The new age of corporate monopolies | Margrethe Vestager

118,249 views ใƒป 2017-11-08

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Nayoung Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Let's go back to 1957.
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1957๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:18
Representatives from six European countries
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6๊ฐœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ด
00:22
had come to Rome
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๋กœ๋งˆ๋กœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:24
to sign the treaty that was to create the European Union.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์ฃ .
00:29
Europe was destroyed.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:32
A world war had emerged from Europe.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:37
The human suffering was unbelievable
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:39
and unprecedented.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ก€์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:43
Those men
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
00:45
wanted to create a peaceful,
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ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ณ 
00:49
democratic Europe,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:52
a Europe that works for its people.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„์š”.
00:55
And one of the many building blocks
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜
00:58
in that peace project
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๊ทธ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์ด
01:00
was a common European market.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ณต๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Already back then,
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๋ฒŒ์จ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋„
01:07
they saw how markets,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด
01:09
when left to themselves,
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์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:11
can sort of slip into being just the private property
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ํฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์—ฐํ•ฉ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ  ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด
01:16
of big businesses and cartels,
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๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„,
01:20
meeting the needs of some businesses
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋‚˜
01:23
and not the needs of customers.
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๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
So from our very first day,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๋จผ ์˜›๋‚ ์ธ
01:30
in 1957,
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1957๋…„์ธ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:33
the European Union had rules
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€
01:36
to defend fair competition.
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๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
And that means competition on the merits,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:43
that you compete on the quality of your products,
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์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:46
the prices you can offer,
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์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:48
the services, the innovation that you produce.
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์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
01:52
That's competition on the merits.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
You have a fair chance of making it on such a market.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
And it's my job,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
as Commissioner for Competition,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ„์›์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์จ,
02:04
to make sure that companies who do business in Europe
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
02:07
live by those rules.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์š”.
02:12
But let's take a step back.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž ๊น ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:16
Why do we need rules on competition at all?
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์™œ ์• ๋‹น์ดˆ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:20
Why not just let businesses compete?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
02:24
Isn't that also the best for us
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ตœ์„ ์ด ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
02:27
if they compete freely,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:29
since more competition
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋“ค์ด
02:31
drives more quality,
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ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ 
02:34
lower prices, more innovation?
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ , ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:39
Well, mostly it is.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
But the problem is that sometimes, for businesses,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
02:48
competition can be inconvenient,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
because competition means that the race is never over,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:59
the game is never won.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
No matter how well you were doing in the past,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
03:05
there's always someone
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:06
who are out there wanting to take your place.
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์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์š”.
03:12
So the temptation to avoid competition
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š”
03:15
is powerful.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
It's rooted in motives as old as Adam and Eve:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ด๊ณผ ์ด๋ธŒ์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
in greed for yet more money,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ
03:27
in fear of losing your position in the market
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์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์žƒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€
03:31
and all the benefits it brings.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์ต๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:35
And when greed and fear
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒ์š•๊ณผ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด
03:38
are linked to power,
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๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ๋•Œ์—
03:40
you have a dangerous mix.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
We see that in political life.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
In part of the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
03:49
the mix of greed and fear
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ํƒ์š•๊ณผ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€
03:51
means that those who get power
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๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€
03:54
become reluctant to give it back.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
One of the many things
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ
04:02
I like and admire in our democracies
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:07
are the norms
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๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:09
that make our leaders hand over power
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์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:12
when voters tell them to.
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์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด์š”.
04:16
And competition rules can do a similar thing in the market,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:20
making sure that greed and fear doesn't overcome fairness.
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ํƒ์š•๊ณผ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
Because those rules mean
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์€
04:29
that companies cannot misuse their power to undermine competition.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Think for a moment about your car.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:40
It has thousands of parts,
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์ฐจ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:44
from the foam that makes the seats
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์ฐจ์˜ ์ขŒ์„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
04:47
to the electrical wiring to the light bulbs.
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์ „๊ตฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
04:51
And for many of those parts,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
04:54
the world's carmakers,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
04:55
they are dependent on only a few suppliers.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ฒ˜์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
So it's hardly surprising
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ž์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:03
that it is kind of tempting for those suppliers
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ฒ˜๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹ดํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
05:07
to come together and fix prices.
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์œ ํ˜น์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
But just imagine what that could do
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒˆ ์ฐจ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์—
05:13
to the final price of your new car in the market.
