Kathryn A. Whitehead: The tiny balls of fat that could revolutionize medicine | TED

89,410 views ใƒป 2021-08-11

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kyuree Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:13
What if I told you that the pandemic will save the lives of millions of people?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„
๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
00:21
It's a difficult thing to consider,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ผ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
00:23
given how many loved ones we've already lost.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์ด ์žƒ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:27
But throughout the course of human history,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ๋ณด๋ฉด
00:30
massive public health crises
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š”
00:32
have resulted in innovation in health care and technology.
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์˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”.
00:37
For example, the Black Death gave rise to the Gutenberg press
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์€ ๊ตฌํ…๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์ธ์‡„์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ 
00:43
and the 1918 flu pandemic led to modern vaccine technology.
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1918๋…„ ๋…๊ฐ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
00:49
The COVID-19 pandemic has and will be no different.
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์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:54
Just look at our vaccines --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:55
normally developed over many years,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:58
and the mRNA vaccines were deployed in a mind-blowing 11 months.
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mRNA ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ 11๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:06
How is that even possible?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:09
It was possible because scientists have been working for many years
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:13
to get us to the point where we could use mRNA quickly
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์œ„๊ธ‰ํ•  ๋•Œ mRNA๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
01:17
in an emergency situation.
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01:20
Specifically,
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ํŠนํžˆ, mRNA์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ
01:21
we've been working on how to help mRNA with its biggest problem,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:26
which is that it doesn't normally go to the right places inside of our bodies.
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01:32
Fortunately, we got around that problem just in time,
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์ œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:36
and I'd like to tell you about the technology that we use to do it.
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๊ทธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
01:40
When mRNA is administered,
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mRNA๋ฅผ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•  ๋•Œ
01:42
it's injected into our muscles or our bloodstream,
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๊ทผ์œก์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:45
but we actually need it to go inside of our cells.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
01:49
Unfortunately, mRNA is fragile,
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ mRNA๋Š” ์†์ƒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ 
01:51
and our bodies will destroy it before it goes very far.
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์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ ค์š”.
01:55
You can think of mRNA like a glass vase that you'd like to send in the mail
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mRNA๋ฅผ ํƒ๋ฐฑ๋กœ ๋ถ€์น  ์œ ๋ฆฌ ํ™”๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ผ์š”.
01:59
without a box and bubble wrap.
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์ƒ์ž์™€ ์™„์ถฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด
02:01
It'll break long before it's been delivered.
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๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ๋˜๊ธฐ ํ•œ์ฐธ ์ „์— ๊นจ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:05
And without an address on the box,
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์ƒ์ž์— ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด
02:08
your postal delivery service will have no idea where to take it.
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๋ฐฐ์†ก ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:13
And so if we're going to use mRNA as a therapeutic,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— mRNA๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
02:17
it needs our help.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
02:19
It needs protection, and it needs to be told where to go.
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๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ , ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค˜์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
02:23
And that's where I come in.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—์š”.
02:26
For over five decades, scientists and engineers like myself
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50์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ณตํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
02:30
have been creating the shipping materials for nucleic acid drugs,
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DNA๋‚˜ RNA ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ต์‚ฐ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์™”์–ด์š”.
02:34
like DNA and RNA.
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02:38
Through trial and error, we've created packages
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์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์™”์ฃ .
02:41
that deliver intact vases to the wrong address;
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ํ™”๋ณ‘์€ ์˜จ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌํ•œ ํฌ์žฅ,
02:46
that delivered to the right address but with a broken vase;
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ณ‘์ด ๊นจ์ง„ ํฌ์žฅ,
02:51
packages that get ripped apart by attacking dogs;
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๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋œฏ์–ด์„œ ์ฐข์–ด์ง„ ํฌ์žฅ,
02:55
and packages that throw out the mail carrier's back.
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๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ์›์ด ๋“ฑ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ ํฌ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:59
It's taken many years to get the science right.
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
03:03
Let me show you the result,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:05
these tiny balls of fat that we call lipid nanoparticles.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์งˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์ด๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต์ด์—์š”.
