Danny Hillis: Back to the future (of 1994)

80,742 views ・ 2012-02-03

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Woo Hwang κ²€ν† : JaeHoon Lee
00:15
Because I usually take the role
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μ œκ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
00:18
of trying to explain to people
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이제 λ‹€κ°€μ˜¬ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ΄
00:20
how wonderful the new technologies
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μšΈμ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 역할을
00:23
that are coming along are going to be,
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주둜 맑고 있고,
00:25
and I thought that, since I was among friends here,
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μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œλŠ”, μ œκ°€ μ—¬κΈ° 쀑 ν•œμ‚¬λžŒμ΄κΈ°μ—
00:28
I would tell you what I really think
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μ œκ°€ μ •λ§λ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ§ν•˜κ³ 
00:32
and try to look back and try to understand
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여기에 μ§€κΈˆ 무엇이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄
00:34
what is really going on here
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λŒμ•„λ³΄κ³  이해해 보도둝 ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
00:37
with these amazing jumps in technology
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ λΉ¨λΌμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ™„μ „νžˆ 이해할 수 없을 μ •λ„μ˜
00:42
that seem so fast that we can barely keep on top of it.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ³  λ†€λΌμš΄ 기술의 λ°œμ „μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
00:45
So I'm going to start out
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이제 μ§€λ£¨ν•œ 기술 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ
00:47
by showing just one very boring technology slide.
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μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
And then, so if you can just turn on the slide that's on.
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μ—¬κΈ° μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό 이제 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
00:56
This is just a random slide
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이건 κ·Έλƒ₯ μ œκ°€ 제 νŒŒμΌμ—μ„œ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„λ‘œ
00:58
that I picked out of my file.
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λ½‘μ•„μ˜¨ μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
What I want to show you is not so much the details of the slide,
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μ œκ°€ 보여주고 싢은 뢀뢄은 ꡬ체적인 세뢀사항이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:03
but the general form of it.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ 일반적인 ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
This happens to be a slide of some analysis that we were doing
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이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ RISC 마이크둜 ν”„λ‘œμ„Έμ„œμ˜ νŒŒμ›Œμ™€
01:08
about the power of RISC microprocessors
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지역 톡신망(LAN) 을
01:11
versus the power of local area networks.
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λΆ„μ„ν•œ μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
And the interesting thing about it
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ ν₯미둜운 것은
01:16
is that this slide,
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이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œκ°€,
01:18
like so many technology slides that we're used to,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 주둜 보곀 ν–ˆλ˜ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 기술 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œ 처럼,
01:21
is a sort of a straight line
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μ„Έλ―Έλ‘œκ·Έ 곑선상에 μžˆλŠ”
01:23
on a semi-log curve.
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직선과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
In other words, every step here
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 말둜 ν•˜λ©΄, μ—¬κΈ° λͺ¨λ“  단계듀은
01:27
represents an order of magnitude
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μ„±λŠ₯에 λ”°λ₯Έ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό
01:29
in performance scale.
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보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
And this is a new thing
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그리고 μ„Έλ―Έλ‘œκ·Έ κ³‘μ„ μƒμ—μ„œ
01:33
that we talk about technology
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κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ§ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
01:35
on semi-log curves.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
Something really weird is going on here.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 정말 μ΄μƒν•œ 게 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
01:39
And that's basically what I'm going to be talking about.
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그게 λ°”λ‘œ μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
So, if you could bring up the lights.
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μ—¬κΈ° μ‘°λͺ…을 μ’€ λΉ„μΆ°μ£Όμ„Έμš”,
01:47
If you could bring up the lights higher,
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쒀더 λ†’κ²Œ 비좰보면,
01:49
because I'm just going to use a piece of paper here.
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μ œκ°€ 여기에 쒅이λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
Now why do we draw technology curves
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그럼 이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™œ 기술 곑선을
01:54
in semi-log curves?
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μ„Έλ―Έλ‘œκ·Έ λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ 그릴 κΉŒμš”?
01:56
Well the answer is, if I drew it on a normal curve
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뭐 λŒ€λ‹΅μ€, μ œκ°€ λ§Œμ•½ 이걸 일반 κ³‘μ„ μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έλ¦°λ‹€λ©΄,
01:59
where, let's say, this is years,
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음, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 이게 년도이고
02:01
this is time of some sort,
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이게 μ‹œκ°„μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ ,
02:03
and this is whatever measure of the technology
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이것은 μ œκ°€ 그리고자 ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜
02:06
that I'm trying to graph,
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κΈ°μˆ μ— λŒ€ν•œ μˆ˜μΉ˜λΌκ³ ν•˜λ©΄,
02:09
the graphs look sort of silly.
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λŠ” μ’€ μš°μŠ€κ½μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
They sort of go like this.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 생기겠죠.
02:15
And they don't tell us much.
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이걸둠 뭘 μ•Œμˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
Now if I graph, for instance,
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그리고 μ œκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈ°μˆ μ„,
02:21
some other technology, say transportation technology,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, ꡐ톡 기술 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό
02:23
on a semi-log curve,
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μ„Έλ―Έλ‘œκ·Έ κ³‘μ„ μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έλ¦°λ‹€λ©΄
02:25
it would look very stupid, it would look like a flat line.
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정말 바보같이 λ³΄μΌκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€, 일직선 으둜 말이죠
02:28
But when something like this happens,
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그런데 λ§Œμ•½ 이런게 생기면
02:30
things are qualitatively changing.
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그건 질적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜κ²Œλ˜μ£ .
02:32
So if transportation technology
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Œμ•½ ꡐ톡 기술이
02:34
was moving along as fast as microprocessor technology,
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λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œν”„λ‘œμ„Έμ„œ 기술과 같이 빨리 움직인닀면,
02:37
then the day after tomorrow,
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내일 λͺ¨λ ˆμ—
02:39
I would be able to get in a taxi cab
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μ €λŠ” νƒμ‹œλ₯Ό 타고
02:41
and be in Tokyo in 30 seconds.
