Can we cure genetic diseases by rewriting DNA? | David R. Liu

318,864 views

2019-05-21 ใƒป TED


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Can we cure genetic diseases by rewriting DNA? | David R. Liu

318,864 views ใƒป 2019-05-21

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: DK Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
The most important gift your mother and father ever gave you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์ด ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ฃผ์‹  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ ๋ฌผ์€
00:17
was the two sets of three billion letters of DNA
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ 30์–ต ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
that make up your genome.
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00:22
But like anything with three billion components,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ’ˆ์ด 30์–ต ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ€์„œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
that gift is fragile.
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00:26
Sunlight, smoking, unhealthy eating,
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ํ–‡๋น›, ํก์—ฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹๋‹จ,
00:30
even spontaneous mistakes made by your cells,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์กฐ์ฐจ
00:33
all cause changes to your genome.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
The most common kind of change in DNA
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DNA ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:40
is the simple swap of one letter, or base, such as C,
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์—ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด C๋ฅผ
00:44
with a different letter, such as T, G or A.
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T, G ๋‚˜ A ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
In any day, the cells in your body will collectively accumulate
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์–ธ์ œ๋“  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
00:52
billions of these single-letter swaps, which are also called "point mutations."
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์ผ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Now, most of these point mutations are harmless.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
But every now and then,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ
01:01
a point mutation disrupts an important capability in a cell
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ํ•œ ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ง์ฝ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:05
or causes a cell to misbehave in harmful ways.
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
If that mutation were inherited from your parents
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „ํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:13
or occurred early enough in your development,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž„์‹  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
01:15
then the result would be that many or all of your cells
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
01:18
contain this harmful mutation.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
And then you would be one of hundreds of millions of people
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
01:24
with a genetic disease,
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์ˆ˜ ์–ต๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
such as sickle cell anemia or progeria
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๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ์กฐ๋กœ์ฆ,
01:29
or muscular dystrophy or Tay-Sachs disease.
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๊ทผ์œ„์ถ•์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค์ฆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Grievous genetic diseases caused by point mutations
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์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์€
01:37
are especially frustrating,
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ํฐ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
because we often know the exact single-letter change
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์งˆํ™˜์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:42
that causes the disease and, in theory, could cure the disease.
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Millions suffer from sickle cell anemia
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์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:50
because they have a single A to T point mutations
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์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ A๊ฐ€ T๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€
01:53
in both copies of their hemoglobin gene.
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์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
And children with progeria are born with a T
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์กฐ๋กœ์ฆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€
02:00
at a single position in their genome
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์—์„œ๋Š” C์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— T๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
where you have a C,
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02:05
with the devastating consequence that these wonderful, bright kids
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ๋†€๋ž๊ณ  ์ด๋ช…ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:08
age very rapidly and pass away by about age 14.
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ 14์‚ด ์ •๋„์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Throughout the history of medicine,
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์˜ํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด
02:16
we have not had a way to efficiently correct point mutations
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์—์„œ ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•,
02:19
in living systems,
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02:20
to change that disease-causing T back into a C.
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์ฆ‰ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” T๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ C๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Perhaps until now.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”์š”.
02:27
Because my laboratory recently succeeded in developing such a capability,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:31
which we call "base editing."
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ "์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘"์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
The story of how we developed base editing
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š”
02:37
actually begins three billion years ago.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค 30์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
We think of bacteria as sources of infection,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
but bacteria themselves are also prone to being infected,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ท  ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
in particular, by viruses.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ์š”.
02:49
So about three billion years ago,
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์•ฝ 30์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์—
02:52
bacteria evolved a defense mechanism to fight viral infection.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
That defense mechanism is now better known as CRISPR.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ"๋กœ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
And the warhead in CRISPR is this purple protein
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์˜ ํƒ„๋‘๋Š” ์ด ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
that acts like molecular scissors to cut DNA,
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DNA๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์œ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
breaking the double helix into two pieces.
