Can clouds buy us more time to solve climate change? | Kate Marvel

67,068 views ใƒป 2017-07-31

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jisun Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : TJ Kim
00:12
I am a climate scientist,
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๊ธฐ์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ ์ €๋Š”
00:15
and I hate weather.
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๋‚ ์”จ๋ผ๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์งˆ์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
I have spent too much time in California,
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด์„œ์ธ์ง€
00:20
and I strongly feel that weather should be optional.
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๋‚ ์”จ๋„ ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
00:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:25
So I don't want to experience clouds,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ์ธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
let alone study them.
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””๋“  ์ €๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
00:30
But clouds seem to follow me wherever I go.
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00:34
The thing is, clouds are a real challenge for climate science.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
We don't know how they're going to react as the planet heats up,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
00:43
and hidden in that uncertainty
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๊ทธ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•จ ์†์—์„œ
00:47
might be hope.
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ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:49
Maybe, just maybe,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ, ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์—,
00:51
clouds could slow down global warming,
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
00:54
and buy us a little bit more time to get our act together,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:58
which would be very convenient right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ผ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:01
I mean, even I could put up with a few more cloudy days
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์ €์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ํ๋ฆฐ ๋‚ ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํˆฌ๋œ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ง„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
if clouds saved the planet.
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๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:08
Now, we are sure about some things.
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์ด์  , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas,
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ์‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์ด๊ณ ,
01:14
we're emitting a lot of it,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:15
and the planet is heating up.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:17
Case closed.
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์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
But I still go to work every day.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งค์ผ ์ €๋„ ์ผํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
It turns out that there is a lot that we don't understand
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:25
about climate change.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ฃ .
01:27
In particular, we haven't answered
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ํŠนํžˆ, ์•„์ฃผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:29
what seems to be a very fundamental question.
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ํ•ด๋‹ต๋„ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
We know it's going to get hot,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ
01:35
but we don't know exactly how hot it's going to get.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ผ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Now, this is a really easy question to answer
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์ •๋ง ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
01:42
if one of you would like to give me a time machine.
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ํƒ€์ž„๋จธ์‹ ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
01:45
But I'm going to be honest with you:
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
01:47
if I had a time machine,
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ํƒ€์ž„๋จธ์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:50
I would not be hanging out at this particular point in history.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:54
So in order to see the future,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ ,
01:57
we have to rely on the output of computer simulations --
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
02:00
climate models, like this one.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์— ์˜์กดํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Now, in my line of work,
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์ œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด,
02:05
I encounter many very charming people on the internet
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์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:08
who like to tell me that climate models are all wrong.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
02:13
And I would just like to say:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”:
02:16
no kidding!
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๋งž๋„ค์š”!
02:18
Seriously? I get paid to complain about climate models.
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๋†๋‹ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ์ง์—…์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:21
But we don't want models to be perfect.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
We want them to be useful.
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์ฃ .
02:27
I mean, think about it:
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:29
a computer simulation
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์ด
02:31
that's able to exactly reproduce all of reality.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:35
That's not a climate model;
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
02:38
That's "The Matrix."
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์˜ํ™” "๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค"๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:40
So, models are not crystal balls.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ด ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ ์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •๊ณต์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
They're research tools,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ ,
02:45
and the ways in which they're wrong can actually teach us a lot.
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์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
For example:
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
02:52
different climate models are largely able to capture
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š”
02:55
the warming that we've seen so far.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
But fast-forward to the end of the century
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
03:00
under a business-as-usual scenario,
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์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด
03:02
and climate models don't really agree anymore.
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ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Yeah, they're all warming; that's just basic physics.
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๋งž์•„์š”, ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒฌ์€ ์—†์ฃ ; ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:09
But some of them project catastrophe --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์žฌ์•™์„ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
more than five times the warming we've seen already.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:15
And others are literally more chill.