03:09
Let me tell you what they are and how they work.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:14
So first of all, "nano" just means really, really small.
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๋จผ์ €, โ€˜๋‚˜๋…ธโ€™๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์—์š”.
03:19
Think of how small a person is compared to the diameter of the earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:24
That's how small a nanoparticle is compared to the person.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:29
These nanoparticles are made up of several fatty molecules called lipids.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:34
Fat is an awesome packing material --
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ํฌ์žฅ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:38
nice and bouncy.
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๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์ด์ฃ .
03:41
Interestingly, our cells are also surrounded by fat
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:45
to keep them flexible and protected.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฃ .
03:49
Years ago, scientists had the idea to create lipid nanoparticles
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์ˆ˜๋…„ ์ „์—, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ง€์งˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:54
that would act like a Trojan horse.
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ํŠธ๋กœ์ด ๋ชฉ๋งˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
03:57
Because the lipids in the nanoparticle look similar
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ง€์งˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:00
to the membranes that surround our cells,
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04:03
the cells are willing to bring the nanoparticle inside,
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
04:07
and that's when the mRNA is released into the cell.
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์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ mRNA๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:10
So what, exactly, are the lipids in these nanoparticles?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ง€์งˆ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:15
There are four ingredients in addition to the mRNA,
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mRNA์™ธ์— ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋” ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:18
and I'll tell you about each one.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์”ฉ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
04:20
First, there's a lipid called a phospholipid.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:23
This is the primary ingredient in our cell membranes,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด์—์š”.
04:27
which are the walls of fat that separate the insides of our cells
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์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ฒฝ์ด์ฃ .
04:31
from everything that surrounds them.
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04:33
Phospholipids have a head that likes water
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์ธ์ง€์งˆ์€ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ
04:38
and a tail that likes other fatty things.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:41
So when you throw a bunch of phospholipids together in water,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ธ์ง€์งˆ ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฌผ์— ๋˜์ง€๋ฉด
04:45
they form this beautiful structure called a lipid bilayer.
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์ง€์งˆ ์ด์ค‘์ธต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
04:49
Here, the heads face the inside and the outside of the cell,
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:53
which is water,
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์–‘์ชฝ์€ ๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ ,
04:54
and the fat-loving parts of the molecule hang out together in the middle.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์š”.
04:59
In lipid nanoparticles,
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์ง€์งˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์—์„œ
05:00
phospholipids have a similar role
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์ธ์ง€์งˆ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ž˜ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์š”.
05:02
of keeping all of the other ingredients organized.
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05:06
Second, there's a lipid called cholesterol.
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๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ์ด์—์š”.
05:10
Why, if cholesterol has a bad reputation,
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์™œ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ๋‚˜์œ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์„
05:14
would we want to use it in a therapeutic nanoparticle?
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:18
It turns out that while cholesterol can be bad when it's in our bloodstream,
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:23
it's actually a really good thing for our cell membranes.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์—๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์–ด์š”.
05:27
And that's because those phospholipids I just told you about,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ธ์ง€์งˆ์ด
05:30
they are entirely too free with themselves,
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์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์„œ
05:34
and they are prone to falling apart.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ฐ€๋“ ์š”.
05:37
Cholesterol is a stiff molecule
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋œ ๋ถ„์ž์—ฌ์„œ
05:39
that wedges itself in between the other lipids
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์งˆ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ผ์–ด์„œ
05:43
to fill in the gaps and hold them all together.
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ํ‹ˆ์„ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ณ  ์ง€์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œ์ผœ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
It plays a similar role in our lipid nanoparticles.
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์ง€์งˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์š”.
05:50
It provides structural support so the nanoparticles don't fall apart
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
05:55
in between the injection and when they get into our cells.
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์ฃผ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์„ธํฌ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—์š”.
06:00
Third, there's a lipid called an ionizable lipid.
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์…‹์จฐ๋Š” ์ด์˜จํ™” ์ง€์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ์ด์—์š”.