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30μ΄ˆμ•ˆμ— 동경에 λ„μ°©ν•˜κ²Œ λ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
It's not moving like that.
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근데 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 움직이지 μ•Šμ£ .
02:45
And there's nothing precedented
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그리고 기술 λ°œμ „μ˜ 역사에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
02:47
in the history of technology development
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이런 일은 μ „λ‘€κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
of this kind of self-feeding growth
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λͺ‡λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ 슀슀둜 μžλ¦Ώμˆ˜κ°€
02:51
where you go by orders of magnitude every few years.
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λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 규λͺ¨λ‘œ 말이죠.
02:54
Now the question that I'd like to ask is,
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이제 μ œκ°€ 묻고싢은 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€,
02:57
if you look at these exponential curves,
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이 κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μΈ 곑선을 보면,
03:00
they don't go on forever.
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λŠ” λκΉŒμ§€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Things just can't possibly keep changing
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 빨리 계속
03:06
as fast as they are.
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λ³€ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
One of two things is going to happen.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ‘˜ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ²½μš°κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
Either it's going to turn into a sort of classical S-curve like this,
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무엇인가 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έκ²ƒμ΄ λ‚˜μ˜¬ λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€
03:15
until something totally different comes along,
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이처럼 일반적인 S자 곑선을 κ·Έλ¦¬λ˜μ§€
03:19
or maybe it's going to do this.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 갈 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
That's about all it can do.
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이 λ‘˜μ΄ μ „λΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Now I'm an optimist,
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μ €λŠ” λ‚™κ΄€μ£Όμ˜μž μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
so I sort of think it's probably going to do something like that.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ „ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 갈거라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
03:28
If so, that means that what we're in the middle of right now
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 이 쀑간이
03:31
is a transition.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ” λ³€ν™”μ˜ μ€‘μ‹¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
We're sort of on this line
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 세상이 ν•΄μ˜€λ˜ λ°©μ‹μ—μ„œ
03:35
in a transition from the way the world used to be
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ „μ΄λ˜λŠ”
03:37
to some new way that the world is.
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선상에 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
And so what I'm trying to ask, what I've been asking myself,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ œκ°€ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜, λ˜λŠ” μ œκ°€ κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ 슀슀둜 자문 ν–ˆλ˜κ²ƒμ€,
03:43
is what's this new way that the world is?
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세계가 κ°€κ³  μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°©ν–₯이 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
03:46
What's that new state that the world is heading toward?
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세상이 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€κ³  μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 상황이 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
03:49
Because the transition seems very, very confusing
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œμ•½ 이 쀑간에 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
03:52
when we're right in the middle of it.
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κ·Έ λ³€ν˜μ˜ μ‹œμ μ€ 정말 ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ½κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
Now when I was a kid growing up,
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μ œκ°€ 어렸을 μ μ—λŠ”,
03:57
the future was kind of the year 2000,
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μ €ν¬μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄ λ―Έλž˜λž€, 2000λ…„ μ •λ„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
and people used to talk about what would happen in the year 2000.
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그리고 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 2000λ…„μ—” 무슨 일이 일어날지에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³€ ν–ˆμ£ .
04:04
Now here's a conference
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자 여기에 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ―Έλž˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
04:06
in which people talk about the future,
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μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” μ»¨νΌλŸ°μŠ€κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
and you notice that the future is still at about the year 2000.
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그리고 당신은 '미래' λŠ” 아직도 2000λ…„μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹«μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
It's about as far as we go out.
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아직 많이 남은 κ±°μ£ .
04:13
So in other words, the future has kind of been shrinking
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄, 제 μΈμƒμ—μ„œ
04:16
one year per year
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1년이 μ§€λ‚ λ•Œ λ§ˆλ‹€ 1λ…„μ”©
04:19
for my whole lifetime.
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λ―Έλž˜λŠ” 계속 쀄어 λ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Now I think that the reason
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μ „ κ·Έ μ΄μœ κ°€,
04:24
is because we all feel
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€
04:26
that something's happening there.
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κ·Έ λ•Œ 무엇이 μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
That transition is happening. We can all sense it.
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이 λ³€ν˜μ€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 우리 λͺ¨λ‘ λŠλ‚„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
And we know that it just doesn't make too much sense
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 30λ…„, 50년을 생각 ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄
04:32
to think out 30, 50 years
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말이 μ•ˆλœλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
because everything's going to be so different
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λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒλ“€μ΄ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:37
that a simple extrapolation of what we're doing
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무엇을 할것인지에 λŒ€ν•œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ˜ˆμƒμ€
04:39
just doesn't make any sense at all.
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μ „ν˜€ 말이 μ•ˆλœλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
So what I would like to talk about
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ ν•˜κ³  싢은 말은,
04:44
is what that could be,
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그게 무엇이 될 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
what that transition could be that we're going through.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ²ͺκ³  μžˆλŠ” λ³€ν˜μ΄ 무엇이 될 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•„λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
Now in order to do that
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ €λ©΄
04:52
I'm going to have to talk about a bunch of stuff
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기술과 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ™€λŠ” 상관이 μ—†λŠ”
04:54
that really has nothing to do
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μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€ 것듀에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
04:56
with technology and computers.
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μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
Because I think the only way to understand this
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ 이걸 이해할 수 μžˆλŠ” 단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 방법은
05:00
is to really step back
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λ’€λ‘œ λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„œμ„œ
05:02
and take a long time scale look at things.
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였랜 μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ κ΄€μ°° ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:04
So the time scale that I would like to look at this on
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이걸 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ€,
05:07
is the time scale of life on Earth.
