Language around gender and identity evolves (and always has) | Archie Crowley

109,271 views ・ 2021-04-16

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber:
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λ²ˆμ—­: Sieun Park κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:12
I am a linguist.
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μ €λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
Linguists study language.
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μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜μ£ .
00:17
And we do this in a lot of different ways.
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정말 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œμš”.
00:20
Some linguists study how we pronounce certain sounds.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžλŠ” 일뢀 λ°œμŒμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°œμŒν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ³΅λΆ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
Others look at how we build sentences.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ¬Έμž₯을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€ κ³΅λΆ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
And some study how language varies from place to place,
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또 μ–΄λ–€ μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžλŠ” 지역에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
just to name a few.
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이 정도가 λŒ€ν‘œμ μ΄μ£ .
00:31
But what I'm really interested in
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 정말 관심 μžˆλŠ” 건
00:33
is what people think and believe about language
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언어에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 생각과 고정관념,
00:37
and how these beliefs affect the way we use it.
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κ·Έ κ³ μ • 관념이 μ–Έμ–΄ μ‚¬μš© 방식에 μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
All of us have deeply held beliefs about language
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 언어에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ κΉŠμ€ κ³ μ • 관념을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
such as the belief that some languages are more beautiful than others
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μ–΄λ–€ μ–Έμ–΄κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 언어보닀 더 μ•„λ¦„λ‹΅λ‹€κ±°λ‚˜
00:49
or that some ways of using language are more correct.
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μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  λ–„ λͺ‡λͺ‡ 방법이 더 μ •ν™•ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 식이죠.
00:53
And as most linguists know,
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그리고 μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μž λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλ“―μ΄
00:55
these beliefs are often less about language itself
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 고정관념은 주둜 μ–Έμ–΄ κ·Έ μžμ²΄λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
00:59
and more about what we believe about the social world around us.
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우리 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  세계에 κ΄€ν•œ κ³ μ •κ΄€λ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
So I’m a linguist,
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μ €λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
and I'm also a nonbinary person,
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그리고 μ €λŠ” β€˜λ…Ό λ°”μ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬β€™μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
which means I don't identify as a man or a woman.
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남성 ν˜Ήμ€ μ—¬μ„±μœΌλ‘œ ꡬ뢄 짓지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 말이죠.
01:14
I also identify as a member of a broader transgender community.
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그리고 더 넓은 μ˜λ―Έλ‘œλŠ” νŠΈλžœμŠ€μ  λ”μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
When I first started getting connected to other transgender people,
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μ œκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”λ“€κ³Ό 처음 인연을 λ§Ίμ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ
01:24
it was like learning a whole new language
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μ „ν˜€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ°°μš°λŠ” 것 κ°™μ•˜κ³ 
01:26
and the linguist part of me was really excited.
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언어학적인 뢀뢄에 μžˆμ–΄ 정말 신이 λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
There was a whole new way of talking about my relationship with myself
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μ € μžμ‹ κ³Όμ˜ 관계에 κ΄€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” 방식이 μ „ν˜€ λ‹¬λžκ³ 
01:34
and a new clear way to communicate that to other people.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒκ³Όμ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œλ„ μ†Œν†΅ 방식이 방법이 μ™„μ „ μƒˆλ‘œμ› μ£ .
01:38
And then I started having conversations with my friends and family
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그리고 μ €λŠ” μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ΄λ‚˜ κ°€μ‘±λ“€κ³Ό λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
about what it meant for me to be trans and nonbinary,
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νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”μ™€ λ…Ό λ°”μ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬κ°€ μ €μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―ΈμΈμ§€,
01:49
what those words meant to me specifically,
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이 단어듀이 제게 ꡬ체적으둜 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ”μ§€,
01:52
and why I would use both of them.
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μ™œ 이 두 단어 λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
01:56
I also clarified the correct words they could use when referring to me.
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그리고 μ €λ₯Ό μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•  λ•Œ μ“Έ 수 μžˆλŠ” μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ 단어도 λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ•Œλ Έμ£ .
02:02
For some of them, this meant some very specific changes.
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그쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 맀우 ꡬ체적인 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
For example, some of my friends
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 제 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€ 쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€
02:09
who are used to talking about our friend group as β€œladies” or β€œgirls”
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제 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ„ ν–₯ν•΄ β€œμˆ™λ…€λ“€β€ ν˜Ήμ€ β€œμ—¬μžμ• λ“€β€œλ‘œ λΆ€λ₯΄λ˜ κ²ƒμ—μ„œ
02:14
switched to nongendered terms like β€œfriends” or β€œpals.”
