Penelope Boston: Life on Mars? Let's look in the caves

55,411 views ใƒป 2008-12-19

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yoon Ji Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : John Han
00:18
The career that I started early on in my life
0
18330
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ผ์€
00:21
was looking for exotic life forms in exotic places,
1
21330
4000
์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
and at that time I was working in the Antarctic and the Arctic,
2
25330
3000
๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ „ ๋‚จ๊ทน, ๋ถ๊ทน ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ
00:28
and high deserts and low deserts.
3
28330
2000
๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์ง€๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:30
Until about a dozen years ago, when I was really captured by caves,
4
30330
3000
10์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „ ์ฏค ์ „ ๋™๊ตด์ง€ํ˜•์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:33
and I really re-focused most of my research in that direction.
5
33330
3000
๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:37
So I have a really cool day job-- I get to do some really amazing stuff.
6
37330
3000
๋•๋ถ„์— ์ €๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:40
I work in some of the most extreme cave environments on the planet.
7
40330
3000
์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ์ผํ•ด์š”.
00:44
Many of them are trying to kill us from the minute we go into them,
8
44330
2000
๋งŽ์€ ๋™๊ตด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
00:46
but nevertheless, they're absolutely gripping,
9
46330
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:49
and contain unbelievable biological wonders
10
49330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ง„๊ท€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
00:51
that are very, very different from those that we have on the planet.
11
51330
3000
์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์–ด์š”.
00:54
Apart from the intrinsic value
12
54330
2000
๊ณผํ•™ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜
00:56
of the biology and mineralogy and geo-microbiology that we do there,
13
56330
3000
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™, ๊ด‘๋ฌผํ•™, ์ง€์งˆ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ด์™ธ์—
00:59
we're also using these as templates
14
59330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ
01:01
for figuring out how to go look
15
61330
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์„
01:03
for life on other planets.
16
63330
2000
์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”
01:05
Particularly Mars, but also Europa,
17
65330
2000
ํŠนํžˆ ํ™”์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
01:07
the small, icy moon around Jupiter.
18
67330
3000
๋ชฉ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณ  ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์œ„์„ฑ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
01:10
And perhaps, someday, far beyond our solar system itself.
19
70330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”,
01:13
I'm very passionately interested in the human future,
20
73330
3000
์ €๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”
01:16
on the Moon and Mars particularly,
21
76330
2000
ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์„ฑ,
01:18
and elsewhere in the solar system.
22
78330
2000
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:20
I think it's time that we transitioned
23
80330
2000
์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
to a solar system-going civilization and species.
24
82330
3000
ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:25
And, as an outgrowth of all of this then,
25
85330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์จ,
01:28
I wonder about whether we can, and whether we even should,
26
88330
3000
๊ณผ์—ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
think about transporting Earth-type life to other planets.
27
91330
4000
์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Notably Mars, as a first example.
28
95330
2000
์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ™”์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
Something I never talk about in scientific meetings
29
97330
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:39
is how I actually got to this state
30
99330
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:41
and why I do the work that I do.
31
101330
2000
๋˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:43
Why don't I have a normal job, a sensible job?
32
103330
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:46
And then of course, I blame the Soviet Union.
33
106330
3000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋ จ์„ ํƒ“ ํ•ด์š”.
01:49
Because in the mid-1950s,
34
109330
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜
01:51
when I was a tiny child,
35
111330
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์•„์ด์˜€์„ ๋•Œ
01:53
they had the audacity to launch
36
113330
2000
๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋ จ์€ ๋ป”๋ป”์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„
01:55
a very primitive little satellite called Sputnik,
37
115330
3000
์Šคํ‘ธํŠธ๋‹ˆํฌ(Sputink)๋ผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์€ ์œ„์„ฑ์„ ์˜์•„์˜ฌ๋ ธ์ฃ .
01:58
which sent the Western world into a hysterical tailspin.
38
118330
3000
์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์— ๋น ํŠธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
02:02
And a tremendous amount of money
39
122330
2000
๊ทธ ์ดํ›„, ์ •๋ง ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ˆ์ด
02:04
went into the funding of science
40
124330
2000
์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ
02:06
and mathematics skills for kids.
41
126330
2000
์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ต์œก ์ž๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:08
And I'm a product of that generation,
42
128330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ "์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
like so many other of my peers.
43
130330
2000
์ œ ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:12
It really caught hold of us, and caught fire,
44
132330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ด์ผ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜”์ฃ .
02:14
and it would be lovely if we could reproduce that again now.
45
134330
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์„ํ…๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:17
Of course, refusing to grow up --
46
137330
2000
๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”
02:19
-- even though I impersonate a grown-up in daily life,
47
139330
3000
์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
02:22
but I do a fairly good job of that --
48
142330
2000
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ฐธ ์„ฑ์ธ์ธ ์ฒ™์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:24
but really retaining that childlike quality
49
144330
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์•„์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
02:26
of not caring what other people think
50
146330
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
02:28
about what you're interested in, is really critical.