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μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‚Άμ˜ μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
So I think this picture makes sense
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ν•œλ²ˆμ— λͺ‡μ‹­μ–΅λ…„을 생각해본닀면
05:15
if you look at it a few billion years at a time.
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이런 그림은 λ§μ΄λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
So if you go back
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이제 25μ–΅ λ…„ μ „
05:21
about two and a half billion years,
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λ’€λ‘œ κ°€λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄,
05:23
the Earth was this big, sterile hunk of rock
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μ§€κ΅¬λŠ” 이만큼 크고, 지ꡬ상에 λ– λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ”
05:26
with a lot of chemicals floating around on it.
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λ§Žμ€ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ 이루어진 큰 λ°”μœ„λ©μ–΄λ¦¬ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
And if you look at the way
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ΄ μ§‘ν•©ν•΄μ„œ
05:31
that the chemicals got organized,
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μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 생각해보면
05:33
we begin to get a pretty good idea of how they do it.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 생겼을지 상상이 잘 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
And I think that there's theories that are beginning to understand
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그리고 RNAμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
05:39
about how it started with RNA,
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” 이둠듀이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
but I'm going to tell a sort of simple story of it,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜λ €κ³ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
which is that, at that time,
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그건, κ·Έλ‹Ήμ‹œμ—
05:46
there were little drops of oil floating around
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μ„œλ‘œλ‹€λ₯Έ μ‘°ν•©μ˜ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ 이루어진
05:49
with all kinds of different recipes of chemicals in them.
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기름 λͺ‡λ°©μšΈμ΄ λ– λŒμ•„ λ‹€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
And some of those drops of oil
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그쀑 기름 λͺ‡λ°©μšΈμ€
05:54
had a particular combination of chemicals in them
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ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ™ΈλΆ€λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° 뢄리해 λ‚΄λŠ”
05:56
which caused them to incorporate chemicals from the outside
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ‘°ν•©μœΌλ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:59
and grow the drops of oil.
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그리고 κ·Έ 기름 λͺ‡λ°©μšΈμ΄ μ»€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:02
And those that were like that
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κ·ΈλŸ°κ²ƒλ“€μ΄
06:04
started to split and divide.
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μͺΌκ°œκ³  λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
And those were the most primitive forms of cells in a sense,
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그런 μž‘μ€ 기름 λ°©μšΈλ“€μ΄ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄
06:09
those little drops of oil.
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ κ°€μž₯ μ›μ‹œμ μΈ ν˜•νƒœμ˜€κ² μ£ .
06:11
But now those drops of oil weren't really alive, as we say it now,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그런 기름 λ°©μšΈλ“€μ€ μ‚΄μ•„ μžˆμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
because every one of them
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그런 기름 λ°©μšΈλ“€μ€
06:16
was a little random recipe of chemicals.
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ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ˜ μ‘°ν•©μ΄μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:18
And every time it divided,
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기름 방울이 λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ 질 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
06:20
they got sort of unequal division
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ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€
06:23
of the chemicals within them.
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λΆˆκ· λ“±ν•˜κ²Œ 뢄리 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
And so every drop was a little bit different.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λͺ¨λ“  기름 λ°©μšΈλ“€μ΄ μ‘°κΈˆμ”©μ€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:28
In fact, the drops that were different in a way
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사싀 그런 기름 λ°©μšΈλ“€μ€ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ 뢄리해내고
06:30
that caused them to be better
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더 쒋은 μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
06:32
at incorporating chemicals around them,
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더 컀지고 더 λ§Žμ€ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜κ³ ,
06:34
grew more and incorporated more chemicals and divided more.
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또 더 λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
So those tended to live longer,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 더 였래 μ‚΄κ³ 
06:39
get expressed more.
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더 ν‘œμΆœλ˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
Now that's sort of just a very simple
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그것은 생λͺ…μ²΄μ˜ μ•„μ£Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ
06:45
chemical form of life,
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ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
but when things got interesting
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμš΄μ μ€
06:50
was when these drops
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이런 기름 λ°©μšΈλ“€μ΄
06:52
learned a trick about abstraction.
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μΆ”μƒν™”λΌλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ μŠ΅λ“ν•  λ•Œμ£ .
06:55
Somehow by ways that we don't quite understand,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이해 ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” λ°©λ²•λ“€λ‘œ
06:58
these little drops learned to write down information.
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이 λ°©μšΈλ“€μ΄ 정보λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λœκ²ƒμ΄μ£ .
07:01
They learned to record the information
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DNA라고 λΆˆλ¦¬μš°λŠ”
07:03
that was the recipe of the cell
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ 이루어진
07:05
onto a particular kind of chemical
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세포쑰합에 정보λ₯Ό
07:07
called DNA.
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κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
So in other words, they worked out,
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œ 진화적인 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
07:11
in this mindless sort of evolutionary way,
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ 무엇인지λ₯Ό
07:14
a form of writing that let them write down what they were,
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μ¨λ‚΄λ €κ°€λŠ” 물체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
so that that way of writing it down could get copied.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ” 방법이 볡제 될 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
The amazing thing is that that way of writing
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λ†€λΌμš΄μ μ€ κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ” 방법이
07:23
seems to have stayed steady
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25얡년전에 μ§„ν™”ν•œ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ
07:25
since it evolved two and a half billion years ago.
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μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점이죠.
07:27
In fact the recipe for us, our genes,
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사싀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ‘°ν•©, 즉 μœ μ „μžλ“€μ€
07:30
is exactly that same code and that same way of writing.
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같은 μ½”λ“œμ™€ 기둝방식을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
In fact, every living creature is written
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ”
07:36
in exactly the same set of letters and the same code.
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같은 λ¬Έμžμ—΄κ³Ό μ½”λ“œλ‘œ μ”Œμ—¬μ§„λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
07:38
In fact, one of the things that I did
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μž¬λ―Έμ‚Όμ•„μ„œ μ œκ°€
07:40
just for amusement purposes
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ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜λ˜ 것은
07:42
is we can now write things in this code.