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κ·Έλƒ₯ β€œμΉœκ΅¬λ“€β€œμ΄λΌλŠ” μ„± ꡬ뢄 μ—†λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λ‘œ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
And my parents can now tell people that their three kids are their son,
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그리고 제 λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ€ 이제 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ„Έ 아이듀을 μ†Œκ°œν•  λ•Œ
μ•„λ“€, λ”Έ 그리고 μžμ‹μ΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  말할 수 있죠.
02:25
their daughter and their child.
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02:28
And all of them would have to switch the pronouns they used to refer to me.
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그리고 λͺ¨λ‘ μ €λ₯Ό μ§€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€λͺ…사λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ”μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
My correct pronouns are β€œthey” and β€œthem,”
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저에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ λŒ€λͺ…μ‚¬λŠ”
β€œthey(그이)β€œμ™€ β€œthem(κ·Έμ΄μ—κ²Œ)β€œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
also known as the singular they.
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β€˜λ‹¨μˆ˜ν˜• they’라고 ν•˜μ£ .
02:41
And these people love me,
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이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘ μ €λ₯Ό μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:44
but many of them told me that some of these language changes
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그쀑 λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜κ°€ 제게 λ§ν•˜κΈΈ
이런 μ–Έμ–΄ λ³€ν™”λŠ” 받아듀이기 λ„ˆλ¬΄ νž˜λ“€λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
02:47
were too hard or too confusing
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ½κ³  문법에 λ§žμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€κ³ λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:51
or too ungrammatical for them to pick up.
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02:55
These responses led me to the focus of my research.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°˜μ‘λ“€μ€ 제 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 초점이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
There are commonly held,
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일반적으둜 ν”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:00
yet harmful and incorrect beliefs about language
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언어에 λŒ€ν•œ 고정관념은 ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μ£Όκ±°λ‚˜ 틀릴 λ•Œλ„ 있죠.
03:04
that for the people who hold these beliefs,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 고정관념을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
03:07
act as barriers to building and strengthening relationships
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κ·Έλ“€ κ°€μ‘±μ΄λ‚˜ 곡동체에 μ•ˆμ— νŠΈλžœμŠ€μ  λ”κ°€ μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
03:10
with the transgender people in their families and communities,
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κ·Έλ“€κ³Όμ˜ 관계 ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό 강화에 큰 μž₯벽이 되곀 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
even if they want to do so.
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아무리 μΉœν•΄μ§€κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄λ„μš”.
03:17
Today, I'm going to walk you through some of these beliefs
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였늘 μ €λŠ” 그런 고정관념듀 쀑 λͺ‡ 가지λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
in the hope that we can embrace creativity in our language
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우리 μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ μ°½μ˜μ„±μ„ μˆ˜μš©ν•˜κ³ 
03:24
and allow language to bring us closer together.
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μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 톡해 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ 더 κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§€κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λΌλŠ” λ§ˆμŒμ—μ„œμš”.
03:28
You might see your own beliefs reflected in these experiences in some way,
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고정관념은 μ–΄λ–€ μ‹μœΌλ‘œλ“  μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
but no matter what,
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그것이 무엇이든지 간에
03:34
I hope that I can share with you some linguistic insights
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ³Ό 언어적 톡찰λ ₯을 λ‚˜λˆŒ 수 있기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
that you can put into your back pocket
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그리고 κ·Έκ±Έ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λ’·μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆμ— λ„£κ³ 
03:39
and take with you out into the world.
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세상 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ 가지고 λ‚˜κ°€κΈΈ λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
And I just want to be super clear.
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λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ λ°ν˜€λ‘κ³  싢은 건
03:43
This can be fun.
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μž¬λ°Œμ„ κ±°λΌλŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
03:45
Learning about language brings me joy,
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μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ°°μš°λŠ” 건 μ €μ—κ²Œ 즐거움을 μ£ΌλŠ”λ°,
03:47
and I hope that it can bring you more joy too.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œλ„ 즐거움을 μ€€λ‹€λ©΄ μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
So do you remember how I said that for some of my friends and family
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μ•„κΉŒ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° κ±° κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œμ£ .
