How nanoparticles could change the way we treat cancer | Joy Wolfram

74,807 views ใƒป 2019-11-06

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JungJae Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
It was a Sunday afternoon back in April of this year.
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์˜ฌํ•ด 4์›”, ์ผ์š”์ผ ์˜คํ›„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
My phone was ringing,
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์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šธ๋ ค
00:19
I picked it up.
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๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
The voice said, "It's Rebecca.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด์•ผ.
00:24
I'm just calling to invite you
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๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์–ด.
00:27
to my funeral."
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๋‚ด ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์œผ๋กœ."
00:30
I said, "Rebecca, what are you talking about?"
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด, ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด์•ผ?โ€
00:33
She said, "Joy, as my friend, you have to let me go.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์กฐ์ด, ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์ œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋†“์•„์ค˜.
00:39
It's my time."
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง€์ณค์–ด.โ€
00:41
The next day, she was dead.
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๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด๋Š” ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Rebecca was 31 years old when she died.
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๋‹น์‹œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด๋Š” 31์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
She had an eight-year struggle with breast cancer.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”๊ณผ 8๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ธ์› ๊ณ 
00:53
It came back three times.
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์•”์€ ์„ธ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์žฌ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
I failed her.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
The scientific community failed her.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„๋„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
And the medical community failed her.
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์˜ํ•™๊ณ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
And she's not the only one.
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๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Every five seconds,
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5์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค
01:09
someone dies of cancer.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
Today, we medical researchers are committed
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
01:17
to having Rebecca and people like her
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๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด ๊ฐ™์€ ์•” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉฐ
01:20
be one of the last patients that we fail.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ „๋…์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
The US government alone has spent over 100 billion on cancer research
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๋ฏธ ์ •๋ถ€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฌด๋ ค ์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„
1970๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:30
since the 1970s,
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01:32
with limited progress in regards to patient survival,
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์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
especially for certain types of very aggressive cancers.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
So we need a change because, clearly,
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๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
what we've been doing so far has not been working.
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์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด์˜จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
And what we do in medicine is to send out firefighters,
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์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
because cancer is like a big fire.
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์•”์€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํ™”์žฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And these firefighters are the cancer drugs.
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์€ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
But we're sending them out without a fire truck --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์„ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์ฐจ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
so without transportation, without ladders
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์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„ ์‘๊ธ‰ ์žฅ๋น„๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
and without emergency equipment.
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02:08
And over 99 percent of these firefighters never make it to the fire.
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99%๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์ด ํ™”์žฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
Over 99 percent of cancer drugs never make it to the tumor
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99%๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์–‘์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
because they lack transportation and tools
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ
02:24
to take them to the location they're aiming for.
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์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Turns out, it really is all about location, location, location.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ง„์งœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ข…์–‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:35
So we need a fire truck to get to the right location.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
And I'm here to tell you that nanoparticles are the fire trucks.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์ฐจ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
We can load cancer drugs inside nanoparticles,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์‹ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:49
and nanoparticles can function as the carrier
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฑ…์ด์ž
02:53
and necessary equipment
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ
02:55
to bring the cancer drugs to the heart of the tumor.
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
So what are nanoparticles,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ 
03:01
and what does it really mean to be nano-sized?
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:05
Well, there are many different types of nanoparticles
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ 
03:09
made out of various materials,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:10
such as metal-based nanoparticles
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์˜ˆ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์† ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์™€
03:14
or fat-based nanoparticles.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
But to really illustrate what it means to be nano-sized,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด
03:20
I took one of my hair strands
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ํ•œ ์˜ฌ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„
03:23
and placed it under the microscope.
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Now, I have very thin hair,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ํ•œ ์˜ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
so my hair is approximately 40,000 nanometers in diameter.
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์ œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์€ ์ง€๋ฆ„์ด ๋Œ€๋žต 4๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ฏค ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
So this means, if we take 400 of our nanoparticles
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์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž 400๊ฐœ๋ฅผ
03:36
and we stack them on top of each other,
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์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ์Œ“์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
03:39
we get the thickness of a single hair strand.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
I lead a nanoparticle laboratory to fight cancer and other diseases
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์ €๋Š” ์•”์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ
03:49
at Mayo Clinic here in Jacksonville.