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๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ข€ ๋” ๋Š๊ธ‹ํ•ด ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
So why don't climate models agree on how warm it's going to get?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
03:24
Well, to a large extent,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ,
03:26
it's because they don't agree on what clouds will do in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
And that is because, just like me,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:33
computers hate clouds.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์งˆ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:35
Computers hate clouds because they're simultaneously very large
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„,
03:39
and very small.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:41
Clouds are formed
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€
03:42
when microscopic water droplets or ice crystals coalesce
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ผ์Œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด
03:47
around tiny particles.
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์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง€์ฃ .
03:49
But at the same time, they cover two-thirds of the earth's surface.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 2๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
In order to really accurately model clouds,
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
03:56
we'd need to track the behavior of every water droplet and dust grain
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ „์ฒด์— ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ๊ณผ ํ‹ฐ๋Œ ์•Œ๋งน์ด์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„
04:01
in the entire atmosphere,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:02
and there's no computer powerful enough to do that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
So instead, we have to make a trade-off:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—, ์–‘์žํƒ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:08
we can zoom in and get the details right,
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ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์„ธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:11
but have no idea what's going on worldwide;
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:14
or, we could sacrifice realism at small scales
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
04:19
in order to see the bigger picture.
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์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:22
Now, there's no one right answer,
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์•„์ง์€ ์ •๋‹ต๋„,
04:24
no perfect way to do this,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋„ ์—†์ด,
04:26
and different climate models make different choices.
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๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Now, it is unfortunate
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„,
04:32
that computers struggle with clouds,
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ํž˜๋“  ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
because clouds are crucially important
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ์ ˆ์—
04:37
in regulating the temperature of the planet.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:40
In fact, if all the clouds went away,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:43
we would experience profound climate changes.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:46
But without clouds,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:48
would it be warmer or colder?
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋”์›Œ์งˆ๊นŒ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋” ์ถ”์›Œ์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
04:51
The answer is both.
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์ •๋‹ต์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
So I'm going to be honest with you, I am not a cloud spotter.
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์†”์งํžˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์„œ ์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
04:56
My favorite type of cloud is none.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
But even I know that clouds come in all shapes and sizes.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ €๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:04
Low, thick clouds like these are really good at blocking out the sun
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๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์ง™๊ฒŒ ๊น”๋ฆฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ,
05:08
and ruining your barbecue,
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์•ผ์™ธ ๋ฐ”๋ฒ ํ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:10
and high, wispy clouds like these cirrus
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๋†’๊ณ  ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒˆํ„ธ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€
05:13
largely let that sunlight stream through.
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ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
Every sunny day is the same,
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๋ง‘์€ ๋‚ ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„๋„,
05:18
but every cloudy day is cloudy in its own way.
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ํ๋ฆฐ ๋‚ ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
And it's this diversity
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด
05:23
that can make the global impact of clouds very hard to understand.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
So to see this global effect of clouds,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:31
it really helps to take a selfie.
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์…€์นด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
It will never cease to blow my mind
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์•„์ง๋„ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:38
that we can see our planet from outer space,
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์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:41
but we can't see all of it.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆœ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:43
Clouds are blocking the view.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
That's what they do.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
These low, thick clouds are extremely effective sunshades.
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๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์ง™๊ฒŒ ๊น”๋ฆฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์–‘๋ง‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
They turn back about 20 percent of everything the sun sends us.
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ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ 20% ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
That is a lot of wasted solar power.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ํƒœ์–‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
05:59
So, low clouds are powerful sunshades,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ฐจ์–‘๋ง‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์€
06:02
making the planet cooler.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ํ˜€์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
But that's not the only effect of clouds.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
06:06
Our planet has a temperature,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:08
and like anything with a temperature,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:10
it's giving off heat.
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๊ทธ ์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
We are radiating thermal energy away into space,
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์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š”
06:15
and we can see this in the infrared.
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์ ์™ธ์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
Once again, clouds are blocking the view.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
That's because high clouds live in the upper reaches of the atmosphere,
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๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ฐฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜
06:26
where it's very cold.