μ €λ₯Ό λ‹¨μˆ˜ν˜• λŒ€λͺ…사 they둜 λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€λ˜ μΉœκ΅¬μ™€ κ°€μ‘±λ“€μ΄μš”.
03:56
learning how to use the singular they was really hard,
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03:59
and they said it was too confusing or too ungrammatical for them to pick up.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  문법에 λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆλ˜ κ±° κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
04:04
Well, this brings us to the first belief about language that people have.
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그게 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 가진 언어에 λŒ€ν•œ 첫 번째 κ³ μ •κ΄€λ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
Grammar rules don't change.
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문법은 λ°”λ€Œμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
04:13
As a linguist, I see this belief a lot out in the world.
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μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ, μ €λŠ” 이 고정관념을 정말 많이 μ ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
A lot of language users believe that grammar just is what it is.
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λ§Žμ€ μ–Έμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ€ 문법을 μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
When it comes to language,
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언어적인 λ©΄μ—μ„œ
04:24
what's grammatical is what matters.
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문법적인 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
You can't change it.
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λ°”κΏ€ 수 μ—†κ±°λ“ μš”.
04:28
I want to tell you a story about English in the 1600s.
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1600λ…„λŒ€ μ˜μ–΄μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
Back then, as you might imagine,
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κ·Έλ•ŒλŠ” μ§μž‘ν•  수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
04:33
people spoke differently than we do today.
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
In particular, they used "thou" when addressing a single other person,
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특히, β€œthou(κ·ΈλŒ€)β€œλŠ” ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 지칭할 λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆκ³ 
04:40
and "you" when addressing more than one other person,
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β€œyou(λ‹Ήμ‹ )β€λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ λͺ…을 μ§€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
But for some complex historical reasons
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 역사적 배경이 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:47
that we don't have time to get into today,
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μ˜€λŠ˜μ€ λ‹€λ£° μ‹œκ°„μ€ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:49
so you'll just have to trust me as a linguist here,
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κ·Έλƒ₯ μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžμΈ 제 말을 λ―ΏμœΌμ„Έμš”.
04:52
but people started using "you" to address someone,
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그런데 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ β€œyou”을 μ§€μΉ­ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ”
04:55
regardless of how many people they were talking to.
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μ‚¬λžŒ μˆ˜μ— 상관없이 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
And people had a lot to say about this.
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그리고 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이거에 λŒ€ν•΄ 말듀이 λ§Žμ•˜μ£ .
05:02
Take a look at what this guy, Thomas Elwood, had to say.
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ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ μ—˜μš°λ“œκ°€ ν•œ 말 μ’€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:05
He wrote,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
"The corrupt and unsound form of speaking in the plural number
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β€œν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ³΅μˆ˜ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 뢀정적이고 λΆ€μ μ ˆν•œ ν˜•νƒœ,
05:11
to a single person,
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05:13
β€˜you’ to one instead of β€˜thou,’
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즉 ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ β€˜thou’ λŒ€μ‹  β€˜you’라고 ν•˜λŠ” 건,
05:16
contrary to the pure, plain and single language of truth,
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μˆœμˆ˜ν•˜κ³  ν‰λ²”ν•œ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ§„μ‹€λœ 언어에 λ°˜ν•œλ‹€.
05:22
β€˜thou’ to one and β€˜you’ to more than one.”
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ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ β€˜thou’, ν•œ λͺ… 이상은 β€˜you’이어야 ν•œλ‹€.”
05:25
And he goes on.
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κ·Έ λ’€λ‘œ λ‚΄μš©μ΄ 이어지죠.
05:28
Needless to say,
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말할 ν•„μš”λ„ 없이,
05:29
this change in pronouns was a big deal in the 1600s.
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이런 λŒ€λͺ…μ‚¬μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” 1600λ…„λŒ€μ— 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
But actually, if you followed the debates about the singular they at all,
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근데 사싀, λ‹¨μˆ˜ν˜• they에 λŒ€ν•œ 토둠을 μ‘°κΈˆμ΄λΌλ„ λ”°λžλ‹€λ©΄,
05:38
these arguments might sound familiar to you.
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이 λ…ΌμŸλ“€μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ 쑰금 더 μΉœμˆ™ν•˜κ²Œ 듀릴 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
They're not that far off from the bickering we hear
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μš°λ¦¬λ„ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ…ΌμŸμ„ ν”Όν•΄ 갈 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
about the so-called grammaticality of pronouns
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νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”λ‚˜ λ…Ό λ°”μ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ§€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€λͺ…μ‚¬μ˜ 문법 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…ΌμŸμ΄μš”.
