A "living drug" that could change the way we treat cancer | Carl June

123,829 views

2019-10-02 ・ TED


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A "living drug" that could change the way we treat cancer | Carl June

123,829 views ・ 2019-10-02

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jeonghyun Kim κ²€ν† : Yunjung Nam
00:12
So this is the first time I've told this story in public,
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이 이야기λ₯Ό λŒ€μ€‘ μ•žμ—μ„œ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ²˜μŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
the personal aspects of it.
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개인 적인 λΆ€λΆ„κΉŒμ§€ 말이죠.
00:19
Yogi Berra was a world-famous baseball player who said,
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유λͺ… μ•Όκ΅¬μ„ μˆ˜μ˜€λ˜ μš”κΈ° λ² λΌλŠ” 이런 말을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
"길을 κ°€λ‹€ κ°ˆλ¦ΌκΈΈμ„ λ§Œλ‚˜λ©΄ λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•˜λΌ."
00:24
"If you come to a fork in the road, take it."
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00:27
Researchers had been, for more than a century,
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ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ°± 년이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ
00:30
studying the immune system as a way to fight cancer,
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μ•”κ³Ό μ‹Έμš°κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•΄μ™”λŠ”λ°μš”.
00:34
and cancer vaccines have, unfortunately, been disappointing.
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μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ ν•­μ•” 백신은 κΈ°λŒ€μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
They've only worked in cancers caused by viruses,
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μžκΆκ²½λΆ€μ•”, κ°„μ•”κ³Ό 같은 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‘œ μΈν•œ μ•”μ—λ§Œ
00:40
like cervical cancer or liver cancer.
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νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
00:45
So cancer researchers basically gave up on the idea
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•” μ—°κ΅¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€
00:47
of using the immune system to fight cancer.
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λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 ν¬κΈ°ν•΄λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
And the immune system, in any case, did not evolve to fight cancer;
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μ–΄μ°¨ν”Ό λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„λŠ” μ•”κ³Ό μ‹Έμš°λ„λ‘ μ§„ν™”λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
it evolved to fight pathogens invading from the outside.
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μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•˜λŠ” 병원ꡰ과 μ‹Έμš°λ„λ‘ μ§„ν™”λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
00:59
So its job is to kill bacteria and viruses.
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ™€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό μ£½μ΄λŠ” 것이 λͺ©μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
And the reason the immune system has trouble with most cancers
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λ©΄μ—­ 체계가 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ•”κ³Ό κ°–λŠ” λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
01:06
is that it doesn't invade from the outside;
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암은 μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ μΉ¨νˆ¬λ˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:10
it evolves from its own cells.
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자기 μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μƒκ²¨λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
And so either the immune system does not recognize the cancer as a problem,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„μ—μ„œ 암을 문제둜 μΈμ‹ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:18
or it attacks a cancer and also our normal cells,
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μ•” 세포와 λ”λΆˆμ–΄ 정상 세포도 ν•¨κ»˜ κ³΅κ²©ν•˜μ—¬
01:21
leading to autoimmune diseases like colitis or multiple sclerosis.
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λŒ€μž₯μ—Ό, λ‹€λ°œμ„± 경화증 λ“± μžκ°€λ©΄μ—­μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μ•ΌκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
So how do you get around that?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
01:28
Our answer turned out to be synthetic immune systems
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κ·Έ 해닡은 μ•” 세포λ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μ£½μ΄λŠ”
01:33
that are designed to recognize and kill cancer cells.
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인곡 λ©΄μ—­ 체계에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
That's right -- I said a synthetic immune system.
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λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 인곡 λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
You do that with genetic engineering and synthetic biology.
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μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „ 곡학과 인곡 μƒλ¬Όν•™μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
We did it with the naturally occurring parts of the immune system,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„μ—μ„œ μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒκΈ°λŠ”
01:50
called B cells and T cells.
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B 세포와 T 세포λ₯Ό
01:52
These were our building blocks.
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기초둜 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
T cells have evolved to kill cells infected with viruses,
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T μ„Έν¬λŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— κ°μ—Όλœ 세포λ₯Ό 죽이고,
01:59
and B cells are the cells that make antibodies that are secreted
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B μ„Έν¬λŠ” 항체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λΆ„λΉ„μ‹œν‚¨ λ’€
02:03
and then bind to kill bacteria.