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:20
Except, it's not imaginary.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
The European Commission
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š”
05:26
has dealt with already seven different car parts cartels,
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๋ฒŒ์จ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ธฐ์—… ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
05:32
and we're still investigating some.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
Here, the Department of Justice
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ถ€ ๋˜ํ•œ
05:39
are also looking into the market for car parts,
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
05:42
and it has called it the biggest criminal investigation
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌํƒœ๊ป ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ค‘
05:46
it has ever pursued.
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์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผ์ปฌ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
But without competition rules,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์—†์ด๋Š”
05:51
there would be no investigation,
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์กฐ์‚ฌ๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
05:54
and there would be nothing to stop this collusion from happening
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:58
and the prices of your car to go up.
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๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
Yet it's not only companies
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด
06:05
who can undermine fair competition.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
Governments can do it, too.
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์ •๋ถ€๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
And governments do that when they hand out subsidies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•  ๋•Œ์— ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
to just the favorite few, the selected.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜, ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๊ณณ์—๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
06:21
They may do that when they hand out subsidies --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„
06:24
and, of course, all financed by taxpayers --
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„
06:28
to companies.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:30
That may be in the form of special tax treatments,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
like the tax benefits
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์„ธ๊ธˆ ํ˜œํƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:37
that firms like Fiat, Starbucks and Apple got
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ํ”Œ๋žซ, ์Šคํƒ€๋ฒ…์Šค์™€ ์• ํ”Œ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
06:42
from some governments in Europe.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
Those subsidies stop companies from competing on equal terms.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
They can mean that the companies that succeed,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
06:54
well, they are the companies that got the most subsidy,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
06:58
the ones that are the best-connected,
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์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ 
07:00
and not, as it should be,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:02
the companies that serve consumers the best.
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์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So there are times when we need to step in
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•ด์„œ
07:10
to make sure that competition works the way it should.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
By doing that, we help the market to work fairly,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
because competition gives consumers the power to demand a fair deal.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:25
It means that companies know that if they cannot offer good prices
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:30
or the service that's expected,
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:32
well, the customers will go somewhere else.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:38
And that sort of fairness is more important
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์€
07:41
than we may sometimes realize.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
Very few people think about politics all the time.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
Some even skip it at election time.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
But we are all in the market.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
Every day, we are in the market.
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๋งค์ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
And we don't want businesses to agree on prices in the back office.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์—…์ ๋“ค์ด ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๋‹ดํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์น˜ ์•Š์ฃ .
08:07
We don't want them to divide the market between them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
We don't want one big company
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด
08:13
just to shut out competitors
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
08:16
from ever showing us what they can do.
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์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
If that happens,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:22
well, obviously, we feel that someone has cheated us,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์†์ด๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:26
that we are being ignored or taken for granted by the market.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:31
And that may undermine not only our trust in the market
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆด ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:35
but also our trust in the society.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
In a recent survey,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
08:41
more than two-thirds of Europeans
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2/3 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์ด
08:44
said that they had felt the effects of lack of competition:
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
that the price for electricity was too high,
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์ „๊ธฐ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ 
08:53
that the price for the medicines they needed was too high,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ 
08:57
that they had no real choice
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
if they wanted to travel by bus or by plane,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ„์Šค๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œˆํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:02
or they got poor service from their internet provider.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ณต๊ธ‰์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:06
In short, they found that the market didn't treat them fairly.
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์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
And that might seem like very small things,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
09:16
but they can give you this sense
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
09:19
that the world isn't really fair.
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์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
And they see the market, which was supposed to serve everyone,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ด
09:28
become more like the private property of a few powerful companies.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์  ์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
The market is not the society.
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์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Our societies are, of course, much, much more than the market.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”, ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์‹œ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
But lack of trust in the market
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋Š”
09:46
can rub off on society
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์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ•๊ดด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:49
so we lose trust in our society as well.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
And it may be the most important thing we have, trust.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
We can trust each other if we are treated as equals.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
If we are all to have the same chances,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:12
well, we all have to follow the same fundamental rules.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
Of course, some people and some businesses are more successful than others,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
10:23
but we do not trust in a society
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:26
if the prizes are handed out
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:28
even before the contest begins.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:33
And this is where competition rules come in,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:37
because when we make sure that markets work fairly,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ
10:40
then businesses compete on the merits,
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๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ 
10:43
and that helps to build the trust that we need as citizens
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์Œ“๋„๋ก ๋•๊ณ 
10:49
to feel comfortable and in control,
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ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
10:52
and the trust that allows our society to work.