06:04
Here, "ionizable" means that when these particles are in the bloodstream,
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โ€˜์ด์˜จํ™”โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
06:08
they're neutrally charged, which helps with their safety.
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๊ทน์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
06:13
Then they switch to a positive charge inside of our cells,
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์„ธํฌ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด
06:17
which helps them release the mRNA.
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mRNA๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™€์š”.
06:21
Ionizable lipids are special because they have to be made in the lab,
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์ด์˜จํ™” ์ง€์งˆ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:26
and scientists around the world
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
06:28
have tested tens of thousands of these materials
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์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ์™”์–ด์š”.
06:32
to find ones that are good at delivering mRNA safely.
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mRNA๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์ค„ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:37
And because they're made in the lab,
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:39
they tend to be proprietary to the company that invented them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:43
So, for example, Moderna and BioNTech, the company that partnered with Pfizer,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๋”๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™”์ด์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์•คํ…Œํฌ๋Š”
06:51
they discovered different ionizable lipids,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์˜จํ™” ์ง€์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
06:54
and that is the only important ingredient in their COVID-19 vaccines that differ.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด์—์š”.
07:01
And even then, their ionizable lipids aren't even that different,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด์˜จํ™” ์ง€์งˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์•ˆ์‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:06
which is reassuring, because when independent groups of scientists
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๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
07:10
converge on similar solutions,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:13
it's easier to trust the result.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‰ฌ์›Œ์š”.
07:15
Finally, one more ingredient.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋” ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:18
This one is a polymer called polyethylene glycol.
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ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ˆ์š”.
07:22
So let's call it PEG. That's much easier.
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ํŽ™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋” ์‰ฌ์›Œ์š”.
07:25
PEG is a water-loving molecule.
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ํŽ™์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์นœํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ˆ์š”.
07:28
So it surrounds the lipid nanoparticle and it holds it all together.
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์ง€์งˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œ์ผœ์š”.
07:32
You can think of the other three lipids as the box and the bubble wrap
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€์งˆ์€ mRNA๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์ž์™€ ์™„์ถฉ ํฌ์žฅ์ง€๊ณ 
07:37
for the mRNA,
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07:38
and the PEG as the packing tape.
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ํŽ™์€ ํฌ์žฅ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ผ์š”.
07:41
You may have heard in the news about a tiny fraction of people
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๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
๋งค์šฐ ์ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์š”.
07:45
that have allergic responses to the vaccine.
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07:49
There is some evidence that PEG could be contributing to these allergic reactions.
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ํŽ™์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:55
And that's because people are routinely exposed to PEG
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ • ์šฉํ’ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š”
08:00
in cosmetic and household products,
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ํŽ™์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ 
08:03
and some people have already developed antibodies against PEG.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํŽ™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
08:08
But why would this happen to some people and not to others?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:13
It turns out that every person's immune system is different,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๊ณ 
08:16
and just the same way that some people are allergic to latex,
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๋ผํ…์Šค์— ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:20
other people are allergic to PEG.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ํŽ™์— ์•Œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:24
It's important to keep in mind, however,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:27
that PEG has had a long history of safe use
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ํŽ™์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:30
as part of FDA-approved drug formulations,
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FDA ์Šน์ธ๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ œํ˜•์ด๊ณ 
08:34
and these vaccine allergies could be caused by things other than PEG.
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๋ฐฑ์‹  ์•Œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ํŽ™ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์›์ธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
08:40
More research is needed to get to the bottom of these side effects.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
08:45
All right, so let's take a step back and look at our whole nanoparticle.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:50
Beautiful, right?
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›Œ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
08:52
When these ingredients all fit together nicely,
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์ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
08:55
the result is a deliverywoman's dream.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์†ก์ง์›์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด์—์š”.
08:58
In the case of the vaccines,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
09:00
after these nanoparticles get injected into our muscle,
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ์œก์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋˜๋ฉด
09:03
they take the mRNA into our cells.
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์„ธํฌ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ mRNA๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ์ค˜์š”.