05:46
used to talk about trans and nonbinary people.
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05:50
One of the most common complaints about the singular they
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λ‹¨μˆ˜ν˜• they에 λŒ€ν•œ κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•œ λΆˆν‰ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
05:53
is that if "they" is used to refer to people in the plural,
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β€œtheyβ€œκ°€ λ³΅μˆ˜ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λ©΄
05:56
it can't also be used to talk about people in the singular,
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λ‹¨μˆ˜ν˜•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
which is exactly what they said about β€œthou” and β€œyou.”
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λ°”λ‘œ μ•„κΉŒ β€œthouβ€œμ™€ β€œyouβ€œμ˜ 차이에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν–ˆλ“―μ΄μš”.
06:04
But as we have seen, pronouns have changed.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 봀듯이 λŒ€λͺ…μ‚¬λŠ” λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
Our grammar rules do change
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문법 κ·œμΉ™λ„ λ³€ν•΄μš”.
06:10
and for a lot of different reasons.
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μ΄μœ λ“€λ‘œ μΈν•΄μ„œμš”.
06:14
And we're living through one of these shifts right now.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³€ν™”λ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:19
All living languages will continue to change,
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” 계속 λ°”λ€” 것이고
06:22
and the Thomas Elwoods of the world
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κ·Έλ•Œμ˜ ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ μ—˜μš°λ“œλ„
06:23
will eventually have to get with the program
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κ²°κ΅­ 이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ 따라야 ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:26
because hundreds of years later,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 수백 λ…„ ν›„μ—λŠ”
06:28
it's considered right to use "you" when addressing another person.
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ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 지칭할 λ•Œ β€œyouβ€œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 게 맞기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:33
Not just allowable, but right.
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ν—ˆμš©λœλ‹€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 그게 λ§žμ•„μš”.
06:38
The second belief about language that people have
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 언어에 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 두 번째 고정관념은
06:40
is that dictionaries provide official, unchanging definitions for words.
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사전은 항상 곡식적이고 λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 단어 μ •μ˜λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
When you were in school,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 학ꡐ에 닀닐 λ•Œ,
06:48
did you ever start an essay with a sentence like,
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이런 λ¬Έμž₯으둜 에세이λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 적이 μžˆμœΌμ‹ κ°€μš”?
06:50
"The dictionary defines history as ..."
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β€œμ‚¬μ „μ— μ •μ˜λœ β€˜μ—­μ‚¬β€™μ˜ μ˜λ―ΈλŠ”...”
06:54
Well, if you did, which dictionary were you talking about?
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음, λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλž¬λ‹€λ©΄ κ·Έλ•Œ μ–΄λ–€ 사전을 λ§μ”€ν•˜μ‹  κ±΄κ°€μš”?
06:58
Was it the Oxford English Dictionary?
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μ˜₯μŠ€νΌλ“œ μ˜μ–΄μ‚¬μ „μ΄μ—ˆλ‚˜μš”?
07:01
Was it Merriam Webster?
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μ›ΉμŠ€ν„° μ‚¬μ „μ΄μ—ˆλ‚˜μš”?
07:04
Was it Urban Dictionary?
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μ–΄λ²ˆ λ”•μ…”λ„ˆλ¦¬μ˜€λ‚˜μš”?
07:06
Did you even have a particular dictionary in mind?
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ 사전을 염두해두고 있긴 ν•˜μ…¨λ‚˜μš”?
07:10
Which one of these is β€œthe dictionary?”
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μ–΄λ–€ 게 β€œκ·Έ μ‚¬μ „β€œμΈκ°€μš”?
07:14
Dictionaries are often thought of as the authority on language.
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사전은 μ’…μ’… μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ κΆŒμœ„μžλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
But dictionaries, in fact, are changing all the time.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사전은 항상 λ³€ν™”ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
And here's where our minds are really blown.
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그리고 좩격적인 사싀이 있죠.
07:24
Dictionaries don't provide a single definition for words.
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사전은 ν•œ 가지 뜻만 μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ—μš”.
07:28
Dictionaries are living documents
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사전은 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έμ„œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
that track how some people are using language.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ μΆ”μ ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ„œμ£ .