51
148330
2000
์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”.
02:31
The next element is the fact that
52
151330
2000
๋‹ค์Œ ์š”์†Œ๋Š”
02:33
I have applied a value judgment
53
153330
2000
์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
and my value judgment is that the presence of life
54
155330
2000
์ €์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด๋ž€, ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€
02:37
is better than no life.
55
157330
2000
์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
And so, life is more valuable than no life.
56
159330
2000
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์‚ถ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ถ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:41
And so I think that that holds together
57
161330
3000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด
02:44
a great deal of the work
58
164330
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š”
02:46
that people in this audience approach.
59
166330
4000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
I'm very interested in Mars, of course,
60
170330
3000
์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
02:53
and that was a product of my being a young undergraduate
61
173330
4000
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ Š์€ ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
02:57
when the Viking Landers landed on Mars.
62
177330
2000
๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์ด ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
And that took what had been
63
180330
2000
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:02
a tiny little astronomical object in the sky,
64
182330
3000
ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ๋– ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
03:05
that you would see as a dot,
65
185330
2000
์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ฒœ์ฒด๊ฐ€
03:07
and turned it completely into a landscape,
66
187330
4000
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์‹œ์ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
03:11
as that very first primitive picture
67
191330
2000
๋งˆ์น˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด
03:13
came rastering across the screen.
68
193330
2000
ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ข ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:15
And when it became a landscape,
69
195330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”๊ณ ,
03:17
it also became a destination,
70
197330
2000
์ €์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:19
and altered, really, the course of my life.
71
199330
3000
์ •๋ง, ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
In my graduate years I worked with
72
203330
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š”
03:25
my colleague and mentor and friend, Steve Schneider,
73
205330
2000
๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š”, ์ €์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ด์ž ๋ฉ˜ํ† ์ด์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ
03:27
at the National Center for Atmospheric Research,
74
207330
2000
์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
03:29
working on global change issues.
75
209330
2000
์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:32
We've written a number of things on
76
212330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ด์•„ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:34
the role of Gaia hypothesis --
77
214330
1000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
whether or not you could consider Earth as a single entity
78
215330
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ๋•Œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
03:38
in any meaningful scientific sense,
79
218330
2000
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€,
03:40
and then, as an outgrowth of that,
80
220330
2000
๋˜ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ• ์ง€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด
03:42
I worked on the environmental consequences of nuclear war.
81
222330
4000
์ €๋Š” ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
So, wonderful things and grim things.
82
226330
2000
๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์•”์šธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:48
But what it taught me was to look at Earth as a planet
83
228330
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
03:51
with external eyes, not just as our home.
84
231330
3000
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
03:54
And that is a wonderful stepping away in perspective,
85
234330
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
03:58
to try to then think about the way
86
238330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€
04:00
our planet behaves, as a planet,
87
240330
3000
์–ด๋–ค์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:03
and with the life that's on it.
88
243330
2000
๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ธ์‹์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
And all of this seems to me to be
89
245330
3000
์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
04:08
a salient point in history.
90
248330
2000
์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:10
We're getting ready to begin to go
91
250330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทผ์›๋œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:12
through the process of leaving our planet of origin
92
252330
3000
์™ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ
04:15
and out into the wider solar system and beyond.
93
255330
3000
์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
So, back to Mars.
94
259330
2000
์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ํ™”์„ฑ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:21
How hard is it going to be to find life on Mars?
95
261330
2000
ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํž˜๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
04:23
Well, sometimes it's really very hard for us to find each other,
96
263330
2000
๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์œ„์—์„œ๋„
04:25
even on this planet.
97
265330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ฐธ ํž˜๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
So, finding life on another planet
98
267330
2000
์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์€
04:29
is a non-trivial occupation
99
269330
2000
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง์—…์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
and we spend a lot of time trying to think about that.
100
271330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Whether or not you think it's likely to be successful
101
274330
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์„
04:36
sort of depends on what you think about
102
276330
2000
๋‹น์‹  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์–ด์š”
04:38
the chances of life in the universe.
103
278330
2000
์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”
04:40
I think, myself,
104
280330
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
04:42
that life is a natural outgrowth
105
282330
3000
์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ž€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
04:45
of the increasing complexification of matter over time.
106
285330
3000
๋ฌผ์ง€์˜ ๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
So, you start with the Big Bang and you get hydrogen,
107
288330
2000
๋น…๋ฑ…๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ, ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ 
04:50
and then you get helium, and then you get more complicated stuff,
108
290330
2000
๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ ํ—ฌ๋ฅจ, ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ 
04:52
and you get planets forming --
109
292330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
04:54
and life is a common, planetary-based phenomenon, in my view.