09:06
There, the mRNA acts like an instruction manual
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ, mRNA๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž‘์—… ์ง€์‹œ์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์„œ
09:10
that tells our cells to make a foreign protein,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์š”.
09:14
in this case, the coronavirus spike protein.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด์ฃ .
09:17
When our immune cells see the spike protein,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด
09:21
they rush to protect us from it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค๊ณ 
09:23
and they teach themselves to remember it,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
09:25
so that they can kill it if it ever returns.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์™”์„ ๋•Œ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:29
As we speak,
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์ด ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„
09:30
the mRNA vaccines are out there saving lives from the coronavirus.
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mRNA ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:36
They were our first and best tool to combat this nightmare,
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์ด ์•…๋ชฝ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์ด์ž ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ 
09:41
and they are our best hope of responding swiftly to viral variance
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๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
09:46
because we can keep our lipid nanoparticle packaging the same,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง€์งˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
09:50
and all we have to do is swap out the mRNA that's inside.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์˜ mRNA๋งŒ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
09:55
But here's the best part:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
09:57
for mRNA therapeutics,
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mRNA ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ
09:59
these vaccines are only the beginning.
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์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์‹œ์ž‘์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด์—์š”.
10:03
mRNA can be used to treat or cure many diseases.
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mRNA๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:08
So in the future, we will likely have treatments for many terrible diseases,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:13
including cystic fibrosis,
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๋‚ญํฌ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ์ด๋‚˜
10:16
muscular dystrophy
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๊ทผ์ด์˜์–‘์ฆ
10:17
and sickle cell anemia.
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๊ฒธ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
10:19
These diseases are caused by mutated proteins,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ณ€์ด๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
10:23
and we can use mRNA to ask our cells
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก mRNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:26
to make the correct version of these proteins.
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10:30
We'll have treatments for cancer -- breast, blood, lungs -- you name it.
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์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
์œ ๋ฐฉ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก, ํ, ๋ญ๋“  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
10:35
Here, we'll use mRNA to teach our immune cells
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” mRNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์—๊ฒŒ
10:40
how to find and kill cancer cells.
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์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:44
And then, if we're lucky, we'll have vaccines
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์šด์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
10:48
against some of the most deadly and feared pathogens across the globe,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ธ
10:53
including malaria, Ebola and HIV.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์—๋ณผ๋ผ, ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘์—์š”.
10:59
Some of these products are already in clinical trials,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ค‘์ด๊ณ 
11:02
and the success of the COVID-19 vaccines will pave the way
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์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ๊ธธ์„ ๋‹ฆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:07
for future generations of these therapies.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
11:11
This is how the pandemic will save the lives of millions.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—์š”.
11:17
It catalyzed the most rapid vaccine development in history
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ 
11:21
and brought to life a niche, previously unapproved form of technology.
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์ด์ „์— ์Šน์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„ฃ์–ด ์คฌ์–ด์š”.
11:27
And in our desperation, we gave that technology a chance.
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์ ˆ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:32
Now we're collecting long-term safety and efficacy data
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:36
from hundreds of millions of people.
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์ˆ˜์–ต ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์š”.
11:40
And with these data, interest in the technology,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ,
11:44
funding for the technology
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธˆ ์ง€์›,
11:47
and trust in the technology
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€
11:50
will continue to grow.
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๊ณ„์† ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:53
Looking ahead,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„
11:55
the packaging and delivery of mRNA to the right organs and tissues
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์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง์— mRNA๋ฅผ ํฌ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
12:00
will continue to be one of the most significant challenges
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:03
to implementing this technology.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:06
And so my colleagues and I are going to be busy for a very long time.
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ €๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ”์  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:11
Ultimately, I'm here with a message of hope.
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™”์–ด์š”.
12:15
We are on the cusp of a revolution.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ •์ ์— ์„œ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
12:20
mRNA is about to change the world forever,
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mRNA๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
12:24
and it's all thanks to these fatty little balls
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณต ๋•๋ถ„์ด์—์š”.
์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:27
that take this miracle medicine to exactly where it's needed.
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12:31
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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