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μž‘μ•„μ„œ μ£½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
Well, what if you combined these two functions
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이 두 가지 κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ²°ν•©ν•΄
02:11
in a way that was designed to repurpose them to fight cancer?
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암을 κ³΅κ²©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
02:15
We realized it would be possible to insert the genes for antibodies
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 항체에 λŒ€ν•œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό B μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ T μ„Έν¬λ‘œ
02:19
from B cells into T cells.
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μ£Όμž…ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
So how do you do that?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹€ν–‰ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:24
Well, we used an HIV virus as a Trojan horse
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μš°μ„  T μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:28
to get past the T cells' immune system.
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HIV λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό 트둜이λͺ©λ§ˆλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
The result is a chimera,
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κ·Έ 결과둜 킀메라가 νƒ„μƒν•˜μ£ .
02:34
a fantastic fire-breathing creature from Greek mythology,
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그리슀 μ‹ ν™” 속 μ‚¬μžμ˜ 머리에 μ—Όμ†Œμ˜ λͺΈ, λ±€μ˜ 꼬리λ₯Ό 달고
02:38
with a lion's head, a goat's body and a serpent's tail.
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λΆˆμ„ 뿜으며 λ“±μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 괴물의 μ΄λ¦„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
So we decided that the paradoxical thing that we had created
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ B 세포 항체와 T 세포 캐리어,
02:46
with our B-cell antibodies, our T cells carrier
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HIV 트둜이λͺ©λ§ˆλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ λ§Œλ“  λͺ¨μˆœμ μΈ 쑴재λ₯Ό
02:50
and the HIV Trojan horse
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"킀메라 항원 수용체 T 세포",
02:52
should be called "Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells," or CAR T cells.
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²ŒλŠ” CAR-T μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
The virus also inserts genetic information
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” μœ μ „ 정보도 μ‚½μž…ν•΄
03:01
to activate the T cells and program them into their killing mode.
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T 세포λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³  μ‹Έμš°λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
So when CAR T cells are injected into somebody with cancer,
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CAR-T 세포가 μ•” νˆ¬λ³‘μžμ˜ μ²΄λ‚΄λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€
03:10
what happens when those CAR T cells see and bind to their tumor target?
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λͺ©ν‘œ 물질인 μ’…μ–‘ 세포λ₯Ό ν¬μ°©ν•˜κ³  작으면 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
03:14
They act like supercharged killer T cells on steroids.
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μ•„μ£Ό κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 슈퍼 ν‚¬λŸ¬ T 세포가 λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:19
They start this crash-defense buildup system in the body
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μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λ°©μ–΄ κ°•ν™” 체계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
03:22
and literally divide and multiply by the millions,
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수백 개둜 λΆ„ν• λ˜μ–΄ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜κ³ ,
03:25
where they then attack and kill the tumor.
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μ’…μ–‘ 세포λ₯Ό 곡격해 죽이게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
All of this means that CAR T cells are the first living drug in medicine.
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CAR-T 세포가 μ˜ν•™κ³„ 졜초의 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ•½μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
03:34
CAR T cells break the mold.
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κ·Έ 약은 틀을 κΉ¨λΆ€μˆœκ±°μ£ .
03:35
Unlike normal drugs that you take --
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 보톡 λ¨ΉλŠ” 약은
03:38
they do their job and get metabolized, and then you have to take them again --
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μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λŒ€μ‚¬ μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λ¨Ήμ–΄μ€˜μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
CAR T cells stay alive and on the job for years.
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CAR-T μ„Έν¬λŠ” 계속 μ‚΄μ•„ μˆ˜λ…„ κ°„ μž‘μš©μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
We have had CAR T cells stay in the bodies of our cancer patients
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일뢀 ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ λͺΈμ—μ„œλŠ” 8λ…„ 이상
μ‚΄μ•„ μžˆλŠ” 것도 λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
now for more than eight years.
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03:54
And these designer cancer T cells, CAR T cells,
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이런 λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆ 세포인 CAR-T μ„Έν¬λŠ”
03:57
have a calculated half-life of more than 17 years.
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λ°˜κ°κΈ°κ°€ 17λ…„ 이상 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
So one infusion can do the job;
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세포가 ν•œ 번만 μ£Όμž…λ˜λ©΄
04:03
they stay on patrol for the rest of your life.
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μΌμƒλ™μ•ˆ μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
04:06
This is the beginning of a new paradigm in medicine.