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λ§Žμ€κ²ƒλ“€μ„ 이런 μ½”λ“œλ‘œ μ¨λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
And I've got here a little 100 micrograms of white powder,
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μ—¬κΈ° μ œκ°€ 100마이크둜그램의 백색가루λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
which I try not to let the security people see at airports.
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κ³΅ν•­μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ•ˆμš”μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ 보여주면 μ•ˆλ˜κ² μ£ .
07:54
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:56
But this has in it --
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이 κ°€λ£¨λŠ” μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
07:58
what I did is I took this code --
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-- μ œκ°€ ν•œκ²ƒμ΄ 이 μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„ 본것이죠. --
08:00
the code has standard letters that we use for symbolizing it --
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κ·Έ μ½”λ“œλŠ” ν‘œμ‹œν•˜λ €κ³  μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” ν‘œμ€€ λ¬Έμžμ—΄λ“€μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
and I wrote my business card onto a piece of DNA
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μ œκ°€ DNA 쑰각에 제 λͺ…함을 κΈ°λ‘ν•΄μ„œ
08:06
and amplified it 10 to the 22 times.
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10λ°°μ—μ„œ 22λ°° κ°€λŸ‰ ν™•λŒ€λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
So if anyone would like a hundred million copies of my business card,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ 수백만μž₯의 제 λͺ…함이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ©΄,
08:12
I have plenty for everyone in the room,
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이 λ°©μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“ λΆ„κ³Ό
08:14
and, in fact, everyone in the world,
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μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“ μ‚¬λžŒμ— μ€„λ§ŒνΌ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ
08:16
and it's right here.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°μ•ˆμ— 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
08:19
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:26
If I had really been a egotist,
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μ œκ°€ μ•„μ£Ό 이기적인 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
08:28
I would have put it into a virus and released it in the room.
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μ•„λ§ˆ 여기에 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό λ‹΄μ•„μ„œ μ΄λ°©μ•ˆμ— λΏŒλ Έμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:39
So what was the next step?
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그럼 λ‹€μŒ 과정은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
08:41
Writing down the DNA was an interesting step.
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DNA μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν₯미둜운 κ³Όμ •μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:43
And that caused these cells --
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그런 과정이 세포듀을
08:45
that kept them happy for another billion years.
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λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅λ…„λ™μ•ˆμ„ 즐겁게 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
But then there was another really interesting step
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그런데 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©ν–₯으둜
08:49
where things became completely different,
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정말 ν₯미둜운 λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ 점이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
which is these cells started exchanging and communicating information,
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그것은 이 세포듀이 정보λ₯Ό κ΅ν™˜ν•˜κ³  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
so that they began to get communities of cells.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 세포 집단이 ν˜•μ„±λ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
08:57
I don't know if you know this,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ•„μ‹œλŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
08:59
but bacteria can actually exchange DNA.
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세균듀은 DNAλ₯Ό κ΅ν™˜ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
Now that's why, for instance,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 그것이 ν•­μƒμ œ 내성이
09:03
antibiotic resistance has evolved.
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λ°œλ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œλœ 이유죠.
09:05
Some bacteria figured out how to stay away from penicillin,
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μ–΄λ–€ 세균은 νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ—μ„œ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 방법을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ΅¬μš”.
09:08
and it went around sort of creating its little DNA information
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έκ· λ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ DNA 정보λ₯Ό
09:11
with other bacteria,
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
and now we have a lot of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€κΈˆμ€ νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ— 내성을 가진 λ§Žμ€ 세균듀이 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
09:16
because bacteria communicate.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 세균듀도 μ„œλ‘œ μ†Œν†΅ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
Now what this communication allowed
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이런 μ†Œν†΅μ΄ ν•˜λŠ” 역할은
09:20
was communities to form
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같은 배에 타고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 곡동체λ₯Ό
09:22
that, in some sense, were in the same boat together;
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ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
they were synergistic.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μƒμŠΉνš¨κ³Όλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 되죠.
09:26
So they survived
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ³΅μƒν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
09:28
or they failed together,
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κ³΅λ©Έν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”.
09:30
which means that if a community was very successful,
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곡동체가 μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒμ‘΄ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
09:32
all the individuals in that community
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λͺ¨λ“  κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ€
09:34
were repeated more
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μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ—¬ μƒμ‘΄ν•˜κ³ 
09:36
and they were favored by evolution.
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μ§„ν™”ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
Now the transition point happened
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이런 곡동체듀이 μ•„μ£Ό κ°€κΉŒμ›Œ μ§ˆλ•Œ
09:41
when these communities got so close
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변이점이 λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
that, in fact, they got together
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이런 κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ€ ν•¨κ»˜ν•˜κ³ 
09:45
and decided to write down the whole recipe for the community
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DNA의 λ‚˜μ—΄μ— 곡동체λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
09:48
together on one string of DNA.
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μœ μ „μž 쑰합을 κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
09:51
And so the next stage that's interesting in life
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그리고 ν₯미둜운 λ‹€μŒ 단계가
09:53
took about another billion years.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅λ…„μ— 걸쳐 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
And at that stage,
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κ·Έ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ,
09:57
we have multi-cellular communities,
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닀세포 곡동체가 ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
09:59
communities of lots of different types of cells,
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마치 ν•œκ°œμ˜ 쑰직처럼 ν•¨κ»˜ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ”
10:01
working together as a single organism.
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°œμ˜ μ„œλ‘œλ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œ 이루어진 κ³΅λ™μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
And in fact, we're such a multi-cellular community.
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사싀 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그런 닀세포 κ³΅λ™μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
We have lots of cells
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μžμ‹  μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œλ§Œμ€
10:08
that are not out for themselves anymore.