110
294330
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
04:58
Certainly, in the last 15 years,
111
298330
2000
๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„
05:00
we've seen increasing numbers of planets
112
300330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ
05:03
outside of our solar system being confirmed,
113
303330
3000
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์•„ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
and just last month, a couple of weeks ago,
114
306330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ฌ, ๋ช‡์ฃผ ์ „์—
05:09
a planet in the size-class of Earth
115
309330
2000
์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„
05:11
has actually been found.
116
311330
2000
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
And so this is very exciting news.
117
313330
2000
์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋‰ด์Šค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
So, my first bold prediction is that,
118
315330
2000
์ €์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌด๋ชจํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€
05:17
is that in the universe, life is going to be everywhere.
119
317330
3000
์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
It's going to be everywhere we look --
120
320330
2000
์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
05:22
where there are planetary systems that can possibly support it.
121
322330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:25
And those planetary systems are going to be very common.
122
325330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
So, what about life on Mars?
123
328330
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”์š”?
05:30
Well, if somebody had asked me about a dozen years ago
124
330330
2000
์Œ. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ 10์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ €์—๊ฒŒ
05:32
what I thought the chances of life on Mars would be,
125
332330
3000
ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:35
I would've probably said, a couple of percent.
126
335330
3000
์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ €๋Š” ํ•œ 2ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ฏค? ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
And even that was considered outrageous at the time.
127
338330
3000
๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:41
I was once sneeringly introduced
128
341330
2000
์ €๋Š” ์ „์— ์ „์ง NASA ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:43
by a former NASA official,
129
343330
2000
ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”
05:45
as the only person on the planet
130
345330
2000
์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
05:47
who still thought there was life on Mars.
131
347330
2000
๋ƒ‰์†Œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
Of course, that official is now dead, and I'm not,
132
349330
2000
๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ๊ณ , ์ „ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
05:51
so there's a certain amount of glory
133
351330
3000
์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š”
05:54
in outliving your adversaries.
134
354330
2000
์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๊ด‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์€ ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
05:56
But things have changed greatly
135
356330
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚œ 10์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„
05:58
over the last dozen years.
136
358330
2000
์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
And the reason that they have changed
137
361330
2000
์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:03
is because we now have new information.
138
363330
2000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
The amazing Pathfinder mission that went in '97,
139
365330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:08
and the MER Rover missions
140
368330
2000
1997๋…„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํŒจ์ŠคํŒŒ์ธ๋” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์™€
06:10
that are on Mars as we speak now
141
370330
2000
MER Rover ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ
06:12
and the European Space Agency's Mars Express,
142
372330
3000
์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํ™”์„ฑ ํƒ์‚ฌ๊ตญ์€
06:15
has taught us a number of amazing things.
143
375330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
There is sub-surface ice on that planet.
144
377330
3000
๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์–ผ์Œ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ 
06:20
And so where there is water,
145
380330
2000
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:22
there is a very high chance of our kind of life.
146
382330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
There's clearly sedimentary rocks all over the place โ€“
147
384330
2000
๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์นจ์‹๋œ ๋ฐ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
one of the landers is sitting in the middle of an ancient seabed,
148
386330
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€์— ์ˆ˜์ค‘์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:29
and there are these amazing structures called blueberries,
149
389330
4000
๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:33
which are these little, rocky concretions
150
393330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ์‘๊ณ ๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฐ
06:35
that we are busy making biologically
151
395330
2000
์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:37
in my lab right now.
152
397330
2000
๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
So, with all of these things put together,
153
399330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด
06:41
I think that the chances of life
154
401330
2000
์ œ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ, ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€
06:43
are much greater than I would've ever thought.
155
403330
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํด์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
I think that the chance of life having arisen on Mars, sometime in its past,
156
405330
4000
ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€
06:49
is maybe one in four to maybe even half and half.
157
409330
3000
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ ์—์„œ ์ด๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ ์ด์ƒ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
So this is a very bold statement.
158
412330
2000
์ด๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฌด๋ชจํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
06:54
I think it's there, and I think we need
159
414330
2000
์ œ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
06:56
to go look for it, and I think it's underground.
160
416330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
So the game's afoot, and this is the game that we play in astro-biology.
161
418330
4000
๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
How do you try to get a handle on extraterrestrial life?
162
422330
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:05
How do you plan to look for it?
163
425330
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
07:07
How do you know it when you find it?
164
427330
2000
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:09
Because if it's big and obvious, we would've already found it --
165
429330
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
it would've already bitten us on the foot, and it hasn't.
166
431330
3000
๊ทธ๋žฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒํ–ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
So, we know that it's probably quite cryptic.
167
434330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์ด ์•”ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž€๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
Very critically, how do we protect it,
168
436330
2000
์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:18
if we find it, and not contaminate it?
169
438330
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:21
And also, even perhaps more critically, because
170
441330
3000
๋˜ํ•œ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:24
this is the only home planet we have,
171
444330
2000
์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
how do we protect us from it, while we study it?