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이것은 μ˜ν•™κ³„μ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νŒ¨λŸ¬λ‹€μž„μ„ μ—¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Now, there was one major challenge to these T-cell infusions.
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그런데, T 세포 μ£Όμž…μ— ν•œ 가지 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
The only source of T cells that will work in a patient
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ν™˜μžμ˜ μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ ν™œλ™ν•  T μ„Έν¬λŠ”
λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ 본인 세포여야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
are your own T cells,
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04:21
unless you happen to have an identical twin.
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μΌλž€μ„± 쌍λ‘₯이가 μ—†λŠ” ν•œ 말이죠.
04:24
So for most of us, we're out of luck.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
So what we did was to make CAR T cells.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ CAR-T 세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμ£ .
04:32
We had to learn to grow the patient's own T cells.
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ν™˜μž 본인의 T 세포λ₯Ό λ°°μ–‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
And we developed a robust platform for this in the 1990s.
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그리고, 1990λ…„λŒ€ νƒ„νƒ„ν•œ 기초λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
Then in 1997, we first tested CAR T cells in patients
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1997λ…„, 말기 HIV-AIDS ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ μƒλŒ€λ‘œ
04:43
with advanced HIV-AIDS.
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첫 CAR-T 세포λ₯Ό μ‹œν—˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
And we found that those CAR T cells survived in the patients
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그리고 CAR-T 세포듀은 10λ…„ 이상 ν™˜μžμ˜ λͺΈ 속에
04:49
for more than a decade.
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
And it improved their immune system and decreased their viruses,
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ λ©΄μ—­ 체계가 κ°œμ„ λ˜κ³  λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ„ κ°μ†Œν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:54
but it didn't cure them.
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μΉ˜λ£Œλ˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
04:55
So we went back to the laboratory, and over the next decade
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€μ‹œ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€ 10년이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ
04:58
made improvements to the CAR T cell design.
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CAR-T μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ””μžμΈμ„ κ°œμ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
And by 2010, we began treating leukemia patients.
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그리고 2010λ…„, λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
And our team treated three patients
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2012λ…„μ—λŠ” 3 λͺ…μ˜
05:08
with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 2012.
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말기 λ§Œμ„± 림프ꡬ성 λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
It's a form of incurable leukemia
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μ΄λŠ” 뢈치의 λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μœΌλ‘œ
05:14
that afflicts approximately 20,000 adults every year in the United States.
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맀년 λ―Έκ΅­ 성인 κΈ°μ€€ 2만 λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžκ°€ λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
The first patient that we treated was a retired Marine sergeant
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치료λ₯Ό 받은 첫 ν™˜μžλŠ” ν•΄κ΅° 병μž₯ μΆœμ‹ μΈ
κ΅λ„μ†Œ κ΅λ„κ΄€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
and a prison corrections officer.
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05:26
He had only weeks to live
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그의 수λͺ…은 λͺ‡ μ£Ό 밖에 남지 μ•Šμ•˜μ—ˆκ³ 
05:28
and had, in fact, already paid for his funeral.
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사싀, μž₯둀식 λΉ„μš©λ„ 이미 μ§€λΆˆν•œ μƒν™©μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
The cells were infused, and within days, he had high fevers.
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세포 μ£Όμž…μ„ λ°›κ³  λ©°μΉ  λ’€ 고열이 λ°œμƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
He developed multiple organ failures,
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λ‹€λ°œμ„± μž₯κΈ° 뢀전이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜
05:39
was transferred to the ICU and was comatose.
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μ€‘ν™˜μžμ‹€λ‘œ μ΄μ†‘λ˜κ³  ν˜Όμˆ˜μƒνƒœμ— λΉ μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
We thought he would die,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 사망을 μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆκ³ 
05:43
and, in fact, he was given last rites.
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μ’…λΆ€ μ„±μ‚¬κΉŒμ§€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:45
But then, another fork in the road happened.
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그런데, 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 갈림길이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
So, around 28 days after the CAR T cell infusion,
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CAR-T 세포 μ£Όμž…μ„ 받은 지 μ•½ 28일 ν›„
05:53
he woke up,
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ν™˜μžκ°€ 깨어났고
05:54
and the physicians finally examined him,
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ λ“œλ””μ–΄ 검사λ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
05:57
and the cancer was gone.