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์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
06:27
And this means that they lose very little heat to space themselves.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋บ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
06:31
But at the same time, they block the heat coming up from the planet below.
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๋™์‹œ์—, ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
The earth is trying to cool itself off,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ํžˆ๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:38
and high clouds are getting in the way.
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๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:41
The result is a very powerful greenhouse effect.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜จ์‹คํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
So, clouds play this very large and dual role
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
06:50
in the climate system.
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๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
We've got low clouds that act like a sunshade,
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๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์ฐจ์–‘๋ง‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:55
cooling the planet,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ํ˜€์ฃผ๊ณ ,
06:56
and high clouds which act like a greenhouse,
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๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์˜จ์‹ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:59
warming the planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฅํ˜€์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:01
Right now, these two effects -- they don't cancel out.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„  ์ด ๋‘ ์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ์‡„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์ฃ .
07:04
That sunshade -- it's a little bit more powerful.
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์ฐจ์–‘๋ง‰ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ข€ ๋” ์„ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So if we got rid of all the clouds tomorrow,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋‚ด์ผ ๋‹น์žฅ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:11
which, for the record, I am not advocating,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋”์›Œ์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:14
our planet would get warmer.
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
07:16
So clearly, all of the clouds are not going away.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:20
But climate change is change.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์—์š”.
07:23
So we can ask:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”:
07:24
How will global warming change clouds?
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ๊นŒ?
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
But remember, clouds are so important
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
in regulating the earth's temperature,
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07:33
and they both warm and cool the planet.
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์‹œ์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:36
So even small changes to cloud cover
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ํ‹€๋ ค์ ธ๋„
07:39
could have profound consequences.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์น  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
So we might also ask:
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ :
07:44
How will clouds change global warming?
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ๊นŒ?
07:47
And that is where there might be space for hope.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
If global warming triggers cloud changes
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ,
07:54
that make for a less powerful greenhouse or a more effective sunshade,
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์˜จ์‹คํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์–‘๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:59
then that would enhance the cooling power of clouds.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:03
It would act in opposition to global warming,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด๊ณ ,
08:07
and that's what's happening in those climate models
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๋น„๊ต์  ๋œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š”
08:10
that project relatively muted warming.
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๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
But climate models struggle with clouds,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์—๊ฒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚œ์ œ์ด๊ณ ,
08:16
and this uncertainty -- it goes both ways.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:20
Clouds could help us out with global warming.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„,
08:23
They could also make it worse.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋” ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
Now, we know that climate change is happening
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
because we can see it:
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:30
rising temperatures, melting icecaps, shifts in rainfall patterns.
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๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ๋…„์„ค์ด ๋…น๊ณ , ๊ฐ•์šฐ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
And you might think that we could also see it in the clouds.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ธก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:40
But here's something else unfortunate:
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€,
08:42
clouds are really hard to see.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐจ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:46
I see everybody from the Pacific Northwest
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ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์‹  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
08:48
is like, "I have some suggestions for you."
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"์ข‹์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:51
And you guys, we have tried looking up.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋“ค ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋šซ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
08:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:55
But in order to do climate science,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•™์—์„ ,
08:58
we need to see all of the clouds, everywhere, for a very long time.
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์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์— ๊น”๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žœ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ด€์ธกํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
And that's what makes it hard.
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์•„์ฃผ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
09:05
Now, nothing sees more clouds than a satellite --
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์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ๋งŒํผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์–ด์š”.
09:10
not even a British person.
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์˜๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ช…ํ•จ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:13
And fortunately, we do have satellite observations of clouds
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ 80๋…„๋Œ€์— ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ
09:18
that, like me, date back to the 1980s.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ๊ด€์ธก์œ„์„ฑ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
But these satellites were designed for weather,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€,
09:26
not climate.
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
They weren't in it for the long haul.
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์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ด€์ธก์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
09:29
So to get that long-term trend information,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
09:32
we need to do climate science.