172
446330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:30
So why might it be hard to find?
173
450330
2000
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ด๋ฆฌ ํž˜๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
07:32
Well, it's probably microscopic, and it's never easy
174
452330
2000
์Œ. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
to study microscopic things,
175
454330
2000
๋ฏธ์„ธ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
07:36
although the amazing tools that we now have to do that
176
456330
3000
์˜ˆ์ „์— ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋กœ์„œ
07:39
allow us to study things in much greater depth,
177
459330
2000
์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:41
at much smaller scales than ever before.
178
461330
3000
๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:44
But it's probably hiding, because if you are out
179
464330
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด
07:47
sequestering resources from your environment, that makes you yummy,
180
467330
3000
์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ์งˆ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:50
and other things might want to eat you, or consume you.
181
470330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:52
And so, there's a game of predator-prey
182
472330
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ฝ์œก๊ฐ•์‹์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
07:55
that's going to be, essentially, universal, really,
183
475330
5000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์ฒด์— ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ 
08:00
in any kind of biological system.
184
480330
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:02
It also may be very, very different in its fundamental properties โ€“
185
482330
3000
๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜, ํฌ๊ธฐ๋“ฑ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
08:05
its chemistry, or its size.
186
485330
2000
์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
We say small, but what does that mean?
187
487330
2000
์ž‘๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž‘๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:09
Is it virus-sized? Is it smaller than that?
188
489330
2000
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋” ์ž‘์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:11
Is it bigger than the biggest bacterium? We don't know.
189
491330
2000
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
And speed of activity, which is something that we face
190
493330
3000
ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์€์š”? ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ
08:16
in our work with sub-surface organisms,
191
496330
2000
์ง€ํ‘œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
because they grow very, very slowly.
192
498330
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
If I were to take a swab off your teeth
193
500330
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ์€ ํ›„
08:23
and plate it on a Petri plate,
194
503330
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋””์‰ฌ (์ƒค์•Œ๋ ˆ) ์— ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:25
within about four or five hours, I would have to see growth.
195
505330
3000
๋„ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฏค ๋‚ด์—, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
But the organisms that we work with,
196
508330
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
08:30
from the sub-surface of Earth,
197
510330
1000
์ง€ํ‘œ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€
08:31
very often it's months -- and in many cases, years --
198
511330
3000
์ข…์ข… ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
before we see any growth whatsoever.
199
514330
2000
์„ฑ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜, ๋ญ๋“ ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
08:36
So they are, intrinsically, a slower life-form.
200
516330
3000
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋” ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์ƒ๋ช… ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
But the real issue is that we are guided by
201
519330
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ
08:42
our limited experience,
202
522330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
and until we can think out of the box of our cranium and what we know,
203
524330
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
08:48
then we can't recognize what to look for,
204
528330
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ 
08:50
or how to plan for it.
205
530330
2000
๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
08:53
So, perspective is everything
206
533330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ œ์ผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”
08:55
and, because of the history that I've just briefly talked to you about,
207
535330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž ์‹œ ์–˜๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:58
I have learned to think about Earth
208
538330
2000
์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
09:00
as an extraterrestrial planet.
209
540330
2000
์™ธ๊ณ„ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
And this has been invaluable in our approach to try to study these things.
210
542330
4000
์ด๊ฑด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
This is my favorite game on airplanes:
211
546330
2000
์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒˆ ๋•Œ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:08
where you're in an airplane and you look out the window,
212
548330
2000
๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์„ ๋ณผ๋•Œ
09:10
you see the horizon.
213
550330
1000
์ง€ํ‰์„ ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
09:11
I always turn my head on the side,
214
551330
2000
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋•Œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
and that simple change makes me go from
215
553330
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
09:16
seeing this planet as home,
216
556330
2000
์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
09:18
to seeing it as a planet.
217
558330
2000
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
It's a very simple trick, and I never fail to do it
218
560330
2000
๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆญ์ด์˜ˆ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์„์— ์•‰์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
09:22
when I'm sitting in a window seat.
219
562330
2000
์ด๊ฑธ ์•ˆํ•ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Well, this is what we apply to our work.
220
564330
2000
์ด๊ฑด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
This shows one of the most extreme caves that we work in.
221
566330
3000
์ด๊ฑด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋™๊ตด์ธ๋ฐ์š”
09:29
This is Cueva de Villa Luz in Tabasco, in Mexico,
222
569330
4000
๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ํƒ€๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฟ ์—๋ฐ” ๋ฐ ๋นŒ๋ผ ๋ฃจ์ฆˆ(Cueva de Villa Luz) ๋ผ๋Š” ๋™๊ตด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
and this cave is saturated with sulfuric acid.