07:35
Language doesn't originate in dictionaries.
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μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” μ‚¬μ „μ—μ„œ νƒ„μƒν•œ 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
Language originates with people
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μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ™”μœΌλ©°
07:40
and dictionaries are the documents that chronicle that language use.
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사전은 ν•΄λ‹Ή μ–Έμ–΄κ°€ μ‚¬μš©λœ μ—°λŒ€κΈ°λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•œ 것이죠.
07:45
Here's one example.
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μ—¬κΈ° μ˜ˆμ‹œκ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
We currently use the word "awful"
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ β€œawful” μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό
07:49
to talk about something that is bad or gross.
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무언가 λ‚˜μ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ§•κ·ΈλŸ¬μš΄ 것을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
But before the 19th century, "awful" meant just the opposite.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 19μ„ΈκΈ° μ „μ—λŠ” β€œawfulβ€œμ€ μ •λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ 의미λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
People used "awful" to talk about something
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ β€˜awfulβ€™μ˜ 의미λ₯Ό
08:00
that was deserving of respect
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무언가 μ‘΄κ²½ν•  κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆκ±°λ‚˜
08:02
or full of awe.
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경외심이 가득할 λ•Œ 썼죠.
08:06
And in the mid-1900s,
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그리고 1990λ…„λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜μ— λ“€μ–΄μ„œ
08:07
"awesome" was the word that took up these positive meanings
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β€œawesomeβ€œμ΄λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό 긍정적인 의미둜 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆκ³ 
08:11
and "awful" switched to the negative one we have today.
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β€œawfulβ€œμ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  뢀정적 의미둜 λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
And dictionaries over time reflected that.
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그리고 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 흐λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ 사전에 그게 λ°˜μ˜λ˜μ—ˆκ³ μš”.
08:18
This is just one example of how definitions and meanings
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이건 μ‹œκ°„μ— 따라 μ •μ˜μ™€ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ”
08:21
have changed over time.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ˜ˆμ‹œμΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
And to keep up with it, how dictionaries are updated all the time.
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그리고 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 사전이 항상 μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈ λ˜λŠ”μ§€λ„μš”.
08:27
So I hope you're starting to feel a little more comfortable
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 것에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
08:30
with the idea of changing language.
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쑰금 더 νŽΈν•΄μ§€μ…¨μœΌλ©΄ μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
But of course, I'm not just talking about language in general.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ €λŠ” 일반적인 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
I'm talking about language as it is impactful for trans people.
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μ–Έμ–΄κ°€ νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”μ—κ²Œ λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
08:39
And pronouns are only one part of language,
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λŒ€λͺ…μ‚¬λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ ν•œ 뢀뢄일 뿐이고,
08:42
and they're only one part of language that's important for trans people.
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νŠΈλžœμŠ€μ  λ”μ—κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ ν•œ 뢀뢄일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
Also important are the identity terms
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정체성을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” μš©μ–΄ λ˜ν•œ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
that trans people use to talk about ourselves,
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νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”λ“€μ€ μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ 지칭할 λ•Œ
08:51
such as trans man, trans woman, nonbinary or gender queer.
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트랜슀맨, 트랜슀우먼, λ…Ό λ°”μ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬ λ˜λŠ” 젠더퀴어라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
And some of these words have been documented in dictionaries
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이런 단어듀 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
09:01
for decades now
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사전에 κΈ°λ‘λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
09:03
and others are still being added year after year.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν•΄λ§ˆλ‹€ μΆ”κ°€λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
And that's because dictionaries are working to keep up with us,
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μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 창의적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
09:10
the people who are using language creatively.
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계속 λ§žμΆ°λ‚˜κ°€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
So at this point, you might be thinking,
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μ΄μ―€μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 생각할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
"But Archie, it seems like every trans person has a different word
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β€œκ·Όλ° μ•„μΉ˜, λͺ¨λ“  νŠΈλžœμŠ€μ  λ”κ°€ 각각 μ›ν•˜λŠ” 단어가 λ‹€λ₯Ό 것 같은데
09:21
they want me to use for them.
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09:23
There are so many opportunities for me to mess up or to look ignorant
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λ‚΄κ°€ λ¬΄μ§€ν•΄λ³΄μΈλ‹€κ±°λ‚˜
λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ˜ 기뢄을 μƒν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 상황이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμž–μ•„.
09:27
or to hurt someone's feelings.