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암이 사라진 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
The big masses that had been there had melted.
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λͺΈ 속에 있던 μ»€λ‹€λž€ 덩어리듀이 λ…Ήμ•„ 없어진 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
Bone marrow biopsies found no evidence of leukemia,
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골수 쑰직 검사 κ²°κ³Ό λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ˜ 흔적은 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
and that year, in our first three patients we treated,
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κ·Έ 해에 첫 μ„Έ λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžκ°€ 치료λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜κ³ 
06:07
two of three have had durable remissions now for eight years,
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두 λͺ…은 μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 8λ…„ κ°„ 회볡 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ 쀑이고
06:10
and one had a partial remission.
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ν•œ λͺ…은 뢀뢄적 νšŒλ³΅μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
The CAR T cells had attacked the leukemia in these patients
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CAR-T μ„Έν¬λŠ” ν™˜μž λͺΈ μ†μ˜ λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ„ κ³΅κ²©ν–ˆκ³ 
06:16
and had dissolved between 2.9 and 7.7 pounds of tumor in each patient.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ 쒅양을 각각 2.9μ—μ„œ 7.7 νŒŒμš΄λ“œ κ°€λŸ‰ μš©ν•΄μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
Their bodies had become veritable bioreactors for these CAR T cells,
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ λͺΈμ€ CAR-T μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ§„μ •ν•œ 생체 λ°˜μ‘κΈ°κ°€ λ˜μ–΄
06:29
producing millions and millions of CAR T cells
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골수, ν˜ˆμ•‘, μ’…μ–‘ 덩어리 μ†μ—μ„œ
06:32
in the bone marrow, blood and tumor masses.
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수백만 개의 CAR-T 세포λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
And we discovered that these CAR T cells can punch far above their weight class,
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볡싱에 λΉ—λŒ€μ–΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄, CAR-T μ„Έν¬λŠ” 훨씬 μš°μœ„μ˜ 체급과
06:40
to use a boxing analogy.
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λ§žλ¨Ήμ„ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
Just one CAR T cell can kill 1,000 tumor cells.
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단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ CAR-T 세포가, 천 개의 μ’…μ–‘ 세포λ₯Ό 죽일 수 있죠.
06:47
That's right -- it's a ratio of one to a thousand.
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λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 1 λŒ€ 1,000 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
The CAR T cell and its daughter progeny cells
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CAR-T 세포 및 κ·Έ μžμ† μ„Έν¬λŠ”
06:53
can divide and divide and divide in the body
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λͺΈ μ†μ—μ„œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ’…μ–‘ 세포가 μ‚¬λΌμ§ˆ λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€
06:56
until the last tumor cell is gone.
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κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λΆ„ν• ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
There's no precedent for this in cancer medicine.
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μ•” μ˜ν•™κ³„μ— 이와 같은 μ „λ‘€λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
The first two patients who had full remission
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μ™„μ „ κ΄€ν•΄λ₯Ό λ‹¬μ„±ν•œ 첫 두 λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžλŠ”
07:04
remain today leukemia-free,
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암이 μ—†λŠ” μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜κ³  있고
07:07
and we think they are cured.
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μ™„μΉ˜λ‘œ κ°„μ£Όν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
These are people who had run out of options,
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이 ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ 일반적인 치료 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
07:13
and by all traditional methods they had,
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더 이상 선택이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
they were like modern-day Lazarus cases.
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ν˜„λŒ€νŒ λ‚˜μ‚¬λ‘œμ™€ 같은 ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
All I can say is: thank goodness for those forks in the road.
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μ €λŠ” κ°ˆλ¦ΌκΈΈλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ‚˜ λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:23
Our next step was to get permission to treat children with acute leukemia,
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λ‹€μŒ λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” μ–΄λ¦°μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•œ κΈ‰μ„± λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 있게
07:27
the most common form of cancer in kids.
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μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
The first patient we enrolled on the trial was Emily Whitehead,
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μ‹œν—˜ 치료 첫 ν™˜μžλŠ” 에밀리 ν™”μ΄νŠΈν—€λ“œλΌλŠ” μ–΄λ¦°μ΄μ˜€λŠ”λ°
07:33
and at that time, she was six years old.
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ—¬μ„― μ‚΄μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
She had gone through a series of chemotherapy
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수 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ°¨λ‘€μ˜ ν•­μ•” μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€
07:38
and radiation treatments over several years,
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방사선 치료λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
07:40
and her leukemia had always come back.