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์ด์ค‘๋‚˜์„ ์„ ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
If CRISPR couldn't distinguish between bacterial and viral DNA,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:15
it wouldn't be a very useful defense system.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
But the most amazing feature of CRISPR
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€
03:21
is that the scissors can be programmed to search for,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ DNA ์ˆœ์—ด๋งŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„
03:26
bind to and cut
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ™์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž๋ฅด๋„๋ก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
only a specific DNA sequence.
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03:32
So when a bacterium encounters a virus for the first time,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:36
it can store a small snippet of that virus's DNA
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ํ–ฅํ›„์— ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ฐ€์œ„๊ฐ€
03:39
for use as a program to direct the CRISPR scissors
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค DNA ์ˆœ์—ด์„ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:43
to cut that viral DNA sequence during a future infection.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ž‘์€ DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
Cutting a virus's DNA messes up the function of the cut viral gene,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋‹จ๋œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์œ ์ „์ž์˜
03:52
and therefore disrupts the virus's life cycle.
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Remarkable researchers including Emmanuelle Charpentier, George Church,
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์—๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜ ์ƒคํŽœํ‹ฐ์—, ์กฐ์ง€ ์ฒ˜์น˜,
04:02
Jennifer Doudna and Feng Zhang
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์ œ๋‹ˆํผ ๋‹ค์šฐ๋“œ๋‚˜, ํŽ‘ ์žฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€
04:05
showed six years ago how CRISPR scissors could be programmed
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6๋…„ ์ „์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ฐ€์œ„๋ฅผ
04:09
to cut DNA sequences of our choosing,
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์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ DNA ์ˆœ์—ด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:12
including sequences in your genome,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆœ์—ด์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ
04:14
instead of the viral DNA sequences chosen by bacteria.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ DNA ์ˆœ์—ด์„ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
But the outcomes are actually similar.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
Cutting a DNA sequence in your genome
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š”
04:24
also disrupts the function of the cut gene, typically,
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DNA ์ˆœ์—ด์„ ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๋œ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—
04:28
by causing the insertion and deletion of random mixtures of DNA letters
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ DNA ์ˆœ์—ด์„ ๋„ฃ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋บŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
at the cut site.
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04:36
Now, disrupting genes can be very useful for some applications.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
But for most point mutations that cause genetic diseases,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์—์„œ
04:46
simply cutting the already-mutated gene won't benefit patients,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ณ€์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
because the function of the mutated gene needs to be restored,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€์ด๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋” ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:54
not further disrupted.
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๋˜์‚ด๋ ค๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
So cutting this already-mutated hemoglobin gene
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
05:00
that causes sickle cell anemia
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๋ณ€์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:02
won't restore the ability of patients to make healthy red blood cells.
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์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
And while we can sometimes introduce new DNA sequences into cells
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ ˆ๋‹จ ์œ„์น˜ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” DNA ์ˆœ์—ด์„ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:11
to replace the DNA sequences surrounding a cut site,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด DNA ์ˆœ์—ด์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:15
that process, unfortunately, doesn't work in most types of cells,
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:19
and the disrupted gene outcomes still predominate.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์†์ƒ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
Like many scientists, I've dreamed of a future
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์„
05:26
in which we might be able to treat or maybe even cure
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์™„์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
human genetic diseases.
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05:31
But I saw the lack of a way to fix point mutations,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ
05:34
which cause most human genetic diseases,
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ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:38
as a major problem standing in the way.
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๊ฟˆ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
Being a chemist, I began working with my students
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ํ™”ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
05:44
to develop ways on performing chemistry directly on an individual DNA base,
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ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ
05:49
to truly fix, rather than disrupt, the mutations that cause genetic diseases.
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๋ฐฉํ•ด๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
The results of our efforts are molecular machines
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ"๋ผ๋Š”
05:59
called "base editors."
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๋ถ„์ž ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
Base editors use the programmable searching mechanism of CRISPR scissors,
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ฐ€์œ„์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํƒ์ƒ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
but instead of cutting the DNA,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ DNA๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:10
they directly convert one base to another base
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
06:13
without disrupting the rest of the gene.