223
573330
3000
์ด ๋™๊ตด์€ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
There is tremendous amounts of hydrogen sulfide
224
576330
2000
์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํ™ฉํ™” ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€
09:38
coming into this cave from volcanic sources
225
578330
3000
ํ™”์‚ฐ ๊ทผ์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ๋™๊ตด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
and from the breakdown of evaporite --
226
581330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฆ๋ฐœ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์•”์˜ ๋ถ€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
09:43
minerals below the carbonates in which this cave is formed --
227
583330
4000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋™๊ตด์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฐ
09:47
and it is a completely hostile environment for us.
228
587330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
09:49
We have to go in with protective suits and breathing gear,
229
589330
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ์šฉ ์˜๋ณต๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ถ”๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:53
and 30 parts per million of H2S will kill you.
230
593330
5000
100๋งŒ ๋ถ„์˜ 30 ์ •๋„์˜ ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃฝ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:58
This is regularly several hundred parts per million.
231
598330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ†ต 100๋งŒ ๋ถ„์— ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ์ •๋„์˜ ์–‘์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:00
So, it's a very hazardous environment,
232
600330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
10:02
with CO as well, and many other gases.
233
602330
2000
์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:04
These extreme physical and chemical parameters
234
604330
3000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š”
10:07
make the biology that grows in these places very special.
235
607330
4000
์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
10:11
Because contrary to what you might think, this is not devoid of life.
236
611330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ณณ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”
10:14
This is one of the richest caves
237
614330
2000
์ด๊ณณ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ
10:16
that we have found on the planet, anywhere.
238
616330
2000
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋™๊ตด์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
10:18
It's bursting with life.
239
618330
2000
์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ธ€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
The extremes on Earth are interesting in their own right,
240
620330
2000
์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทนํ•œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ง€๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด๋ฐ์š”
10:22
but one of the reasons that we're interested in them
241
622330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
10:24
is because they represent, really,
242
624330
2000
๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜
10:26
the average conditions that we may expect on other planets.
243
626330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
So, this is part of the ability that we have,
244
629330
2000
์ฆ‰, ์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
10:31
to try to stretch our imagination,
245
631330
2000
๊ทธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
10:33
in terms of what we may find in the future.
246
633330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
There's so much life in this cave,
247
636330
2000
์ด ๋™๊ตด์—” ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
10:38
and I can't even begin
248
638330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๊ธ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์กฐ์ฐจ
10:40
to scratch the surface of it with you.
249
640330
2000
์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
But one of the most famous objects out of this
250
642330
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
10:44
are what we call Snottites, for obvious reasons.
251
644330
3000
๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์ธ ์Šค๋…ธํƒ€์ดํŠธ(*์ฝง๋ฌผ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
10:47
This stuff looks like what comes out of your two-year-old's nose when he has a cold.
252
647330
4000
์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ 2์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„๋•Œ ์ฝ”์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
10:51
And this is produced by bacteria who are actually
253
651330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š”
10:54
making more sulfuric acid,
254
654330
2000
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง€๊ณ ์š”
10:56
and living at pHs right around zero.
255
656330
3000
pH (*์‚ฐ์„ฑ๋„) ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 0์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ (*๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ) ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
And so, this stuff is like battery acid.
256
659330
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:01
And yet, everything in this cave has adapted to it.
257
661330
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋™๊ตด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
In fact, there's so much energy available
258
664330
2000
์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ๋™๊ตด์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช… ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ
11:06
for biology in this cave,
259
666330
2000
๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ด์„œ
11:08
that there's actually a huge number of cavefish.
260
668330
2000
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ Cavefish (* ๋™๊ตด์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๋‹˜๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜) ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
And the local Zoque Indians
261
670330
2000
๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ Zoque ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์€
11:12
harvest this twice a year,
262
672330
2000
์ผ๋…„์— ๋‘๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜ํ™•ํ•ด์„œ
11:14
as part of their Easter week celebration and Holy Week celebration.
263
674330
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ ˆ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ถ•์ œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:16
This is very unusual for caves.
264
676330
2000
๋ณดํ†ต ๋™๊ตด์—์„  ์ฐธ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:18
In some of the other amazing caves that we work in --
265
678330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ๋Š”์š”.
11:21
this is in Lechuguilla cave in New Mexico near Carlsbad,
266
681330
4000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‰ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ฃผ์˜ ์นผ์Šค๋ฒ ๋“œ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ธ„๊ท€์•ผ(Lechuguilla) ๋™๊ตด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
and this is one of the most famous caves in the world.
267
685330
3000
์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋™๊ตด์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด์ฃ .
11:28
It's 115 miles of mapped passage,
268
688330
2000
ํƒํ—˜๋œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋งŒ 185Km (115mile) ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š”
11:30
it's pristine, it has no natural opening
269
690330
3000
์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€, ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†๋Š”
11:33
and it's a gigantic biological,
270
693330
2000
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ
11:35
geo-microbiological laboratory.