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λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ΄ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μž¬λ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:42
In fact, it had come back three times.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ„Έ λ²ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μž¬λ°œν–ˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
07:45
When we first saw her, Emily was very ill.
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μ œκ°€ 처음 봀을 λ•Œ 맀우 μ•„ν”ˆ μƒνƒœμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
Her official diagnosis was advanced, incurable leukemia.
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곡식 진단λͺ…은 말기 뢈치 λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:55
Cancer had invaded her bone marrow, her liver, her spleen.
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μ•” 세포가 골수 및 κ°„, λΉ„μž₯μ—κΉŒμ§€ μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•œ μƒνƒœμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
And when we infused her with the CAR T cells
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μ—λ°€λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ CAR-T 세포λ₯Ό μ£Όμž…ν•œ 것은
08:03
in the spring of April 2012,
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2012λ…„ 4μ›”μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:05
over the next few days, she did not get better.
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그리고 λ©°μΉ  κ°„ 차도가 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
She got worse, and in fact, much worse.
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였히렀 훨씬 μ•…ν™”λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
As our prison corrections officer had in 2010,
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2010λ…„ ꡐ도관 ν™˜μžμ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ
08:14
she, in 2012, was admitted to the ICU,
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에밀리도 2012λ…„ μ€‘ν™˜μžμ‹€μ— μž…μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
and this was the scariest fork in the whole road of this story.
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이 λ•Œκ°€ 치료 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ κ°ˆλ¦ΌκΈΈμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
By day three, she was comatose and on life support
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3일째 되던 λ‚ , 혼수 μƒνƒœμ— 빠쑌고 μ‹ μž₯ λΆ€μ „, κ°„ λΆ€μ „μœΌλ‘œ
08:26
for kidney failure, lung failure and coma.
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생λͺ… μœ μ§€ μž₯치λ₯Ό λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
Her fever was as high as 106 degrees Fahrenheit for three days.
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화씨 106도(섭씨 70도)κ°€ λ„˜λŠ” 고열도 3일째 계속 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:35
And we didn't know what was causing those fevers.
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그런데 μ™œ 열이 λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
08:38
We did all the standard blood tests for infections,
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감염 확인을 μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨λ“  ν˜ˆμ•‘ 검사λ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
08:41
and we could not find an infectious cause for her fever.
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감염 κ΄€λ ¨ 원인을 찾지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
But we did find something very unusual in her blood
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그런데, ν˜ˆμ•‘ μ†μ—μ„œ μ˜ν•™κ³„μ—μ„œ μ „ν˜€ 보지 λͺ»ν•œ
08:48
that had never been seen before in medicine.
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νŠΉμ΄ν•œ 점을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:51
She had elevated levels of a protein called interleukin-6, or IL-6,
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ν˜ˆμ•‘ 속에 인터λ₯˜μΌ„-6 λ˜λŠ” IL-6λΌλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€
08:56
in her blood.
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λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
It was, in fact, more than a thousandfold above the normal levels.
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정상 μˆ˜μΉ˜λ³΄λ‹€ 1천배 이상 λ†’μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
And here's where yet another fork in the road came in.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 갈림길이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
By sheer coincidence,
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μš°μ—°ν•˜κ²Œλ„
09:10
one of my daughters has a form of pediatric arthritis.
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제 딸아이 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ†Œμ•„ κ΄€μ ˆμ—Όμ„ μ•“κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ,
09:16
And as a result, I had been following as a cancer doc,
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μ•” μ˜μ‚¬λ‘œμ„œ 딸을 μœ„ν•΄ κ΄€μ ˆμ—Όμ— λŒ€ν•œ
09:19
experimental therapies for arthritis for my daughter,
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μ‹€ν—˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ 찾아보고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
in case she would need them.
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ν•„μš”ν•  μˆœκ°„μ— λŒ€λΉ„ν•΄μ„œμ˜€μ£ .
09:24
And it so happened that just months before Emily was admitted to the hospital,
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그리고 에밀리가 μž…μ›ν•˜κΈ° λͺ‡ 달 μ „ 높은 수치의 IL-6λ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ”
09:29
a new therapy had been approved by the FDA
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 치료 방법이
09:32
to treat elevated levels of interleukin-6.
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹ν’ˆμ˜μ•½μ²˜μ˜ μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
And it was approved for the arthritis that my daughter had.