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ํ•œ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ต์ฒดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
So if you think of naturally occurring CRISPR proteins as molecular scissors,
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๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ€์œ„๋กœ์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:20
you can think of base editors as pencils,
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋Š” DNA์—ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
06:23
capable of directly rewriting one DNA letter into another
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DNA์˜ ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธ€์ž๋กœ
06:28
by actually rearranging the atoms of one DNA base
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์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐํ•„๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
to instead become a different base.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
Now, base editors don't exist in nature.
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์ž์—ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
In fact, we engineered the first base editor, shown here,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:41
from three separate proteins
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์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
that don't even come from the same organism.
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
We started by taking CRISPR scissors and disabling the ability to cut DNA
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ฐ€์œ„์—์„œ DNA ์ž๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
while retaining its ability to search for and bind a target DNA sequence
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ DNA ์ˆœ์—ด์„ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๋ถ™๋Š”
06:55
in a programmed manner.
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
To those disabled CRISPR scissors, shown in blue,
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ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ฐ€์œ„์—
07:01
we attached a second protein in red,
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
which performs a chemical reaction on the DNA base C,
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ C์— ํ™”ํ•™์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ
07:08
converting it into a base that behaves like T.
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T์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Third, we had to attach to the first two proteins
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ์˜ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์—
07:16
the protein shown in purple,
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๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
which protects the edited base from being removed by the cell.
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ํŽธ์ง‘๋œ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
The net result is an engineered three-part protein
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
that for the first time allows us to convert Cs into Ts
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ C๋ฅผ T๋กœ
07:29
at specified locations in the genome.
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์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
But even at this point, our work was only half done.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
Because in order to be stable in cells,
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์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
07:39
the two strands of a DNA double helix have to form base pairs.
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DNA ์ด์ค‘๋‚˜์„  ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์ด ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
And because C only pairs with G,
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C๋Š” ์˜ค์ง G์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ 
07:47
and T only pairs with A,
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T๋Š” A์™€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:51
simply changing a C to a T on one DNA strand creates a mismatch,
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DNA ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ C๋ฅผ T๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
a disagreement between the two DNA strands
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DNA ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด
07:59
that the cell has to resolve by deciding which strand to replace.
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ๊ต์ฒดํ• ์ง€ ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
We realized that we could further engineer this three-part protein
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์ด ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
08:10
to flag the nonedited strand as the one to be replaced
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ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
by nicking that strand.
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08:17
This little nick tricks the cell
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋Š”
08:19
into replacing the nonedited G with an A
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ G๋ฅผ A๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
as it remakes the nicked strand,
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08:27
thereby completing the conversion of what used to be a C-G base pair
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์ „์—๋Š” C-G ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ T-A ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์œผ๋กœ
08:31
into a stable T-A base pair.
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์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
After several years of hard work
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ›„๊ณผ์ •์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜
08:38
led by a former post doc in the lab, Alexis Komor,
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‹œ์Šค ์ฝ”๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ˆ ์ˆ˜ ๋…„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋์—
08:42
we succeeded in developing this first class of base editor,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
which converts Cs into Ts and Gs into As
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ
08:49
at targeted positions of our choosing.
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C๋ฅผ T๋กœ G๋ฅผ A๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
Among the more than 35,000 known disease-associated point mutations,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ 3๋งŒ 5์ฒœ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ
08:57
the two kinds of mutations that this first base editor can reverse
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์ด ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๋Š”
09:01
collectively account for about 14 percent or 5,000 or so pathogenic point mutations.
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์•ฝ 14%, 5์ฒœ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
But correcting the largest fraction of disease-causing point mutations
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š”
09:13
would require developing a second class of base editor,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
one that could convert As into Gs or Ts into Cs.
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A๋ฅผ G๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” T๋ฅผ C๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
Led by Nicole Gaudelli, a former post doc in the lab,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ›„๊ณผ์ •์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ ๊ฐ€๋ธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
09:26
we set out to develop this second class of base editor,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
which, in theory, could correct up to almost half of pathogenic point mutations,
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
including that mutation that causes the rapid-aging disease progeria.