271
695330
2000
์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
In this cave, great areas are covered by
272
698330
3000
์ด ๋™๊ตด์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ด
11:41
this reddish material that you see here,
273
701330
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค ์‹œํ”ผ ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ทธ์Šค๋ ˆํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:43
and also these enormous crystals
274
703330
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š”
11:45
of selenite that you can see dangling down.
275
705330
2000
์…€๋ ˆ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
This stuff is produced biologically.
276
707330
3000
์ด๊ฑด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
This is the breakdown product of the bedrock,
277
710330
3000
์ด๊ฑด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ์šฐ์ ์šฐ์  ์”น์–ด ๋จน์–ด์„œ
11:53
that organisms are busy munching their way through.
278
713330
3000
๋ถ€์„œ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์•”์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
They take iron and manganese minerals
279
716330
3000
์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์•”์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
11:59
within the bedrock and they oxidize them.
280
719330
2000
์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋ง๊ฐ„ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ .
12:01
And every time they do that, they get a tiny little packet of energy.
281
721330
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
And that tiny little packet of energy is what they use, then,
282
725330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ
12:08
to run their life processes.
283
728330
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋™์ผ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
Interestingly enough, they also do this
284
730330
2000
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™œ๋™์„
12:12
with uranium and chromium, and various other toxic metals.
285
732330
3000
์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„๊ณผ ํฌ๋กฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค์šฐ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
And so, the obvious avenue
286
735330
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ƒ์ฒด ์ž์—ฐ์ •ํ™”์˜
12:18
for bio-remediation
287
738330
2000
๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ธธ์€
12:20
comes from organisms like this.
288
740330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:22
These organisms we now bring into the lab,
289
742330
2000
์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ
12:24
and you can see some of them growing on Petri plates,
290
744330
2000
๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ ? ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋””์‰ฌ (์ƒค์•Œ๋ ˆ) ์— ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
and get them to reproduce the precise biominerals
291
746330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ด๋“ค ๋™๊ตด ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ
12:29
that we find on the walls of these caves.
292
749330
2000
์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€์š”.
12:31
So, these are signals that they leave in the rock record.
293
751330
3000
์ฆ‰, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”์œ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
Well, even in basalt surfaces in lava-tube caves,
294
754330
3000
์Œ. ํ™”์‚ฐ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ
12:37
which are a by-product of volcanic activity,
295
757330
2000
์šฉ์•” ๋™๊ตด์˜ ํ˜„๋ฌด์•” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ
12:39
we find these walls totally covered,
296
759330
2000
๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
12:41
in many cases,
297
761330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ์€๋น› ๋ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜,
12:43
by these beautiful, glistening silver walls,
298
763330
2000
๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜, ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ
12:45
or shiny pink or shiny red or shiny gold.
299
765330
3000
๋’ค๋ฎ์ธ ๋ฒฝ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
And these are mineral deposits
300
768330
2000
์ด๋“ค์€ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
12:50
that are also made by bacteria.
301
770330
2000
๊ด‘๋ฌผ์ด ๊น”๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
And you can see in these central images here,
302
772330
2000
๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ด ์ค‘์•™ ํ™”๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
12:54
scanning electron micrographs of some of these guys --
303
774330
3000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:57
these are gardens of these bacteria.
304
777330
2000
์ด๋“ค ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ •์›์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:59
One of the interesting things about these particular guys
305
779330
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
13:02
is that they're in the actinomycete
306
782330
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์™€
13:04
and streptomycete groups of the bacteria,
307
784330
2000
๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ๋ชฉ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜ˆ์š”
13:06
which is where we get most of our antibiotics.
308
786330
2000
ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
13:09
The sub-surface of Earth
309
789330
2000
์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ‘์—๋Š”
13:11
contains a vast biodiversity.
310
791330
2000
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์š”.
13:13
And these organisms,
311
793330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€
13:15
because they're very separate from the surface,
312
795330
2000
ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:17
make a vast array of novel compounds.
313
797330
4000
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
13:21
And so, the potential for exploiting this
314
801330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž ์žฌ์ ๋กœ
13:23
for pharmaceutical and industrial chemical uses
315
803330
3000
์•ฝํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:26
is completely untapped,
316
806330
2000
์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€์š”.
13:28
but probably exceeds most of the rest
317
808330
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊บผ์˜ˆ์š”
13:30
of the biodiversity of the planet.
318
810330
2000
์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:32
So, lava-tube caves--
319
812330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฉ์•” ๋™๊ตด๋“ค์€,
13:34
I've just told you about organisms that live here on this planet.
320
814330
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์” ๋“œ๋ ธ์ž–์•„์š”.
13:37
We know that on Mars and the Moon
321
817330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”,. ํ™”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ์—
13:39
there are tons of these structures.
322
819330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
13:41
We can see them.
323
821330
1000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:42
On the left you can see a lava tube forming
324
822330
2000
์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฉ์•”๋™๊ตด์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
13:44
at a recent eruption -- Mount Etna in Sicily --
325
824330
3000
์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹œ์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์—ํŠธ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ํ™”์‚ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
13:47
and this is the way these tubes form.