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제 딸이 μ•“κ³  있던 κ΄€μ ˆμ—Ό 치료둜 승인 받은 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
It's called tocilizumab.
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μ•½ 이름은 ν† μ‹€λ¦¬μ£Όλ§™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
And, in fact, it had just been added to the pharmacy at Emily's hospital,
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그리고 에밀리가 있던 병원 약ꡭ에 κ΄€μ ˆμ—Ό μ•½μœΌλ‘œ
09:45
for arthritis.
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막 λ“€μ–΄μ™”μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
So when we found Emily had these very high levels of IL-6,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—λ°€λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 높은 IL-6 수치λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³ λŠ”
09:50
I called her doctors in the ICU and said,
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μ€‘ν™˜μžμ‹€ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ„ μ—°λ½ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν–ˆμ£ .
09:53
"Why don't you treat her with this arthritis drug?"
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"이 κ΄€μ ˆμ—Ό μ•½μœΌλ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•΄λ³΄λŠ” 건 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?"
09:56
They said I was a cowboy for suggesting that.
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말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λΌκ³  ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
09:59
And since her fever and low blood pressure
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그런데 에밀리가 μ—΄κ³Ό μ €ν˜ˆμ••μ— λŒ€ν•œ μΉ˜λ£Œμ—
10:01
had not responded to any other therapy,
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μ „ν˜€ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆ
10:05
her doctor quickly asked permission to the institutional review board,
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λ‹΄λ‹Ή μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μž„μƒμ‹œν—˜ μ‹¬μ‚¬μœ„μ›νšŒ, μ—λ°€λ¦¬μ˜ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜,
10:08
her parents,
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그리고 λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ λ™μ˜λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄
10:09
and everybody, of course, said yes.
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치료λ₯Ό ν•΄λ³΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
And they tried it,
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그리고 κ·Έ μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ”
10:12
and the results were nothing short of striking.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚³μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:16
Within hours after treatment with tocilizumab,
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ν† μ‹€λ¦¬μ£Όλ§™μœΌλ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•œμ§€ λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„ λ§Œμ—
10:19
Emily began to improve very rapidly.
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μƒνƒœκ°€ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ ν˜Έμ „λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
Twenty-three days after her treatment,
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그리고 치료 23일 λ§Œμ—
10:26
she was declared cancer-free.
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암이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” νŒμ •μ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
And today, she's 12 years old and still in remission.
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이제 12살인 μ—λ°€λ¦¬λŠ” κ΄€ν•΄ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μœ μ§€μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
10:44
So we now call this violent reaction of the high fevers and coma,
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이제 CAR-T 세포 μ£Όμž… ν›„ κ³ μ—΄κ³Ό 혼수 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό λ™λ°˜ ν•œ
10:50
following CAR T cells,
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κ²©λ ¬ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ„
10:51
cytokine release syndrome, or CRS.
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사이토카인 방좜 증후ꡰ, λ˜λŠ” CRS라 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
We've found that it occurs in nearly all patients who respond to the therapy.
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μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ— λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν™˜μž λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
But it does not happen in those patients who fail to respond.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ 듣지 μ•ŠλŠ” ν™˜μžμ—κ² λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
11:01
So paradoxically,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λͺ¨μˆœμ μœΌλ‘œ
11:04
our patients now hope for these high fevers after therapy,
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이제 ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ 치료 ν›„ 고열이 λ‚˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
which feels like "the worst flu in their life,"
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CAR-T 세포 μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ 생애 μ΅œμ•…μ˜ 독감을
11:11
when they get CAR T-cell therapies.
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μ•“λŠ” 것 κ°™λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
They hope for this reaction
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이런 λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
11:14
because they know it's part of the twisting and turning path
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건강을 되찾기 μœ„ν•΄ κ²ͺμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μš°μ—¬κ³‘μ ˆμž„μ„
11:18
back to health.
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μ•ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
Unfortunately, not every patient recovers.
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μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžκ°€ νšŒλ³΅ν•˜μ§„ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:22
Patients who do not get CRS are often those who are not cured.
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CRSλ₯Ό 앓지 μ•ŠλŠ” ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 병이 낫지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:27
So there's a strong link now between CRS
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ©΄μ—­ 체계가 λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό
11:30
and the ability of the immune system to eradicate leukemia.