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๊ทธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
Because without trust, everything becomes harder.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด๋Š”, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:02
Just to live our daily lives, we need to trust in strangers,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:07
to trust the banks who keep our money,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:10
the builders who build our home,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ์ง€์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:14
the electrician who comes to fix the wiring,
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์ „์„ ์„ ๊ณ ์ณ์ฃผ๋Ÿฌ ์˜จ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
11:17
the doctor who treats us when we're ill,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”Œ๋•Œ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค
11:19
not to mention the other drivers on the road,
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๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋„๋กœ ์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์„
11:22
and everyone knows that they are crazy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ง“์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
And yet, we have to trust them
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
to do the right thing.
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์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:32
And the thing is that the more our societies grow,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์„ฑ์žฅํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
11:36
the more important trust becomes
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ
11:39
and the harder it is to build.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์Œ“๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
And that is a paradox of modern societies.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
And this is especially true
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:51
when technology changes the way that we interact.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:55
Of course, to some degree, technology can help us
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์–ด๋Š ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:58
to build trust in one another with ratings systems and other systems
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ํ‰์ ์„ ๋งค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
12:02
that enable the sharing economy.
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๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
But technology also creates completely new challenges
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:10
when they ask us not to trust in other people
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๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
12:14
but to trust in algorithms and computers.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
Of course, we all see and share and appreciate
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
all the good that new technology can do us.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข‹์€ ์ผ๋“ค์„์š”.
12:27
It's a lot of good.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
Autonomous cars can give people with disabilities new independence.
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์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ฐจ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์šฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
It can save us all time,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:36
and it can make a much, much better use of resources.
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์ž์›๋“ค์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
Algorithms that rely on crunching enormous amounts of data
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์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€
12:46
can enable our doctors to give us a much better treatment,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:50
and many other things.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
But no one is going to hand over their medical data
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
12:59
or step into a car that's driven by an algorithm
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์šดํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผํƒ€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:03
unless they trust the companies that they are dealing with.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:09
And that trust isn't always there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
Today, for example, less than a quarter of Europeans
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, 1/4 ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด
13:17
trust online businesses to protect their personal information.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
But what if people knew
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:27
that they could rely on technology companies
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:30
to treat them fairly?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:34
What if they knew that those companies
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด
13:36
respond to competition by trying to do better,
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๋”์šฑ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ 
13:41
by trying to serve consumers better,
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๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:45
not by using their power
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:47
to shut out competitors,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:49
say, by pushing their services
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ
13:52
far, far down the list of search results
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๊นŠ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ€์–ด ๋ถ€์น˜๋ฉฐ
13:56
and promoting themselves?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
13:59
What if they knew that compliance with the rules
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:04
was built into the algorithms by design,
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๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋””์ž์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
14:09
that the algorithm had to go to competition rules school
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
14:12
before they were ever allowed to work,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
14:16
that those algorithms were designed
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์ด
14:18
in a way that meant that they couldn't collude,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋ชจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ๋””์ž์ธ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:22
that they couldn't form their own little cartel
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์—… ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:25
in the black box they're working in?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šค ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:29
Together with regulation,
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๊ทœ์ œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
14:32
competition rules can do that.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์กฐ์•ฝ์ด ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
They can help us to make sure
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:37
that new technology treats people fairly
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก
14:41
and that everyone can compete on a level playing field.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:46
And that can help us build the trust
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
that we need for real innovation
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
14:52
to flourish
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๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
14:53
and for societies to develop for citizens.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ์š”.
14:59
Because trust cannot be imposed.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์š”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
It has to be earned.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ์–ป์–ด์ ธ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
Since the very first days of the European Union,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ธ
15:10
60 years ago,
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60๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
15:12
our competition rules have helped
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์กฐ์•ฝ์€
15:15
to build that trust.
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๊ทธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์Œ“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
A lot of things have changed.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
It's hard to say what those six representatives
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๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž๋“ค์ด
15:25
would have made of a smartphone.
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ–ˆ์„์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
But in today's world,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
15:30
as well as in their world,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
15:33
competition makes the market work for everyone.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
And that is why I am convinced
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€
15:40
that real and fair competition
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€
15:43
has a vital role to play
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
15:45
in building the trust we need
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์Œ“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:47
to get the best of our societies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:52
and that starts with enforcing our rules,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
15:57
actually just to make the market work for everyone.
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๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:07
Bruno Giussani: Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
Thank you, Commissioner.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์œ„์›์žฅ๋‹˜.
16:12
Margrethe Vestager: It was a pleasure.