326
827330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋™๊ตด๋“ค์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”
13:49
And when they hollow out,
327
829330
1000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ…… ๋น„์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ
13:50
then they become habitats for organisms.
328
830330
2000
๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
13:53
These are all over the planet Mars,
329
833330
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ™”์„ฑ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:55
and we're busy cataloguing them now.
330
835330
2000
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ •๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฐ”๋น ์š”.
13:57
And so, there's very interesting cave real estate
331
837330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋™๊ตด ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์ด
13:59
on Mars, at least of that type.
332
839330
3000
ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ , ์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
14:02
In order to access
333
842330
2000
์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
14:04
these sub-surface environments that we're interested in,
334
844330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”
14:07
we're very interested in developing the tools to do this.
335
847330
3000
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:10
You know, it's not easy to get into these caves.
336
850330
2000
์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๊ตด๋“ค์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
14:12
It requires crawling, climbing,
337
852330
2000
๊ธฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ฃ .
14:14
rope-work, technical rope-work
338
854330
3000
๋กœํ”„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋กœํ”„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
14:17
and many other complex human motions
339
857330
4000
๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ๋™์ž‘๋“ค์ด
14:21
in order to access these.
340
861330
2000
์ด๊ณณ๋“ค์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
14:23
We face the problem of, how can we do this robotically?
341
863330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋กœ๋ด‡์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:26
Why would we want to do it robotically?
342
866330
2000
์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•  ๊นŒ์š”?
14:28
Well, we're going to be sending
343
868330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๊ฑฐ ์˜ˆ์š”
14:30
robotic missions to Mars
344
870330
2000
๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์„ ํ™”์„ฑ์—
14:32
long in advance of human missions.
345
872330
2000
์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:34
And then, secondly, getting back to that earlier point that I made
346
874330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด
14:37
about the preciousness of any life that we may find
347
877330
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”
14:41
on Mars, we don't want to contaminate it.
348
881330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›์น˜ ์•Š์•„์š”.
14:43
And one of the best ways to study something without contaminating it
349
883330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
14:46
is to have an intermediary.
350
886330
2000
์ค‘๊ฐœ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์˜ˆ์š”.
14:48
And in this case, we're imagining
351
888330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”
14:50
intermediary robotic devices
352
890330
2000
์ค‘๊ฐœ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ™์€
14:52
that can actually do some of that
353
892330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ
14:54
front-end work for us,
354
894330
2000
๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:56
to protect any potential life that we find.
355
896330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”
14:58
I'm not going to go through all of these projects now,
356
898330
3000
์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ์ง€๋งŒ
15:01
but we're involved in about half-a-dozen robotic development projects,
357
901330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฏ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ณ„๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—
15:04
in collaboration with a number of different groups.
358
904330
3000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:07
I want to talk specifically about the
359
907330
2000
์ €๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ
15:09
array that you see on the top.
360
909330
2000
์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
15:11
These are hopping microbot swarms.
361
911330
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋›ฐ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ˆ์š”.
15:14
I'm working on this with the Field and Space Robotics Laboratory
362
914330
2000
์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋ฉด๊ณผ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋กœ๋ด‡ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๊ณผ
15:16
and my friend Steve Dubowsky at MIT,
363
916330
3000
MIT์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋‘๋ฐ”์Šคํ‚ค์™€ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
15:19
and we have come up with the idea
364
919330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”
15:21
of having little, jumping bean-like
365
921330
3000
๋›ฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฝฉ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์€
15:24
robots
366
924330
2000
๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”
15:26
that are propelled by artificial muscle,
367
926330
3000
์ธ๊ณต ๊ทผ์œก์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
15:29
which is one of the Dubowsky Lab's specialties --
368
929330
3000
๋‘๋ฐ”์Šคํ‚ค ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ฃ .
15:32
are the EPAMs, or artificial muscles.
369
932330
2000
EPAM์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ณต๊ทผ์œก
15:34
And these allow them to hop.
370
934330
2000
์ด ์ธ๊ณต๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์„ ๊นก์ด ๋›ฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”
15:36
They behave with
371
936330
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
15:38
a swarm behavior,
372
938330
2000
๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์–‘์ƒ
15:40
where they relate to each other,
373
940330
2000
์ฆ‰ ,์„œ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
15:42
modeled after insect swarm behavior,
374
942330
2000
์ด๊ฑด ๊ณค์ถฉ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
15:44
and they could be made very numerous.
375
944330
3000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
15:47
And so, one can send a thousand of them,
376
947330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฌ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:49
as you can see in this upper left-hand picture,
377
949330
3000
์™ผ์ชฝ ์œ„์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
15:52
a thousand of them could fit into the payload bay
378
952330
3000
๋กœ์ผ“์˜ ์œ ํšจ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ฒœ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
15:55
that was used for one of the current MER Rovers.