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์ด๊ณณ ์žญ์Šจ๋นŒ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์˜คํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰ (Mayo Clinic)์—์„œ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
And at Mayo Clinic,
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๋ฉ”์ด์˜คํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์—์„œ
03:53
we really have the tools to make a difference for patients,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
thanks to the generous donations and grants to fund our research.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„๋‚Œ์—†์ด ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ฃผ์‹  ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
And so, how do these nanoparticles manage to transport cancer drugs
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ
์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:08
to the tumor?
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04:09
Well, they have an extensive toolbox.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์šฉ๋„ ๋„๊ตฌํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Cancer drugs without nanoparticles are quickly washed out of the body
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋Š” ์ฝฉํŒฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ
๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์•ฝํšจ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
04:18
through the kidneys
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04:19
because they're so small.
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
So it's like water going through a sieve.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
And so they don't really have time to reach the tumor.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์–‘๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
Here we see an illustration of this.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
We have the firefighters, the cancer drugs.
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์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€, ์ฆ‰ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
They're circulating in the blood,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
04:34
but they're quickly washed out of the body
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๋ชธ์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์•ฝํšจ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ ธ
04:36
and they don't really end up inside the tumor.
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์ข…์–‘ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
But if we put these cancer drugs inside nanoparticles,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์— ์‹ค์œผ๋ฉด
04:45
they will not get washed out by the body
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๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์•ฝํšจ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
because the nanoparticles are too big.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
And they will continue to circulate in the blood,
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
04:52
giving them more time to find the tumor.
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋” ๋ฒŒ์—ฌ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
And here we see the cancer drug, the firefighters,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ, ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์ด
04:58
inside the fire truck, the nanoparticles.
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์†Œ๋ฐฉ์ฐจ, ์ฆ‰, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:02
They're circulating in the blood,
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:04
they don't get washed out
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์˜ ์•ฝํšจ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
05:05
and they actually end up reaching the tumor.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ข…์–‘์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
And so what other tools do nanoparticles have?
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:14
Well, they can protect cancer drugs from getting destroyed inside the body.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
There are certain very important but sensitive drugs
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ
05:24
that are easily degraded by enzymes in the blood.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ›ผ์†๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
So unless they have this nanoparticle protection,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
05:30
they will not be able to function.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
Another nanoparticle tool are these surface extensions
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
that are like tiny hands with fingers that grab on to the tumor
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—ฐ์žฅ์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์†์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์žก๊ณ 
05:42
and fit exactly onto it,
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทธ ์œ„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด
05:44
so that when the nanoparticles are circulating,
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:46
they can attach onto the cancer cells,
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์•”์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ™์–ด
05:49
buying the cancer drugs more time to do their job.
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
And these are just some of the many tools that nanoparticles can have.
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์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
And today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ 
05:59
we have more than 10 clinically approved nanoparticles for cancer
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ 10๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
that are given to patients all over the world.
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06:08
Yet, we have patients, like Rebecca, who die.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
So what are the major challenges and limitations
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์—
์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:17
with currently approved nanoparticles?
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06:21
Well, a major challenge is the liver,
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์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
because the liver is the body's filtration system,
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๊ฐ„์€ ์ธ์ฒด์˜ ์—ฌ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ
06:28
and the liver recognizes and destroys foreign objects,
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๋ชธ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์นจ์ž…ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์–ด ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
such as viruses, bacteria and also nanoparticles.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
And the immune cells in the liver eat the nanoparticles,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด ์น˜์›Œ
06:39
preventing them from reaching the tumor.
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์ข…์–‘์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
And here we see an illustration where the kidney is no longer a problem,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ฝฉํŒฅ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์—๋„
06:49
but these fire trucks, the nanoparticles,
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์†Œ๋ฐฉ์ฐจ๋“ค, ์ฆ‰, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด
06:51
get stuck in the liver
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๊ฐ„์— ๋ง‰ํ˜€์„œ
06:53
and, actually, less of them end up reaching the tumor.
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์˜ค์ง ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์ข…์–‘์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
So a future strategy to improve nanoparticles
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ „๋žต์€
07:02
is to temporarily disarm the immune cells in the liver.