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09:29
What is something I can memorize
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λ‚΄κ°€ μ™Έμ›Œμ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λ‚˜
09:32
and reliably employ when talking to the trans people in my life?"
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κ·Έλ“€κ³Ό λŒ€ν™”ν•  λ•Œ λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ“Έ 수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” 뭐가 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?”
09:37
Well, that brings us to the third belief about language that people have.
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이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ 언어에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„Έ 번째 고정관념을 λ“œλŸ¬λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
You can't just make up words.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ·Έλƒ₯ 단어λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 순 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
Folks, people do this all the time.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 항상 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜μ£ .
09:48
Here's one of my favorite examples.
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μ—¬κΈ° μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μ˜ˆμ‹œκ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
The "official" term for your mother's mother
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β€œκ³΅μ‹μ β€œμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
μ—„λ§ˆμ˜ μ—„λ§ˆλ‚˜ μ•„λΉ μ˜ μ—„λ§ˆλ₯Ό ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆλΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
or your father's mother is grandmother.
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09:56
I recently polled my friends
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μ €λŠ” μ΅œκ·Όμ— μΉœκ΅¬λ“€ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ
09:58
and asked them what they call their grandmothers.
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”지 μ•Œμ•„λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
We don't get frustrated if your friend's grandma goes by Meemaw
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μΉœκ΅¬λŠ” ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό β€˜Meemaw(λ―Έλͺ¨)β€™λ‘œ λΆ€λ₯΄λ“ 
10:06
and yours goes by Gigi.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ β€˜Gigi(지지)’ 라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λ“  λ‹Ήν™©ν•  ν•„μš” μ—†μ–΄μš”.
10:08
We just make rather short work of it
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έμ € 짧게 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
10:10
and memorize it and move on getting to know her.
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κ·Έκ±Έ μ™Έμš°κ³ , ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ™€ μΉœν•΄μ§€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:14
In fact, we might even celebrate her by gifting her with a sweatshirt
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사싀 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ»˜ μΆ•ν•˜ μ„ λ¬Όλ‘œ μŠ€μ›¨ν„°λ‚˜ 자수베개λ₯Ό λ“œλ¦¬λ©°
10:18
or an embroidered pillow that celebrates the name she has chosen for herself.
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ»˜μ„œ 직접 μ„ νƒν•˜μ‹  이름을 μΆ•ν•˜ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
10:24
And just like your Nana and your grandma,
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그리고 ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 이름이 μ €λ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€λ₯΄λ“―이
10:27
trans people have every right to choose their own identifying language.
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νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”λ“€λ„ μžμ‹ λ§Œμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 선택할 κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
10:32
The process of determining self-identifying language
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μžμ‹ μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” 과정은
10:35
is crucial for trans people.
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νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:38
In my research,
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제 연ꡬ에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
10:39
many trans people have shared that finding new vocabulary
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λ§Žμ€ νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”λ“€μ˜ κ³΅ν†΅λœ 생각이
10:42
was an important part of understanding their own identities.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 단어λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” 것이 정체성 인식에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
As one person I interviewed put it,
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μ œκ°€ 인터뷰 ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 이런 말을 ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:48
"Language is one of the most important personal things
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β€œμ–Έμ–΄λŠ” 개인적으둜 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
because using different words to describe myself
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μžμ‹ μ„ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
10:54
and then finding something that feels good, feels right,
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κΈ°λΆ„ μ’‹κ²Œ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ 것을 μ°ΎλŠ” 것은
10:58
is a very introspective and important process.
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맀우 자기 성찰적이며 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 과정이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
With that process you can piece together,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 과정을 거침으둜써
11:05
with the language that you find out works best for you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ κ°€μž₯ μ ν•©ν•œ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 찾을 수 있게 λ˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
who am I?"
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λ‚˜λŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬μΈκ°€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.”
11:11
Sometimes the words that feel good are already out there.
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가끔 κΈ°λΆ„ 쒋은 단어듀이 이미 λ‚˜μ™€μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
For me, the words trans and nonbinary just feel right.
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μ €λŠ” νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”μ™€ λ…Ό λ°”μ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬κ°€ μ €μ—κ²Œ λ§žλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
But sometimes the common lexicon doesn’t yet hold
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 이해해야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 단어듀이
11:23
the words that a person needs to feel properly understood.
