An unexpected tool for understanding inequality: abstract math | Eugenia Cheng

95,195 views

2019-04-09 ใƒป TED


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An unexpected tool for understanding inequality: abstract math | Eugenia Cheng

95,195 views ใƒป 2019-04-09

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JUNGKYO SHIN ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
The world is awash with divisive arguments,
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์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:18
conflict,
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๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ,
00:20
fake news,
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๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค,
00:22
victimhood,
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ํ”ผํ•ด ์˜์‹,
00:25
exploitation, prejudice, bigotry, blame, shouting
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์ฐฉ์ทจ, ํŽธ๊ฒฌ, ํŽธํ˜‘, ๋น„๋‚œ, ๊ณ ํ•จ
00:30
and minuscule attention spans.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
It can sometimes seem that we are doomed to take sides,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํŽธ์„ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์šด๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
be stuck in echo chambers
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๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์‹ค์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์„œ ๊ผผ์ง ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
00:42
and never agree again.
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
00:45
It can sometimes seem like a race to the bottom,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:48
where everyone is calling out somebody else's privilege
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ํŠน๊ถŒ๋งŒ์„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
and vying to show that they are the most hard-done-by person
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์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ด์„ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:57
in the conversation.
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01:01
How can we make sense
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์น˜์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
01:02
in a world that doesn't?
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:07
I have a tool for understanding this confusing world of ours,
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
a tool that you might not expect:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:16
abstract mathematics.
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์ด๋ก  ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
I am a pure mathematician.
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์ €๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์˜ˆ์š”.
01:22
Traditionally, pure maths is like the theory of maths,
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด๊ณ 
01:26
where applied maths is applied to real problems like building bridges
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์‘์šฉ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ 
01:31
and flying planes
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋‚˜
01:32
and controlling traffic flow.
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๊ตํ†ต ํ†ต์ œ ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์—๋„ ์‘์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
But I'm going to talk about a way that pure maths applies directly
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์ €๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—
01:40
to our daily lives
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์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
as a way of thinking.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:44
I don't solve quadratic equations to help me with my daily life,
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์ €๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ด์ฐจ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
but I do use mathematical thinking to help me understand arguments
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
01:54
and to empathize with other people.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
And so pure maths helps me with the entire human world.
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์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
02:04
But before I talk about the entire human world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
02:07
I need to talk about something that you might think of
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:10
as irrelevant schools maths:
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๊ด€๋ จ์—†๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
factors of numbers.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
We're going to start by thinking about the factors of 30.
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์ธ์ˆ˜ 30์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:19
Now, if this makes you shudder with bad memories of school maths lessons,
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์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ชธ์„œ๋ฆฌ ์น˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:24
I sympathize, because I found school maths lessons boring, too.
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์ €๋„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜์ฃ .
02:29
But I'm pretty sure we are going to take this in a direction
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:33
that is very different from what happened at school.
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ญ‡ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
So what are the factors of 30?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ 30์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:39
Well, they're the numbers that go into 30.
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30์— ๊ณฑ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
Maybe you can remember them. We'll work them out.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”, ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
It's one, two, three,
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1, 2, 3
02:48
five, six,
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5, 6
02:51
10, 15 and 30.
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10, 15, 30
02:53
It's not very interesting.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์ฃ .
02:55
It's a bunch of numbers in a straight line.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ง์„ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ฃ .
02:58
We can make it more interesting
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
03:00
by thinking about which of these numbers are also factors of each other
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์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
03:04
and drawing a picture, a bit like a family tree,
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
03:06
to show those relationships.
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์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
So 30 is going to be at the top like a kind of great-grandparent.
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์ˆซ์ž 30์€ ์ฆ์กฐ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งจ ์œ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
03:12
Six, 10 and 15 go into 30.
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6 , 10 , 15๋Š” 30์˜ ๊ณฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Five goes into 10 and 15.
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5๋Š” 10๊ณผ 15์˜ ๊ณฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ,
03:18
Two goes into six and 10.
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2๋Š” 6๊ณผ 10์˜ ๊ณฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ,
03:21
Three goes into six and 15.
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3์€ 6๊ณผ 15์˜ ๊ณฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
03:24
And one goes into two, three and five.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1์€ 2, 3, 5์˜ ๊ณฑ์ˆ˜์ด์ฃ .
03:29
So now we see that 10 is not divisible by three,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  10์€ 3์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
03:32
but that this is the corners of a cube,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 3์ด ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:36
which is, I think, a bit more interesting
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋„ค์š”.
03:38
than a bunch of numbers in a straight line.
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์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ด ๋œ ์ˆซ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”์š”.
03:41
We can see something more here. There's a hierarchy going on.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋” ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
At the bottom level is the number one,
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๋งจ ์•„๋ž˜์ธต์€ ์ˆซ์ž 1์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:46
then there's the numbers two, three and five,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ 2,3 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  5
03:48
and nothing goes into those except one and themselves.
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ 1์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ณฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