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์ฒœ๋งŒ์—์š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
BG: I want to ask you two questions.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
The first one is about data, because I have the impression
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
16:19
that technology and data are changing the way competition takes place
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
16:22
and the way competition regulation is designed and enforced.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
16:27
Can you maybe comment on that?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ๋ง์”€ ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
16:28
MV: Well, yes, it is definitely challenging us,
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
because we both have to sharpen our tools
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ฆ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
16:35
but also to develop new tools.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:38
When we were going through the Google responses
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
16:41
to our statement of objection,
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ๋•Œ
16:43
we were going through 5.2 terabytes of data.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 5.2 ํ…Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:49
It's quite a lot.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
So we had to set up new systems.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
16:54
We had to figure out how to do this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:57
because you cannot work the way you did just a few years ago.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
17:01
So we are definitely sharpening up our working methods.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ฆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
The other thing is that we try to distinguish
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ ์ €ํฌ๋Š”
17:08
between different kinds of data,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
17:09
because some data is extremely valuable
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ 
17:12
and they will form, like, a barrier to entry in a market.
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๊ทธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
17:15
Other things you can just -- it loses its value tomorrow.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
17:20
So we try to make sure
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š”
17:22
that we never, ever underestimate the fact
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์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
17:25
that data works as a currency in the market
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
17:29
and as an asset that can be a real barrier for competition.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
BG: Google. You fined them 2.8 billion euros a few months ago.
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ์ „ 280๋งŒ ์œ ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์— ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
17:40
MV: No, that was dollars. It's not so strong these days.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ์ ์€ ๋ˆ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์š”์ฆ˜์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
17:42
BG: Ah, well, depends on the --
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์•„, ์Œ, ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
17:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:45
Google appealed the case. The case is going to court.
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์ด ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฒ•์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:47
It will last a while.
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
17:50
Earlier, last year, you asked Apple to pay 13 billion in back taxes,
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์ž‘๋…„์—๋Š”, ์• ํ”Œ์—๊ฒŒ 130๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
17:55
and you have also investigated other companies,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
17:58
including European and Russian companies,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
18:00
not only American companies, by far.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
18:02
Yet the investigations against the American companies
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
18:06
are the ones that have attracted the most attention
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
18:09
and they have also attracted some accusations.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
18:12
You have been accused, essentially, of protectionism, of jealousy,
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๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฌด์—ญ๋ก , ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ก 
18:15
or using legislation to hit back at American companies
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๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์„
18:18
that have conquered European markets.
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๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
18:20
"The Economist" just this week on the front page writes,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์ฃผ "์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ŠคํŠธ"์ง€์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์˜ ๊ธ€์ด๋„ค์š”,
18:24
"Vestager Versus The Valley."
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"๋ฒ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ"
18:25
How do you react to that?
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
18:28
MV: Well, first of all, I take it very seriously,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
because bias has no room in law enforcement.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹œํ–‰์— ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
18:38
We have to prove our cases with the evidence and the facts
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:41
and the jurisprudence
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์š”.
18:43
in order also to present it to the courts.
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๋ฒ•์ •์— ์„œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:46
The second thing is that Europe is open for business,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
18:50
but not for tax evasion.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
18:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:58
The thing is that we are changing,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
19:02
and for instance, when I ask my daughters --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ œ ๋”ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์–ด์š”.
19:04
they use Google as well --
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
19:06
"Why do you do that?"
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"์™œ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋‹ˆ?"
19:07
They say, "Well, because it works. It's a very good product."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”, "์ž˜ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด์—์š”."
19:10
They would never, ever, come up with the answer,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ”
19:13
"It's because it's a US product."
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"๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”."์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์•ˆํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:15
It's just because it works.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ด ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
19:17
And that is of course how it should be.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:19
But just the same, it is important that someone is looking after to say,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
19:23
"Well, we congratulate you
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"์Œ, ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•ด
19:25
while you grow and grow and grow,
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๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์€
19:28
but congratulation stops
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉˆ์ถœ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
19:30
if we find that you're misusing your position
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋„ค ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:34
to harm competitors so that they cannot serve consumers."
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๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค˜์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์•ผ."
19:38
BG: It will be a fascinating case to follow.
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BG: ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ๋ณผ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
19:40
Thank you for coming to TED.
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TED์— ์™€์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:41
MV: It was a pleasure. Thanks a lot.
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MV: ๋ณ„ ๋ง์”€์„์š”. ์ •๋ง ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:43
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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