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사전에 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ²½μš°λ„ κ½€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
And it's necessary and exciting to get to create and redefine words
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단어듀을 λ§Œλ“€λ‘œ μž¬μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ©° μ‹ λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμ΄μ—μš”.
11:30
that better reflect our experience of gender.
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그리고 성별에 κ΄€ν•œ 우리 κ²½ν—˜μ„ 잘 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 단어듀 말이죠.
11:34
So this is a very long answer, but, yes,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λŒ€λ‹΅μ΄ μ’€ κΈΈμ–΄μ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ
μ’‹μ•„μš”. 정말 μ‰½κ²Œ μ™ΈμšΈ 수 μžˆλŠ” λ§ˆλ²•μ˜ 단어λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
11:38
I'm absolutely going to give you a magic word,
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11:41
something really easy you can memorize.
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11:43
And I want you to think of this word
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κ·Έλƒ₯ μ‘°μ–Έμ˜ 의미둜 μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” 단어라고 μƒκ°ν•΄μ£Όμ‹œλ©΄ μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
as the biggest piece of advice I could give you
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11:48
if you don't know what words to use for the trans people in your life.
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μ–΄μ©Œλ‹€ νŠΈλžœμŠ€μ  λ”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚¬μ„ λ•Œ μ–΄λ–€ 단어λ₯Ό 써야 할지
λͺ¨λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
11:53
Ask.
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λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
11:55
I might be a linguist and a trans person
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μ €λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžμΌ μˆ˜λ„ 있고 νŠΈλžœμŠ€μ  λ”μΌ μˆ˜λ„ 있고
11:59
and a linguist who works with trans people,
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νŠΈλžœμŠ€μ  λ”λ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μΌν•˜λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžμΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
12:02
but I'm no substitute for the actual trans people in your life
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 삢에 μžˆλŠ” μ‹€μ œ νŠΈλžœμŠ€μ  λ”λ₯Ό λŒ€μ‹ ν•΄
12:06
when it comes to what words to use for them.
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단어λ₯Ό κ³¨λΌλ“œλ¦΄ 순 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
And you're more likely to hurt someone's feelings by not asking
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그리고 물어보지 μ•Šκ³  μΆ”μΈ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것이
12:15
or assuming
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λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄λŠ” 것보닀
12:16
than you are by asking.
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더 λ§Žμ€ μƒμ²˜λ₯Ό 쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
And the words that a person uses might change.
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그리고 κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ“°λŠ” 단어가 λ°”λ€” μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” κ±°κ³ μš”.
12:23
So just commit to asking and learning.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ κ³Όκ°ν•˜κ²Œ 묻고 λ°°μš°μ„Έμš”.
12:27
Language is a powerful tool
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μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ„κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
for explaining and claiming our own identities
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우리의 정체성을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ©°
12:33
and for building relationships that affirm and support us.
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우리λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜κ³  μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 관계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ£Όμ£ .
12:38
But language is just that, a tool.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” 정말 도ꡬ일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
Language works for us,
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μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” 우리λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 것이지
12:43
not the other way around.
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κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:45
All of us, transgender and cisgender
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우리 같은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€, νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”μ™€ μ‹œμŠ€μ  λ”λŠ”
12:48
can use language to understand ourselves
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우리 μžμ‹ μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:51
and to respect those around us.
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μ£Όλ³€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ‘΄μ€‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλ„μš”.
12:55
We're not bound by what words have meant before,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 단어듀이 κ·Έ 전에 μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έμ˜€λŠ”μ§€
12:59
what order they might have come in
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μ–΄λ–€ μˆœμ„œλ‘œ λ‚˜μ—΄λ˜μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
13:01
or what rules we have been taught.
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μ–΄λ–€ κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ°°μ› λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 얽맀이지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:04
We can consider the beliefs that we might have had
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μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ μž‘λ™ 방식에 λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가진 고정관념을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄
13:07
about how language works
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13:09
and recognize that language will continue to change.
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μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λ°”λ€”κ±°λΌλŠ” 것을 인식할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:13
And we can creatively use language
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그리고 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 창의적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
13:16
to build the identities and relationships that bring us joy.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 즐거움을 μ£ΌλŠ” 정체성과 관계λ₯Ό ꡬ좕할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
And that's not just allowable.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
13:23
It's right.
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κ·Έλž˜μ•Ό λ§žλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:24
Believe me.
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μ •λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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