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CRS μ‚¬μ΄μ—λŠ” λ°€μ ‘ν•œ 관계가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
That's why last summer,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€λ‚œ 여름
11:35
when the FDA approved CAR T cells for leukemia,
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹μ•½μ²˜μ—μ„œ λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘ μΉ˜λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ CAR-T 세포λ₯Ό μŠΉμΈν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
11:41
they also co-approved the use of tocilizumab to block the IL-6 effects
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IL-6의 영ν–₯을 막기 μœ„ν•œ ν† μ‹€λ¦¬μ£Όλ§™μ˜ μ‚¬μš©λ„ ν•¨κ»˜ μŠΉμΈν•΄
ν™˜μžκ°€ CRSλ₯Ό 앓을 λ•Œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 있게 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
and the accompanying CRS in these patients.
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11:50
That was a very unusual event in medical history.
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μ˜ν•™κ³„ 역사에 μžˆμ–΄ 맀우 λ“œλ¬Έ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
Emily's doctors have now completed further trials
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μ—λ°€λ¦¬μ˜ λ‹΄λ‹Ή μ˜μ‚¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ‹œν—˜ 치료λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν–ˆκ³ 
11:59
and reported that 27 out of 30 patients, the first 30 we treated,
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치료λ₯Ό 받은 첫 30λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μž 쀑 27λͺ…,
λ˜λŠ” 90%κ°€
12:04
or 90 percent,
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12:05
had a complete remission
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CAR-T 세포 μ£Όμž… ν›„ ν•œ 달 λ§Œμ—
12:08
after CAR T cells, within a month.
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μ™„μ „ κ΄€ν•΄λ₯Ό λ‹¬μ„±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
A 90 percent complete remission rate in patients with advanced cancer
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말기 μ•” ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄ 90%의 μ™„μ „ κ΄€ν•΄μœ¨μ€
12:15
is unheard of
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50년이 λ„˜λŠ”
12:16
in more than 50 years of cancer research.
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μ•” 연ꡬ에 μžˆμ–΄ μ „λ¬΄ν›„λ¬΄ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
In fact, companies often declare success in a cancer trial
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사싀상 μ•” ν™˜μžμ˜ 치료 λ°˜μ‘λ₯ μ΄
12:24
if 15 percent of the patients had a complete response rate.
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15%만 λ˜μ–΄λ„ 성곡이라 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:28
A remarkable study appeared in the "New England Journal of Medicine" in 2013.
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2013λ…„, λ‰΄μž‰κΈ€λžœλ“œ μ˜ν•™μ €λ„μ— λ†€λΌμš΄ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ‹€λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:32
An international study has since confirmed those results.
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세계적인 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μž…μ¦λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
12:36
And that led to the approval by the FDA
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2017λ…„ 8μ›”, λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹μ•½μ²˜μ—μ„œ
12:40
for pediatric and young adult leukemia in August of 2017.
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μ†Œμ•„ 및 μ²­λ…„ λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ μŠΉμΈμ„ λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:45
So as a first-ever approval of a cell and gene therapy,
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이제 CAR-T 세포 μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ” 사상 졜초의 μŠΉμΈμ„ 받은
12:48
CAR T-cell therapy has also been tested now
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세포 및 μœ μ „μž μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μœΌλ‘œμ¨
12:50
in adults with refractory lymphoma.
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λ‚œμΉ˜ 림프쒅을 μ•“λŠ” μ„±μΈμ—κ²Œλ„ μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:53
This disease afflicts about 20,000 a year in the United States.
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” 맀년 2만 λͺ… 정도가 림프쒅에 κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:58
The results were equally impressive and have been durable to date.
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이 μ‹œν—˜ 결과도 맀우 λ†€λΌμ› μœΌλ©° ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€λ„ μœ μ§€λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
And six months ago, the FDA approved the therapy of this advanced lymphoma
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6κ°œμ›” μ „μ—λŠ” CAR-T 세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 말기 λ¦Όν”„μ’… μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•λ„
13:07
with CAR T cells.
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μ‹μ•½μ²˜ μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:08
So now there are many labs and physicians and scientists around the world
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 병에 λŒ€ν•΄ CAR-T 세포 치료λ₯Ό μ‹œν–‰ν•œ
13:14
who have tested CAR T cells
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연ꡬ싀, μ˜μ‚¬, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
13:16
across many different diseases,
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μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 많이 있으며
13:18
and understandably, we're all thrilled with the rapid pace of advancement.