379
955330
3000
ํ˜„์žฌ MER Rover (ํ™”์„ฑ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ) ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:58
And these little guys -- you could lose many of them.
380
958330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์žƒ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:01
If you send a thousand of them,
381
961330
2000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ฒœ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:03
you could probably get rid of 90 percent of them and still have a mission.
382
963330
2000
90% ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ ธ๋„ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:05
And so, that allows you the flexibility
383
965330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:08
to go into very challenging terrain
384
968330
3000
๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ 
16:11
and actually make your way where you want to go.
385
971330
2000
์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
16:13
Now, to wrap this up, I want to talk for two seconds
386
973330
3000
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
16:16
about caves and the human expansion beyond Earth
387
976330
3000
๋™๊ตด๊ณผ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
as a natural outgrowth of the work that we do in caves.
388
979330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
16:22
It occurred to us a number of years ago
389
982330
2000
์ˆ˜๋…„์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:24
that caves have many properties
390
984330
2000
๋™๊ตด๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์˜ˆ์š”
16:26
that people have used
391
986330
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ 
16:28
and other organisms have used as habitat in the past.
392
988330
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋“ค์ด ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
And perhaps it's time we started to explore those,
393
990330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
16:34
in the context of future Mars and the Moon exploration.
394
994330
3000
๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํ™”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ํƒ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
16:37
So, we have just finished a NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Phase II study,
395
997330
5000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋งˆ์ณค๋Š”๋ฐ
16:42
looking at the irreducible set of technologies
396
1002330
2000
๋”์ด์ƒ ์ถ•์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค,
16:44
that you would need in order to
397
1004330
2000
๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
actually allow people to inhabit lava tubes
398
1006330
3000
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์šฉ์•”๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
16:49
on the Moon or Mars.
399
1009330
2000
๋‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„์š”.
16:51
It turns out to be a fairly simple and small list,
400
1011330
3000
๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๋ชฉ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:54
and we have gone
401
1014330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”
16:56
in the relatively primitive technology direction.
402
1016330
2000
๋น„๊ต์  ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์š”.
16:58
So, we're talking about things like inflatable liners
403
1018330
3000
๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ’€๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
17:01
that can conform to the complex topological shape
404
1021330
3000
๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์–‘์— ๋งž์ถœ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”
17:04
on the inside of a cave,
405
1024330
2000
๋™๊ตด ์•ˆ ์—์„œ
17:06
foamed-in-place airlocks to deal with this complex topology,
406
1026330
4000
๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœํฌ์ œ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ์ƒ‰๊ตฌ
17:10
various ways of getting breathing gases
407
1030330
3000
์ˆจ์‰ด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
17:13
made from the intrinsic materials of these bodies.
408
1033330
3000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
And the future is there for us
409
1036330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”
17:18
to use these lava-tube caves on Mars.
410
1038330
3000
ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ์šฉ์•”๋™๊ตด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:21
And right now we're in caves, and we're doing science and recreation,
411
1041330
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋™๊ตด์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
17:25
but I think in the future we'll be using them
412
1045330
2000
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊บผ์˜ˆ์š”
17:27
for habitat and science on these other bodies.
413
1047330
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์š”
17:29
Now, my view of what the current status
414
1049330
3000
ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Š”
17:32
of potential life on Mars is
415
1052330
2000
ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”
17:34
that it's probably been on the planet,
416
1054330
3000
์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜ˆ์š”
17:37
maybe one in two chances.
417
1057330
3000
๋‘๊ฐœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
The question as to whether
418
1060330
3000
๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ
17:43
there is life on Mars that is related to life on Earth
419
1063330
4000
ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
17:47
has now been very muddied,
420
1067330
2000
ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:49
because we now know,
421
1069330
1000
์ด์ œ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
17:50
from Mars meteorites that have made it to Earth,
422
1070330
3000
ํ™”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ์˜จ ์šด์„๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด
17:53
that there's material that can be exchanged between those two planets.
423
1073330
4000
๋‘ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตํ™˜์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„์š”.
17:57
One of the burning questions, of course, is
424
1077330
2000
์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
17:59
if we go there and find life in the sub-surface,
425
1079330
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:02
as I fully expect that we will,
426
1082330
2000
์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
18:04
is that a second genesis of life?
427
1084330
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
18:06
Did life start here
428
1086330
2000
๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด
18:08
and was it transported there?
429
1088330
2000
๊ทธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™๋˜์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊นŒ์š”?
18:10
Did it start there and get transported here?
430
1090330
3000
๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ด๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊นŒ์š”?
18:13
This will be a fascinating puzzle as we go into the next half-century,
431
1093330
4000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํผ์ฆ์ด ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
18:17
and where I expect that we will
432
1097330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
18:19
have more and more Mars missions to answer these questions.
433
1099330
3000
์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
18:22
Thank you.
434
1102330
2000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7