You might remember this means they're prime.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ต ํ•˜์‹ค์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์†Œ์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์ฃ .
03:54
At the next level up, we have six, 10 and 15,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 6, 10, 15๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
and each of those is a product of two prime factors.
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์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ๋‘ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
So six is two times three,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 6 ์€ 2 X 3์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
10 is two times five,
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10์€ 2 X 5 ์ด๋ฉฐ
04:04
15 is three times five.
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15๋Š” 3 X 5 ์ด๊ณ 
04:06
And then at the top, we have 30,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งจ ์œ„์— 30์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
which is a product of three prime numbers --
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30์€ ์„ธ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
two times three times five.
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2 X 3 X 5
04:12
So I could redraw this diagram using those numbers instead.
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์†Œ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:18
We see that we've got two, three and five at the top,
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๋งจ ์œ„์—๋Š” 2, 3 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  5๊ฐ€
04:21
we have pairs of numbers at the next level,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:24
and we have single elements at the next level
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:26
and then the empty set at the bottom.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
And each of those arrows shows losing one of your numbers in the set.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ™”์‚ด๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆซ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Now maybe it can be clear
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์ด์ œ์•ผ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
that it doesn't really matter what those numbers are.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ˆซ์ž์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
04:40
In fact, it doesn't matter what they are.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์ฃ .
04:42
So we could replace them with something like A, B and C instead,
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์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์ž A, B ,C๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:46
and we get the same picture.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
So now this has become very abstract.
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์ด์ œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
04:51
The numbers have turned into letters.
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์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
But there is a point to this abstraction,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ์ ์€
04:57
which is that it now suddenly becomes very widely applicable,
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
because A, B and C could be anything.
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A, B, C ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:06
For example, they could be three types of privilege:
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
05:10
rich, white and male.
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๋ถ€์ž, ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ฑ
05:14
So then at the next level, we have rich white people.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:18
Here we have rich male people.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:20
Here we have white male people.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:22
Then we have rich, white and male.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ž, ๋ฐฑ์ธ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
And finally, people with none of those types of privilege.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งจ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ํŠน๊ถŒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ฃ .
05:30
And I'm going to put back in the rest of the adjectives for emphasis.
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๊ฐ•์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:33
So here we have rich, white non-male people,
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์ž, ๋ฐฑ์ธ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
to remind us that there are nonbinary people we need to include.
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์ œ3์˜ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ง์ฃ .
05:39
Here we have rich, nonwhite male people.
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๋ถ€์ž์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ
05:42
Here we have non-rich, white male people,
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๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ
05:45
rich, nonwhite, non-male,
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๋ถ€์ž์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
05:48
non-rich, white, non-male
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๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
05:51
and non-rich, nonwhite, male.
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๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ
05:53
And at the bottom, with the least privilege,
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๋งจ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
non-rich, nonwhite, non-male people.
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๋ถ€์ž, ๋ฐฑ์ธ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
05:59
We have gone from a diagram of factors of 30
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30์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„
06:03
to a diagram of interaction of different types of privilege.
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ํŠน๊ถŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
And there are many things we can learn from this diagram, I think.
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์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
The first is that each arrow represents a direct loss of one type of privilege.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ ํ™”์‚ด์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
Sometimes people mistakenly think that white privilege means
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ํŠน๊ถŒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค.
06:23
all white people are better off than all nonwhite people.
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ํ˜•ํ‰์ด ๋‚˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜คํ•ด๋˜๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
Some people point at superrich black sports stars and say,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ํ‘์ธ ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
06:32
"See? They're really rich. White privilege doesn't exist."
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"๋ด? ์ €๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜์ž–์•„. ๋ฐฑ์ธ ํŠน๊ถŒ์€ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์—†์–ด"
06:36
But that's not what the theory of white privilege says.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ํŠน๊ถŒ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
It says that if that superrich sports star had all the same characteristics
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜ํผ๋ฆฌ์น˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ 
06:44
but they were also white,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
06:45
we would expect them to be better off in society.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:51
There is something else we can understand from this diagram
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์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ดํ•ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
if we look along a row.
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์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
06:56
If we look along the second-to-top row, where people have two types of privilege,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ค„์—์„œ ๋งจ ์œ—์ค„์— ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
we might be able to see that they're not all particularly equal.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
For example, rich white women are probably much better off in society
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ํŽธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
07:10
than poor white men,
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”์š”.
07:12
and rich black men are probably somewhere in between.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:15
So it's really more skewed like this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:18
and the same on the bottom level.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
07:20
But we can actually take it further
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:23
and look at the interactions between those two middle levels.
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๋‘ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:27