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더 μ–»μ„κ²Œ μ—†λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 세포듀을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:10
Your skin cell is really useless
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ν‘œν”Ό μ„Έν¬λŠ” 심μž₯세포, κ·Όμœ‘μ„Έν¬
10:13
without a heart cell, muscle cell,
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λ‡Œμ„Έν¬ λ“± μ—†μ΄λŠ”
10:15
a brain cell and so on.
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아무 μ“Έλͺ¨κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
So these communities began to evolve
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 곡동체가 μ§„ν™”ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
10:19
so that the interesting level on which evolution was taking place
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진화가 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” ν₯미둜운 μˆ˜μ€€μ€
10:22
was no longer a cell,
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더이상 세포가 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
10:24
but a community which we call an organism.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 쑰직이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ³΅λ™μ²΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
Now the next step that happened
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λ‹€μŒ 과정은
10:30
is within these communities.
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이런 곡동체 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
These communities of cells,
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이런 μ„Έν¬λ“€μ˜ κ³΅λ™μ²΄λŠ”
10:34
again, began to abstract information.
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정보λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μΆ”μƒν™”ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
And they began building very special structures
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그리고 곡동체 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 아무것도 μ•ˆν•˜κ³ 
10:39
that did nothing but process information within the community.
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λ‹€λ§Œ μ •λ³΄λ§Œμ„ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ ꡬ쑰물을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
And those are the neural structures.
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κ·ΈλŸ°κ²ƒλ“€μ΄ μ‹ κ²½ κ΅¬μ‘°λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:44
So neurons are the information processing apparatus
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λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 곡동체가 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ
10:47
that those communities of cells built up.
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μ •λ³΄μ²˜λ¦¬κΈ°κ΄€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:50
And in fact, they began to get specialists in the community
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그리고 κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ—μ„œ νŠΉμ΄μ„±μ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”κ³ ,
10:52
and special structures
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정보λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κ³ , μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ 
10:54
that were responsible for recording,
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μŠ΅λ“ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ”
10:56
understanding, learning information.
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ ꡬ쑰도 κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
And that was the brains and the nervous system
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그런 κ³΅λ™μ²΄λ“€μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€
11:01
of those communities.
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신경계가 λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 것이죠.
11:03
And that gave them an evolutionary advantage.
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그리고 진화적인 μž₯점도 주게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
Because at that point,
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κ·Έ 점 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
11:08
an individual --
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ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜λŠ” 개인이
11:11
learning could happen
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진화적인 μ‹œκ°„ λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
11:13
within the time span of a single organism,
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단일 쑰직의 μ‹œκ°„μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
11:15
instead of over this evolutionary time span.
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λ°œμƒν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
11:18
So an organism could, for instance,
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄, 신체쑰직은 μ–΄λ–€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 과일은
11:20
learn not to eat a certain kind of fruit
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먹지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•™μŠ΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:22
because it tasted bad and it got sick last time it ate it.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 맛이 μ—†κ³ , μ§€λ‚œλ²ˆμ— λ¨Ήκ³  λ‚˜μ„œλŠ” 병이났닀고 느꼈기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
11:26
That could happen within the lifetime of a single organism,
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이런 일은 단일 쑰직의 평생기간 λ™μ•ˆ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
whereas before they'd built these special information processing structures,
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ •λ³΄μ²˜λ¦¬ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ „μ—λŠ”
11:33
that would have had to be learned evolutionarily
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그런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 과일을 λ¨Ήκ³  각각의 κ°œμ²΄κ°€
11:35
over hundreds of thousands of years
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μˆ˜μ²œλ…„λ™μ•ˆ μ£½μ–΄κ°€λ©΄μ„œ μ§„ν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ
11:38
by the individuals dying off that ate that kind of fruit.
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ν•™μŠ΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
So that nervous system,
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그런 μ‹ κ²½κ³„λŠ”,
11:43
the fact that they built these special information structures,
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이런 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ •λ³΄μ²˜λ¦¬ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
11:46
tremendously sped up the whole process of evolution.
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μ§„ν™”μ˜ 전체과정에 λŒ€ν•œ 속도λ₯Ό μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 올리게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
Because evolution could now happen within an individual.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ§„ν™”λŠ” 개개인의 개체 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 일어 λ‚  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
It could happen in learning time scales.
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그것은 ν•™μŠ΅κΈ°κ°„μ•ˆμ— 일어 λ‚  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
But then what happened
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 것은
11:57
was the individuals worked out,
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각각이 μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ˜ 방법을
11:59
of course, tricks of communicating.
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ν•΄κ²° ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
12:01
And for example,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄,
12:03
the most sophisticated version that we're aware of is human language.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ λ³΅μž‘μ€ ν˜•νƒœλŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄μ£ .
12:06
It's really a pretty amazing invention if you think about it.
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μ •λ§λ‘œ λ†€λΌμš΄ 발λͺ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:09
Here I have a very complicated, messy,
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제 머리속에 μ•„μ£Ό λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  ν˜Όμž‘ν•œ
12:11
confused idea in my head.
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생각이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:14
I'm sitting here making grunting sounds basically,
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λ™λ™κ±°λ¦¬λ©΄μ„œ μ—¬κΈ° 앉아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:17
and hopefully constructing a similar messy, confused idea in your head
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 머리속에 제 머리속에 μžˆλŠ” 것과 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ
12:20
that bears some analogy to it.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 생각을 λ§Œλ“€λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
But we're taking something very complicated,
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μ•„μ£Ό λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 것을 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ ,
12:24
turning it into sound, sequences of sounds,
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κ·Έ 생각을 μ†Œλ¦¬λ‘œ λ°”κΏ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
and producing something very complicated in your brain.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 머리속에 κ·Έ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 생각을 μ£Όμž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
So this allows us now
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단일 쑰직처럼
12:33
to begin to start functioning
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κΈ°λŠ₯ν™”λ₯Ό
12:35
as a single organism.