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λΉ λ₯Έ 진전 속도에 μ•„μ£Ό κΈ°λ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:23
We're so grateful to see patients who were formerly terminal
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μ—λ°€λ¦¬μ²˜λŸΌ μ‹œν•œλΆ€ 인생을 μ‚΄λ˜ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄
13:27
return to healthy lives, as Emily has.
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κ±΄κ°•ν•΄μ§€λŠ” 것을 보면 정말 감사함을 λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
We're thrilled to see long remissions that may, in fact, be a cure.
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였랜 κ΄€ν•΄ μƒνƒœμ˜ μœ μ§€κ°€ 사싀상 μ™„μΉ˜λΌ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ 맀우 κΈ°μ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:34
At the same time, we're also concerned about the financial cost.
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그런 λ™μ‹œμ—, 치료 λΉ„μš©μ΄ 우렀슀럽긴 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:38
It can cost up to 150,000 dollars to make the CAR T cells for each patient.
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ν™˜μž λ‹Ή CAR-T 세포 배양에 μ΅œλŒ€ 1만 5천 λ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ λ“€κ±°λ“ μš”.
13:43
And when you add in the cost of treating CRS and other complications,
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CRS 및 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ 치료 λΉ„μš©μ„ λ”ν•˜λ©΄
13:47
the cost can reach one million dollars per patient.
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ν™˜μž λ‹Ή 백만 λ‹¬λŸ¬μ— 달할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
We must remember that the cost of failure, though, is even worse.
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μ‹€νŒ¨μ˜ λΉ„μš©μ€ 이보닀 훨씬 더 크죠.
13:55
The current noncurative therapies for cancer are also expensive
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ν˜„μž¬ 암에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„μ™„μΉ˜ 치료의 λΉ„μš©μ€ 맀우 λ†’κ³ 
13:58
and, in addition, the patient dies.
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ ν™˜μžλ„ μ‚¬λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:01
So, of course, we'd like to see research done now
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, μ§€κΈˆ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•˜μ—¬
14:04
to make this more efficient
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λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄
14:08
and increase affordability to all patients.
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치료λ₯Ό 받을 수 있게 ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:11
Fortunately, this is a new and evolving field,
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λ‹€ν–‰μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„, 아직 μ‹ κ·œ λΆ„μ•Όμ΄λ‹€λ³΄λ‹ˆ
14:13
and as with many other new therapies and services,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄λ‚˜ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€μ™€ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ
14:16
prices will come down as industry learns to do things more efficiently.
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νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ΄ κ°œμ„ λ¨μ— 따라 λΉ„μš©μ€ κ°μ†Œν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:21
When I think about all the forks in the road
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CAR-T 세포 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²• κ°œλ°œμ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€
14:23
that have led to CAR T-cell therapy,
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μ§€λ‚˜μ˜¨ λͺ¨λ“  κ°ˆλ¦ΌκΈΈμ„ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄
14:25
there is one thing that strikes me as very important.
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맀우 μ€‘μš”ν–ˆλ˜ 사싀이 ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:29
We're reminded that discoveries of this magnitude don't happen overnight.
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이 정도 규λͺ¨μ˜ λ°œκ²¬μ€ ν•˜λ£¨ 밀에 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
CAR T-cell therapies came to us after a 30-year journey,
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CAR-T 세포 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€ λ§Žμ€ 쒌절과 뜻 λ°–μ˜ 일듀을 톡해
14:37
along a road full of setbacks and surprises.
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30λ…„ λ§Œμ— κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
In all this world of instant gratification
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24μ‹œκ°„ λ‚΄λ‚΄, μš”κ΅¬λŒ€λ‘œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ”
14:43
and 24/7, on-demand results,
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즉각적 만쑱의 세상 μ†μ—μ„œ
14:46
scientists require persistence, vision and patience
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이λ₯Ό κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 지ꡬλ ₯κ³Ό 톡찰λ ₯,
14:50
to rise above all that.
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인내λ ₯을 ν•„μš”λ‘œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:52
They can see that the fork in the road is not always a dilemma or a detour;
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λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 갈림길이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ„œ
14:57
sometimes, even though we may not know it at the time,
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λ‚œκ΄€μ— λ΄‰μ°©ν–ˆκ±°λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 길을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:01
the fork is the way home.
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가끔은 그것이 λ§žλŠ” κΈΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:03
Thank you very much.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:04
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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