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์กฐ๋กœ์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ด๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
We realized that we could borrow, once again,
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์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:45
the targeting mechanism of CRISPR scissors
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ฐ€์œ„์˜ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„
09:49
to bring the new base editor to the right site in a genome.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
But we quickly encountered an incredible problem;
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณง ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋ด‰์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
namely, there is no protein
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์ฆ‰, DNA ์—๋Š”
10:02
that's known to convert A into G or T into C
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A๋ฅผ G๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ T๋ฅผ C๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€
10:06
in DNA.
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์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
Faced with such a serious stumbling block,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋ฉด
10:10
most students would probably look for another project,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€์š”.
10:13
if not another research advisor.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€๋„๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด์š”.
10:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:16
But Nicole agreed to proceed with a plan
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ์€ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:18
that seemed wildly ambitious at the time.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Given the absence of a naturally occurring protein
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”
10:24
that performs the necessary chemistry,
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ
10:26
we decided we would evolve our own protein in the laboratory
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A๋ฅผ G์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
10:29
to convert A into a base that behaves like G,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
starting from a protein that performs related chemistry on RNA.
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RNA์—์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
We set up a Darwinian survival-of-the-fittest selection system
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๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ์ ์ž์ƒ์กด์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
10:43
that explored tens of millions of protein variants
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ณ€์ข… ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
10:47
and only allowed those rare variants
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ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:49
that could perform the necessary chemistry to survive.
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ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ข…๋งŒ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
We ended up with a protein shown here,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
the first that can convert A in DNA
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DNA์—์„œ A๋ฅผ G์™€ ๋‹ฎ์€ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ
10:59
into a base that resembles G.
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์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
And when we attached that protein
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„
11:02
to the disabled CRISPR scissors, shown in blue,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ฐ€์œ„์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ
11:05
we produced the second base editor,
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A๋ฅผ G๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜
11:07
which converts As into Gs,
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
and then uses the same strand-nicking strategy
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ
11:14
that we used in the first base editor
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ํŽธ์ง‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ T๋ฅผ C๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์†์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:16
to trick the cell into replacing the nonedited T with a C
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜
11:21
as it remakes that nicked strand,
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๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
thereby completing the conversion of an A-T base pair to a G-C base pair.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ A-T ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์„ G-C ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:30
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:35
As an academic scientist in the US,
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ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ•์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
11:37
I'm not used to being interrupted by applause.
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๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
11:40
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:43
We developed these first two classes of base editors
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์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋Š”
11:47
only three years ago and one and a half years ago.
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ 3๋…„ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
But even in that short time,
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๊ทธ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋„
11:52
base editing has become widely used by the biomedical research community.
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•™๊ณ„์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
Base editors have been sent more than 6,000 times
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 1์ฒœ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด
12:02
at the request of more than 1,000 researchers around the globe.
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6์ฒœ ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
A hundred scientific research papers have been published already,
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์„ธ๊ท ์—์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ, ์ฅ์™€ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
12:11
using base editors in organisms ranging from bacteria
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด
12:14
to plants to mice to primates.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐฑํŽธ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
While base editors are too new
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์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์—
12:21
to have already entered human clinical trials,
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ด๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
12:24
scientists have succeeded in achieving a critical milestone towards that goal
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ „์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:29
by using base editors in animals
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ
12:32
to correct point mutations that cause human genetic diseases.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ •ํ‘œ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
For example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
12:38
a collaborative team of scientists led by Luke Koblan and Jon Levy,
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๋ฃจํฌ ์ฝ”๋ธ”๋ž€๊ณผ ์กด ๋ฆฌ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ 
12:42
two additional students in my lab,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ํ•™์ƒ ๋‘ ๋ช…๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ€์ด
12:45
recently used a virus to deliver that second base editor
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์กฐ๋กœ์ฆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฅ์— 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ
12:49
into a mouse with progeria,
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๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” T๋ฅผ C๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ
12:51
changing that disease-causing T back into a C
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DNA, RNA์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
12:55
and reversing its consequences at the DNA, RNA and protein levels.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
Base editors have also been used in animals
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ํƒ€์ด๋กœ์‹ ํ˜ˆ์ฆ,
13:03
to reverse the consequence of tyrosinemia,
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๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ๊ทผ์œ„์ถ•์ฆ,
13:07
beta thalassemia, muscular dystrophy,
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ํŽ˜๋‹์ผ€ํ†ค์š”์ฆ, ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋‚œ์ฒญ๊ณผ
13:11
phenylketonuria, a congenital deafness
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์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:14
and a type of cardiovascular disease --
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์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์‹คํ—˜์—๋„ ์“ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
in each case, by directly correcting a point mutation
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๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
13:21
that causes or contributes to the disease.