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μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
And so, in fact, what we've done
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 사싀 우리 인λ₯˜κ°€
12:41
is we, humanity,
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μΆ”μƒν™”λΌλŠ” 것을
12:43
have started abstracting out.
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μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:45
We're going through the same levels
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닀세포 쑰직이 ν–ˆλ˜ 것과
12:47
that multi-cellular organisms have gone through --
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같은 μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°μš”,
12:49
abstracting out our methods of recording,
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κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κ³ , ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κ³ , 정보λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ”
12:52
presenting, processing information.
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방법을 μΆ”μƒν™”ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
So for example, the invention of language
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄, μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ 발λͺ…은 이런 λ°©ν–₯μ—μ„œ λ³Όλ•Œ
12:56
was a tiny step in that direction.
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μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ κ³Όμ •μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:59
Telephony, computers,
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μ „ν™”, 컴퓨터,
13:01
videotapes, CD-ROMs and so on
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λΉ„λ””μ˜€ ν…Œμ΄ν”„, 씨디둬 등은
13:04
are all our specialized mechanisms
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우리 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ
13:06
that we've now built within our society
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정보λ₯Ό 닀루기 μœ„ν•΄
13:08
for handling that information.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λ©”μΉ΄λ‹ˆμ¦˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
And it all connects us together
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이 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒλ“€μ€
13:13
into something
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더 크고,
13:15
that is much bigger
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더 λΉ λ₯΄κ³ ,
13:17
and much faster
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이전에 ν–ˆλ˜κ²ƒλ³΄λ‹€
13:19
and able to evolve
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더 μ§„ν™”λœ λ¬΄μ—‡μΈκ°€λ‘œ
13:21
than what we were before.
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우리λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:23
So now, evolution can take place
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€κΈˆμ€ 진화가
13:25
on a scale of microseconds.
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마이크둜초 λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:27
And you saw Ty's little evolutionary example
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ§„ν™”μ˜ μž‘μ€ 뢀뢄을
13:29
where he sort of did a little bit of evolution
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μ •λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 예λ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ°”λ‘œ λˆˆμ•žμ—μ„œ
13:31
on the Convolution program right before your eyes.
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μ»¨λ³Όλ£¨μ…˜ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λ³΄μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:34
So now we've speeded up the time scales once again.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ μ‹œκ°„λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ 속도λ₯Ό λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ˜¬λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:37
So the first steps of the story that I told you about
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έλ˜ κ·Έ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ 첫번째 과정은
13:39
took a billion years a piece.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅λ…„μ΄ κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:41
And the next steps,
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신경계와 λ‡Œμ‘°μ§ 같은
13:43
like nervous systems and brains,
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λ‹€μŒ 과정듀은
13:45
took a few hundred million years.
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μˆ˜λ°±λ§Œλ…„μ— 걸쳐 μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
Then the next steps, like language and so on,
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μ–Έμ–΄ 처럼 기타 λ‹€λ₯Έ 과정듀은
13:50
took less than a million years.
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λ°±λ§Œλ…„ μ΄ν•˜λ‘œ κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
And these next steps, like electronics,
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전기와 같은 λ‹€μŒ 과정듀은
13:54
seem to be taking only a few decades.
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μˆ˜μ‹­λ…„μ •λ„ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ”κ²ƒ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:56
The process is feeding on itself
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κ·Έ 과정은 슀슀둜 λ°°μ–‘ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒ κ°™κ΅¬μš”.
13:58
and becoming, I guess, autocatalytic is the word for it --
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μΌμ’…μ˜ μžμ²΄μ΄‰λ§€μž‘μš©μ„ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 단어가 λ§žμ„λ“―ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:01
when something reinforces its rate of change.
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-- 무엇인가가 λ³€ν™”μœ¨μ„ 증가할 λ•Œ μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
14:04
The more it changes, the faster it changes.
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λ³€ν™”ν•˜λ©΄ ν• μˆ˜λ‘, 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
14:07
And I think that that's what we're seeing here in this explosion of curve.
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ κ³‘μ„ μ—μ„œ 폭발적으둜 μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄을 보고 μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
14:10
We're seeing this process feeding back on itself.
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슀슀둜 λ‹€μ‹œ νŒ¨λ“œλ°±μ„ λ°›λŠ” 과정을 보고 μžˆλŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
Now I design computers for a living,
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제 직업은 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν•˜λŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:16
and I know that the mechanisms
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그리고 컴퓨터 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜
14:18
that I use to design computers
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λ°œλ‹¬μ΄ μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄
14:21
would be impossible
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μ œκ°€ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”
14:23
without recent advances in computers.
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λ©”μΉ΄λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ€ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ ν•  κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:25
So right now, what I do
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€κΈˆ μ œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
14:27
is I design objects at such complexity
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전톡적인 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
14:30
that it's really impossible for me to design them in the traditional sense.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 사물을 μ„€κ³„ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
I don't know what every transistor in the connection machine does.
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μ €λŠ” μ—°κ²°λœ λͺ¨λ“  νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„°κ°€ 뭘 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:37
There are billions of them.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅κ°œκ°€ 있죠.
14:39
Instead, what I do
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λŒ€μ‹ μ— μ €λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ”
14:41
and what the designers at Thinking Machines do
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Thinking Machines νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ„€κ³„μžλ“€μ΄ ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
14:44
is we think at some level of abstraction
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좔상화 단계λ₯Ό 생각해보고
14:46
and then we hand it to the machine
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μΆ”μƒν™”λœ 것을 κΈ°κ³„μ—κ²Œ 전달해 μ£ΌλŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:48
and the machine takes it beyond what we could ever do,
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그리고 κΈ°κ³„λŠ” 그것을 λ°›μ•„μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–ˆμ—ˆλ˜κ²ƒ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ
14:51
much farther and faster than we could ever do.
