati se pretpostavke
15:43
that the invention of agriculture meant a departure from some egalitarian Eden.
258
943355
6882
da je izum zemljoradnje značio udaljavanje od nekakvog egalitarnog raja.
15:50
Or to cling to the idea that small-scale societies
259
950863
3712
Ili se držati ideje da su društva manjih razmera
15:54
are especially likely to be egalitarian,
260
954617
2669
naročito sklona egalitarnosti,
15:57
while large-scale ones must necessarily have kings,
261
957328
4171
dok ona većih razmera nužno moraju da imaju kraljeve,
16:01
presidents and top-down structures of management.
262
961540
2461
predsednike i hijerarhijske strukture upravljanja.
16:05
And there are also some contemporary implications.
263
965127
2795
A imamo i neke savremene implikacije.
16:07
Take, for example, the commonplace notion
264
967963
2836
Uzmite, na primer, opšteprihvaćenu pretpostavku
16:10
that participatory democracy is somehow natural in a small community.
265
970799
5464
da je participativna demokratija nekako prirođena manjim zajednicama.
16:16
Or perhaps an activist group,
266
976597
2085
Ili možda grupi aktivista,
16:18
but couldn't possibly have a scale up for anything like a city,
267
978682
5089
ali ne bi uopšte mogla da se prenese na bilo kakve veće razmere poput grada,
16:23
a nation or even a region.
268
983812
2128
nacije ili čak regiona.
16:26
Well, actually, the evidence of human history,
269
986732
2461
Pa, zapravo, dokazi iz ljudske istorije,
16:29
if we're prepared to look at it,
270
989193
2169
ako smo spremni da ih sagledamo,
16:31
suggests the opposite.
271
991362
1668
nagoveštavaju suprotno.
16:33
If cities and regional confederacies,
272
993948
2961
Ako su gradovi i regionalne konfederacije
16:36
held together mostly by consensus and cooperation
273
996951
4546
koji su se držali zajedno uglavnom konsenzusom i saradnjom
16:41
existed thousands of years ago,
274
1001539
3336
postojali pre više hiljada godina,
16:44
who's to stop us creating them again today
275
1004875
4046
ko nas sprečava da ih danas ponovo stvorimo
16:48
with technologies that allow us to overcome the friction
276
1008921
4046
sa tehnologijama koje nam omogućavaju da prevaziđemo prepreke
16:52
of distance and numbers?
277
1012967
2460
u vidu udaljenosti i brojeva?
16:56
Perhaps it's not too late to begin learning from all this new evidence
278
1016053
6089
Možda nije prekasno da počnemo da učimo iz svih ovih novih dokaza
17:02
of the human past,
279
1022142
1627
o ljudskoj prošlosti,
17:04
even to begin imagining
280
1024144
2002
čak i da počnemo da zamišljamo
17:06
what other kinds of civilization we might create
281
1026188
4254
kakve bismo drugačije vidove civilizacije mogli da stvorimo
17:10
if we can just stop telling ourselves
282
1030442
4463
kada bismo samo prestali da govorimo sebi
17:14
that this particular world is the only one possible.
283
1034947
5088
da je baš ovaj svet jedini mogući.
17:21
Thank you very much.
284
1041328
1168
Mnogo vam hvala.
17:22
(Applause)
285
1042538
5130
(Aplauz)
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7