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์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
In plants, base editors have been used
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์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:27
to introduce individual single DNA letter changes
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DNA์˜ ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž์”ฉ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
13:31
that could lead to better crops.
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
And biologists have used base editors to probe the role of individual letters
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์•”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”
13:38
in genes associated with diseases such as cancer.
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ธ€์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
Two companies I cofounded, Beam Therapeutics and Pairwise Plants,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋‘ ํšŒ์‚ฌ, ๋น” ์Ž„๋ผํ“จํ‹ฑ์Šค์™€ ํŽ˜์–ด์™€์ด์ฆˆ ํ”Œ๋žœ์ธ ๋Š”
13:47
are using base editing to treat human genetic diseases
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์ธ๊ฐ„์œ ์ „์งˆํ™˜์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋†์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:51
and to improve agriculture.
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
All of these applications of base editing
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‘์šฉ์€
13:55
have taken place in less than the past three years:
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์ง€๋‚œ 3๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
on the historical timescale of science,
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๊ณผํ•™์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
14:01
the blink of an eye.
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๋ˆˆ ๊นœ์งํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
Additional work lies ahead
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด
14:05
before base editing can realize its full potential
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์œ ์ „์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„
14:08
to improve the lives of patients with genetic diseases.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŽผ์น˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
While many of these diseases are thought to be treatable
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์€ ์กฐ์ง ์„ธํฌ์˜
14:16
by correcting the underlying mutation
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์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋„
14:17
in even a modest fraction of cells in an organ,
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๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
delivering molecular machines like base editors
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์ž๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
14:24
into cells in a human being
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
can be challenging.
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14:28
Co-opting nature's viruses to deliver base editors
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:32
instead of the molecules that give you a cold
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์—ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:34
is one of several promising delivery strategies
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์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด๊ณ  ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
that's been successfully used.
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14:40
Continuing to develop new molecular machines
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ํ•œ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”
14:42
that can make all of the remaining ways
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:44
to convert one base pair to another base pair
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์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์œ„์น˜์— ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํŽธ์ง‘์„
14:47
and that minimize unwanted editing at off-target locations in cells
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์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
is very important.
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14:53
And engaging with other scientists, doctors, ethicists and governments
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:58
to maximize the likelihood that base editing is applied thoughtfully,
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž, ์˜์‚ฌ,
15:03
safely and ethically,
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์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์ž, ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
remains a critical obligation.
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15:09
These challenges notwithstanding,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋“ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
15:11
if you had told me even just five years ago
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ
15:14
that researchers around the globe
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด
15:16
would be using laboratory-evolved molecular machines
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
15:20
to directly convert an individual base pair
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ํŠน์ • ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ
15:23
to another base pair
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์œผ๋กœ
15:24
at a specified location in the human genome
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ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
15:26
efficiently and with a minimum of other outcomes,
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์ง์ ‘ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
5๋…„์ „์—๋งŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ €๋Š”
15:30
I would have asked you,
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15:31
"What science-fiction novel are you reading?"
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"๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค์–˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
Thanks to a relentlessly dedicated group of students
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
15:39
who were creative enough to engineer what we could design ourselves
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฉ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„
15:43
and brave enough to evolve what we couldn't,
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์ง€์น  ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์—
15:46
base editing has begun to transform that science-fiction-like aspiration
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์—ผ๊ธฐํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๊ฐ์„
15:51
into an exciting new reality,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
one in which the most important gift we give our children
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ ๋ฌผ์€
15:57
may not only be three billion letters of DNA,
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30์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ DNA ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
16:00
but also the means to protect and repair them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:10
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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