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๊ธฐ์ƒํ•™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
We have to stitch together the output of multiple satellites
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ๊ถค๋„์—์„œ
09:37
with different viewing angles and orbits
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜์ƒ์žฅ๋น„ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„
09:40
and carrying different camera equipment.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์งœ ๋งž์ถฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
And as a result,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ,
09:43
there are gaps in our knowledge.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋์ฃ .
09:46
But even from this very cloudy picture,
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž”๋œฉ ๋‚€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์†์—์„œ๋„
09:49
we're starting to get hints of a possible future.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํžŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
When we looked at the observations,
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๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋‹ค๊ฐ€
09:56
one thing jumped out at us:
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
09:58
the clouds are moving.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
As the planet's temperature increases,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ
10:04
high clouds rise up.
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๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
10:06
They move to the colder upper reaches of the atmosphere,
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์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
10:10
and this means that even as the planet heats up,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์ ธ๋„
10:14
high clouds don't.
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๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
10:16
They remain at roughly the same temperature.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
So they are not losing more heat to space.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ด์„ ๋บ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:22
But at the same time, they're trapping more heat
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๋™์‹œ์—, ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
์—ด์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ ๋†“๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
from the warming planet below.
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10:27
This intensifies the greenhouse effect.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜จ์‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€์ฃ .
10:31
High clouds are making global warming worse.
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๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Clouds are moving in other dimensions, too.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
The atmospheric circulation, that large-scale motion
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๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์ธ
๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด
10:41
of air and water in the atmosphere,
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10:43
is changing,
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฌด์Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ,
10:45
and clouds are going with it.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋„ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:49
On large scales,
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์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ,
10:50
clouds seem to be moving from the tropics toward the poles.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์€ ์—ด๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:54
It's kind of like your grandparents in reverse.
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๋…ธ์ธ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ฃ .
10:58
And this matters,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ๋ฐ,
10:59
because if your job is to block incoming sunlight,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ง‰์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:03
you are going to be much more effective in the tropics
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ–‡๋น›์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ฌ๋Š” ์—ด๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด
11:06
under that intense tropical sun
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๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
than you are in higher latitudes.
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์œ„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:11
So if this keeps up,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:12
this will also make global warming worse.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
And what we have not found,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€,
11:18
despite years of looking,
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์ˆ˜ ๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์ธก์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:20
is any indication of the opposite.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
There is no observational evidence
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Šฆ์ถœ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ• 
11:26
that clouds will substantially slow down global warming.
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๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:31
The earth is not going to break its own fever.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์—ด๋ณ‘์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Now, there are still uncertainties here.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ฃ .
11:39
We don't know for sure
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ์ง€
11:41
what the future holds.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
11:43
But we are sending our kids there,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:46
and they are never coming back.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
11:50
I want them to be prepared for what they'll face,
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:54
and that is why it is so important
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ,
11:57
to keep our earth-observing satellites up there
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ด€์ธก์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ,
12:00
and to hire diverse and smart and talented people
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
12:04
who do not hate clouds
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ์งˆ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ธ์žฌ๋“ค์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ
12:06
to improve the climate models.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
But uncertainty is not ignorance.
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๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•จ์ด ๋ฌด์ง€์˜ ์†Œ์น˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
12:13
We don't know everything,
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ง„ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
12:15
but we don't know nothing,
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์•„๋ฌด ์ง€์‹์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
12:18
and we know what carbon dioxide does.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
I started my career as an astrophysicist,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์ฒด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ,
12:24
so you can believe me
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์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์…”๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
when I say that this is the greatest place in the universe.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
12:32
Other planets might have liquid water.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—๋„ ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
On earth, we have whiskey.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์—”, ์œ„์Šคํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:42
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:47
We are so lucky to live here,
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์•„์ฃผ ์šด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:51
but let's not push our luck.
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๊ทธ ์šด๋งŒ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์ž๋งŒํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
I don't think that clouds will save the planet.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
I think that's probably up to us.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:00
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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