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더 깊게 그리고 더 빨리 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:54
And in fact, sometimes it takes it by methods
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가끔은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ „ν˜€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ”
14:56
that we don't quite even understand.
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λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 이루어지기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:59
One method that's particularly interesting
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— μ œκ°€ μ΄μš©ν–ˆλ˜ ν₯미둜운
15:01
that I've been using a lot lately
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방법쀑에 ν•œκ°€μ§€λŠ”
15:04
is evolution itself.
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λ°”λ‘œ 진화 κ·Έ 자체 μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:06
So what we do
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–ˆλ˜κ²ƒμ€
15:08
is we put inside the machine
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마이크둜초 λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”
15:10
a process of evolution
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진화과정을
15:12
that takes place on the microsecond time scale.
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컴퓨터 내뢀에 μ‹¬λŠ” μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
15:14
So for example,
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄,
15:16
in the most extreme cases,
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μ•„μ£Ό 극단적인 κ²½μš°μ—,
15:18
we can actually evolve a program
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λ¬΄μž‘μœ„μ˜ λͺ…λ Ήμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬
15:20
by starting out with random sequences of instructions.
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ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:24
Say, "Computer, would you please make
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄,
15:26
a hundred million random sequences of instructions.
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"컴퓨터, 수백만개의λͺ…λ Ήμ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ£Όμ„Έμš”."
15:29
Now would you please run all of those random sequences of instructions,
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"λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ˜ λͺ¨λ“  λͺ…령어듀을 μ‹€ν–‰ν•΄ μ£Όμ„Έμš”."
15:32
run all of those programs,
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"λͺ¨λ“  ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ„ μ‹€ν–‰ν•΄ μ£Όμ„Έμš”."
15:34
and pick out the ones that came closest to doing what I wanted."
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"그리고 μ œκ°€ μ›ν–ˆλ˜κ²ƒκ³Ό κ°€μž₯ λ°€μ ‘ν•œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ ν•œκ°œλ₯Ό κ³¨λΌμ£Όμ„Έμš”"
15:37
So in other words, I define what I wanted.
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œ. μ œκ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ •μ˜ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
15:39
Let's say I want to sort numbers,
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄, μ œκ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 예제처럼
15:41
as a simple example I've done it with.
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μˆ«μžλ“€μ„ μ •λ ¬ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:43
So find the programs that come closest to sorting numbers.
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μˆ«μžλ“€μ„ μ •λ ¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° κ°€μž₯ κ·Όμ ‘ν•œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ°Ύκ³ ,
15:46
So of course, random sequences of instructions
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λ¬Όλ‘  λͺ…λ Ήμ–΄λ“€μ˜ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ 쑰합은
15:49
are very unlikely to sort numbers,
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μˆ«μžλ“€μ„ μ •λ ¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ£ ,
15:51
so none of them will really do it.
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μ–΄λ–€ λͺ…령어도 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:53
But one of them, by luck,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš΄μ’‹κ²Œ κ·Έ λͺ…λ Ήμ–΄λ“€ μ€‘μ—μ„œ ν•œκ°€μ§€λŠ”
15:55
may put two numbers in the right order.
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두 숫자λ₯Ό λ˜‘λ°”λ‘œ μ •λ ¬ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:57
And I say, "Computer,
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그리고 μ œκ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:59
would you please now take the 10 percent
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"컴퓨터, μž‘μ—…μ„ 제일 μž˜ν–ˆλ˜ λͺ…λ Ήμ–΄λ“€μ€‘μ—μ„œ
16:02
of those random sequences that did the best job.
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10%λ₯Ό κ³¨λΌλ³΄μ„Έμš”."
16:04
Save those. Kill off the rest.
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"λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚­μ œν•˜κ³  κ·Έ λͺ…λ Ήμ–΄λ“€λ§Œ μ €μž₯ν•˜μ„Έμš”."
16:06
And now let's reproduce
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"그리고 μˆ«μžλ“€μ„ 잘 μ •λ ¬ν–ˆλ˜
16:08
the ones that sorted numbers the best.
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λͺ…령어듀을 λ‹€μ‹œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄μ„Έμš”."
16:10
And let's reproduce them by a process of recombination
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"그리고 ꡐ배 ν•˜λ“―μ΄ μž¬μ‘°ν•© 과정을 톡해
16:13
analogous to sex."
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μž¬μƒμ‚°ν•˜μ„Έμš”."
16:15
Take two programs and they produce children
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λ‘κ°œμ˜ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ„ νƒν•˜κ³ , 이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ˜
16:18
by exchanging their subroutines,
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ν•˜λΆ€ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ κ΅ν™˜ν•΄μ„œ μžμ‹ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μƒμ‚°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:20
and the children inherit the traits of the subroutines of the two programs.
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그리고 κ·Έ μžμ‹ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ ν•˜λΆ€ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 상속 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:23
So I've got now a new generation of programs
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 쑰금 더 낳은 μž‘μ—…μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ”
16:26
that are produced by combinations
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ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ˜ 쑰합을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μƒμ‚°λœ
16:28
of the programs that did a little bit better job.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:30
Say, "Please repeat that process."
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄, "이 과정을 λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”."
16:32
Score them again.
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점수λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ 맀기고,
16:34
Introduce some mutations perhaps.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 쑰합이 λ‚˜μ˜€κ² μ£ .
16:36
And try that again and do that for another generation.
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그리고 λ‹€μ‹œ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„ΈλŒ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ‹œν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:39
Well every one of those generations just takes a few milliseconds.
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이런 λͺ¨λ“  μ„ΈλŒ€λ“€μ€ 단지 1000λΆ„μ˜ 1μ΄ˆλ°–μ— 걸리지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:42
So I can do the equivalent
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 컴퓨터λ₯Ό 가지고 λͺ‡λΆ„μ•ˆμ—
16:44
of millions of years of evolution on that
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μˆ˜λ°±λ§Œλ…„μ΄ 걸렸던 진화와 같은 과정을
16:46
within the computer in a few minutes,
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진행해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:49
or in the complicated cases, in a few hours.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” λͺ‡μ‹œκ°„ 정도 걸리겠죠.