Because rich, nonwhite non-men might well be better off in society
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฌ์ž๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:33
than poor white men.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:35
Think about some extreme examples, like Michelle Obama,
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์…ธ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:39
Oprah Winfrey.
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์˜คํ”„๋ผ ์œˆํ”„๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:40
They're definitely better off than poor, white, unemployed homeless men.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง‘ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
So actually, the diagram is more skewed like this.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋” ์™œ๊ณก์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:49
And that tension exists
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ฃ .
07:52
between the layers of privilege in the diagram
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๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธต๊ณผ
07:55
and the absolute privilege that people experience in society.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ํŠน๊ถŒ์€
07:59
And this has helped me to understand why some poor white men
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์™œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์—
08:02
are so angry in society at the moment.
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ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
Because they are considered to be high up in this cuboid of privilege,
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์ด ์ง์œก๋ฉด์ฒด์˜ ํŠน๊ถŒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์œ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:10
but in terms of absolute privilege, they don't actually feel the effect of it.
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์™„์ „ํ•œ ํŠน๊ถŒ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
08:15
And I believe that understanding the root of that anger
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๋ถ„๋…ธ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:19
is much more productive than just being angry at them in return.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™”๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
Seeing these abstract structures can also help us switch contexts
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์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
08:29
and see that different people are at the top in different contexts.
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์ตœ ์ƒ์œ„์ธต์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
08:33
In our original diagram,
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์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์—๋Š”
08:35
rich white men were at the top,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ œ์ผ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:37
but if we restricted our attention to non-men,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋น„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:41
we would see that they are here,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:42
and now the rich, white non-men are at the top.
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์ด์ œ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ œ์ผ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
So we could move to a whole context of women,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
and our three types of privilege could now be rich, white and cisgendered.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์€ ์ด์ œ ๋ถ€์ž, ๋ฐฑ์ธ, ์‹œ์Šค์  ๋”๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Remember that "cisgendered" means that your gender identity does match
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"์‹œ์Šค ์  ๋”" ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ฑ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด
08:57
the gender you were assigned at birth.
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
So now we see that rich, white cis women occupy the analogous situation
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์ด์ œ ๋ถ€์ž, ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์‹œ์Šค์  ๋” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
that rich white men did in broader society.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ•ด์™”๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:09
And this has helped me understand why there is so much anger
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
towards rich white women,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:14
especially in some parts of the feminist movement at the moment,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์— ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์šด๋™์— ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
09:17
because perhaps they're prone to seeing themselves as underprivileged
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
relative to white men,
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:23
and they forget how overprivileged they are relative to nonwhite women.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋น„ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
We can all use these abstract structures to help us pivot between situations
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์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ํŠน๊ถŒ์ง์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ƒ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
09:36
in which we are more privileged and less privileged.
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์„ ํšŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
We are all more privileged than somebody
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋” ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:41
and less privileged than somebody else.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
For example, I know and I feel that as an Asian person,
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์ €๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
09:49
I am less privileged than white people
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๋ฐฑ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
because of white privilege.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ํŠน๊ถŒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:53
But I also understand
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
that I am probably among the most privileged of nonwhite people,
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์ €๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋น„ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:59
and this helps me pivot between those two contexts.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์„ ์„ ํšŒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
And in terms of wealth,
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๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
10:05
I don't think I'm super rich.
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์ €๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
10:07
I'm not as rich as the kind of people who don't have to work.
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์ €๋Š” ์ผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒํผ ๋ถ€์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
10:10
But I am doing fine,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿญ์ €๋Ÿญ ์‚ด๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
and that's a much better situation to be in
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
than people who are really struggling,
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜
10:15
maybe are unemployed or working at minimum wage.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ง์—…์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ €์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”์š”.
10:20
I perform these pivots in my head
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์ €๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
to help me understand experiences from other people's points of view,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
10:30
which brings me to this possibly surprising conclusion:
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
that abstract mathematics is highly relevant to our daily lives
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์ถ”์ƒ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
and can even help us to understand and empathize with other people.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
10:50
My wish is that everybody would try to understand other people more
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์„ธ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
10:56
and work with them together,
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๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
rather than competing with them
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ 
11:00
and trying to show that they're wrong.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ—๋œฏ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:04
And I believe that abstract mathematical thinking
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ถ”์ƒ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
11:08
can help us achieve that.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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