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๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So how do we disarm these cells?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:09
Well, we looked at drugs that were already clinically approved
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•”๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ๋œ
07:13
for other indications
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
to see if any of them could stop the immune cells
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ํ˜น์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชป ๋จน๊ฒŒ
07:18
from eating the nanoparticles.
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๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์ฃ .
07:21
And unexpectedly, in one of our preclinical studies,
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๋œป๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์ž„์ƒ ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
07:25
we found that a 70-year-old malaria drug
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ง€ 70๋…„ ๋œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๊ฐ€
07:30
was able to stop the immune cells from internalizing the nanoparticles
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณตํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์•„
07:34
so that they could escape the liver
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด
07:37
and continue their journey to their goal, the tumor.
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์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
And here we see the illustration of blocking the liver.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ง‰์•„์„œ
07:45
The nanoparticles don't go there,
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
07:47
and they instead end up in the tumor.
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๋Œ€์‹  ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So, sometimes, unexpected connections are made in science
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
that lead to new solutions.
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07:59
Another strategy for preventing nanoparticles
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ• 
08:03
from getting stuck in the liver
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๋žต์€
08:06
is to use the body's own nanoparticles.
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์‹ ์ฒด ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
Yes -- surprise, surprise.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ . ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
You, and you and you, and all of us have a lot of nanoparticles
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€
08:16
circulating in our bodies.
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์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
And because they're part of our bodies,
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:21
the liver is less likely to label them as foreign.
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๊ฐ„์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์นจ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
And these biological nanoparticles can be found in the saliva,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€
08:30
in the blood, in the urine, in pancreatic juice.
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์นจ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ณ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ทŒ์•ก์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
And we can collect them from the body
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๋ชธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„
08:35
and use them as fire trucks for cancer drugs.
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์ฐจ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
And in this case,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
08:42
the immune cells in the liver are less likely to eat
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๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ
08:45
the biological nanoparticles.
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๋จน์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
So we're using a Trojan-horse-based concept
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŠธ๋กœ์ด ๋ชฉ๋งˆ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
08:50
to fool the liver.
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๊ฐ„์„ ์†์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
And here we see the biological nanoparticles
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€
08:55
circulating in the blood.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
They don't get recognized by the liver,
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๊ฐ„์— ๋“คํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ
08:59
and they end up in the tumor.
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์ข…์–‘์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
And in the future,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š”
09:03
we want to exploit nature's own nanoparticles
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์ž์—ฐ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋กœ
09:07
for cancer drug delivery,
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ
09:10
to reduce side effects and save lives
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ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด
09:13
by preventing the cancer drugs from being in the wrong location.
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๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
However, a major problem has been:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
How do we isolate these biological nanoparticles in large quantities
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์— ์†์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
09:27
without damaging them?
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๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:30
My lab has developed an efficient method for doing this.
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์ €์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
We can process large quantities of liquids from the body
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฒด์•ก์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด
09:38
to produce a highly concentrated, high-quality formulation
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๋†๋„ ๋†’๊ณ  ์งˆ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์˜
09:43
of biological nanoparticles.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
And these nanoparticles are not yet in clinical use,
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์ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
because it takes an average of 12 years
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 12๋…„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด
09:53
to get something from the lab
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์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ
09:55
to your medicine cabinet.
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์‹ค์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
And this is the type of challenge that requires teamwork
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์ด๋Š” ์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์— ์‚ถ์„ ํ—Œ์‹ ํ•˜๋Š”
๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
10:04
from scientists and physicians,
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ํž˜์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
who dedicate their lives to this battle.
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10:12
And we keep going, thanks to inspiration from patients.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
And I believe that if we keep working on these nanomedicines,
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์˜ํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:21
we will be able to reduce harm to healthy organs,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ 
10:25
improve quality of life
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์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
10:27
and save future patients.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
I like to imagine
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
that if these treatments had been available for Rebecca,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด์—๊ฒŒ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:39
that call from her
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๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐ›์€ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€
10:41
could have been an invitation
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€
10:44
not to her funeral,
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์žฅ๋ก€์‹์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
10:46
but her wedding.
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€์˜€์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ .
10:47
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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