16:51
At the end of that, I end up with programs
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그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ—λŠ” 숫자λ₯Ό μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ μ •λ ¬ν•˜λŠ”
16:54
that are absolutely perfect at sorting numbers.
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ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μœΌλ‘œ 진화λ₯Ό 마치게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:56
In fact, they are programs that are much more efficient
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사싀 μ œκ°€ μ†μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μ„±ν•˜λŠ” ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ 보닀
16:59
than programs I could have ever written by hand.
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훨씬더 효율적인 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ΄ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:01
Now if I look at those programs,
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이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ„ 보면,
17:03
I can't tell you how they work.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” 말할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:05
I've tried looking at them and telling you how they work.
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μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:07
They're obscure, weird programs.
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이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ€ λͺ¨ν˜Έν•˜κ³  ν¬ν•œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:09
But they do the job.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ›ν–ˆλ˜ μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:11
And in fact, I know, I'm very confident that they do the job
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μ €λŠ” 이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ΄ 이 μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•  것이라고 ν™•μ‹ ν•˜μ£ .
17:14
because they come from a line
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그런 μž‘μ—…λ“€μ„ ν–ˆλ˜
17:16
of hundreds of thousands of programs that did the job.
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수백, μˆ˜μ²œμ€„μ˜ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ™”κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
17:18
In fact, their life depended on doing the job.
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사싀 이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ 생λͺ…은 ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ—…μ— λ‹¬λ €μžˆμ£ .
17:21
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
17:26
I was riding in a 747
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μ €λŠ” 마빈 λ―ΌμŠ€ν‚€ κ΅μˆ˜μ™€
17:28
with Marvin Minsky once,
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747κΈ°μ’… λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°λ₯Ό 타고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:30
and he pulls out this card and says, "Oh look. Look at this.
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그리고 이 μΉ΄λ“œλ₯Ό κΊΌλ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "였, μ΄κ²ƒλ³΄μ„Έμš”."
17:33
It says, 'This plane has hundreds of thousands of tiny parts
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μΉ΄λ“œμ—λŠ” "이 λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ•ˆμ „λΉ„ν–‰μ„ μ±…μž„μ§€λŠ”
17:37
working together to make you a safe flight.'
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λΆ€ν’ˆλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€." 라고 μ“°μ—¬ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:41
Doesn't that make you feel confident?"
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이 문ꡬ가 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ„ ν™•μ‹ ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ§€ μ•Šλ‚˜μš”?
17:43
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
17:45
In fact, we know that the engineering process doesn't work very well
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사싀 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ³΅μž‘ν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
17:48
when it gets complicated.
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기계과정이 잘 μž‘λ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:50
So we're beginning to depend on computers
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 기계적인 κ³΅ν•™κ³ΌλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ
17:52
to do a process that's very different than engineering.
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과정듀을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 컴퓨터에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:56
And it lets us produce things of much more complexity
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 일반적인 곡학보닀도
17:59
than normal engineering lets us produce.
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훨씬더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 것듀을 λ§Œλ“€μˆ˜ 있게 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:01
And yet, we don't quite understand the options of it.
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그리고 선택사항듀도 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:04
So in a sense, it's getting ahead of us.
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μ–΄λ–€λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μš°λ¦¬λ³΄λ‹€ μ•žμ„œ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:06
We're now using those programs
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ 더 λΉ λ₯Έ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ €κ³ 
18:08
to make much faster computers
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그런 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:10
so that we'll be able to run this process much faster.
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κ·Έλ¦¬μ„œ 이런 과정듀이 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ‹€ν–‰ ν•  수 있게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:13
So it's feeding back on itself.
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슀슀둜 ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ„ 주게 되죠.
18:16
The thing is becoming faster
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그런 과정듀은 더 λΉ¨λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:18
and that's why I think it seems so confusing.
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그리고 그것이 μ™œ ν˜Όλ™μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄μ§€λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:20
Because all of these technologies are feeding back on themselves.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이런 λͺ¨λ“  κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ€ 슀슀둜 ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ„ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:23
We're taking off.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이λ₯™ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:25
And what we are is we're at a point in time
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 단세포 쑰직이
18:28
which is analogous to when single-celled organisms
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닀세포 쑰직으둜 λ°”λ€ŒλŠ” 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ
18:30
were turning into multi-celled organisms.
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μ‹œκ°„μƒμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:33
So we're the amoebas
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아베바와 κ°™κ³ ,
18:35
and we can't quite figure out what the hell this thing is we're creating.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무엇을 λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:38
We're right at that point of transition.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λΆ„λͺ… λ³€ν˜μ˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:40
But I think that there really is something coming along after us.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리 λ‹€μŒμ— 무엇인가 ν•¨κ»˜ 였고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:43
I think it's very haughty of us
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ§„ν™”μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ‚°λ¬Όμ΄λΌλŠ” 생각은
18:45
to think that we're the end product of evolution.
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μ•„μ£Ό κ±°λ§Œν•œ 생각 κ°™μ•„μš”.
18:48
And I think all of us here
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μ—¬κΈ° 우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ”
18:50
are a part of producing
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λ‹€μŒ 세상이 무엇이든지
18:52
whatever that next thing is.
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μƒμ‚°μ˜ 일뢀라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:54
So lunch is coming along,
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μ μ‹¬μ‹œκ°„μ΄ λ‹€κ°€μ˜€λ„€μš”,
18:56
and I think I will stop at that point,
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μ €λ§Œ 빼놓기 전에
18:58
before I get selected out.
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μ΄μ―€μ—μ„œ 강연을 λ§ˆμ³μ•Όκ² λ„€μš”.
19:00
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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