Paul Ewald: Can we domesticate germs?

25,482 views ใƒป 2008-05-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Soongyu Chang ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:18
What I'd like to do is just drag us all down into the gutter,
0
18330
3000
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜์ฑ„๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ• ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
and actually all the way down into the sewer
1
21330
2000
์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ํ•˜์ˆ˜๊ตฌ๋กœ์˜ ํˆฌ์–ด์ง€์š”.
00:23
because I want to talk about diarrhea.
2
23330
2000
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์„ค์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
00:25
And in particular, I want to talk about
3
25330
4000
ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ, ์˜ค๋Š˜์€
00:29
the design of diarrhea.
4
29330
2000
์„ค์‚ฌ์˜ "๋””์ž์ธ(๊ตฌ์กฐ)"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
And when evolutionary biologists talk about design,
5
31330
2000
์ง„ํ™”์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด "๋””์ž์ธ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ• ๋•
00:33
they really mean design by natural selection.
6
33330
4000
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
And that brings me to the title of the talk,
7
37330
2000
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š”
00:39
"Using Evolution to Design Disease Organisms Intelligently."
8
39330
4000
"์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ " ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
And I also have a little bit of a sort of smartass subtitle to this.
9
43330
4000
์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ธฐ๋˜ฅ์ฐฌ ๋ถ€์ œ๋„ ์ง€์–ด๋†จ๋Š”๋ฐ, (์œผ์Šค์Šคํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋‹ค์œˆ)
00:47
But I'm not just doing this to be cute.
10
47330
2000
์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์ž๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋ถ€์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ .
00:49
I really think that this subtitle explains
11
49330
3000
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋ถ€์ œ๋Š”
00:52
what somebody like me, who's sort of a Darwin wannabe,
12
52330
3000
์ง„ํ™”์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ ์ € ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์œˆ์„ ๋‹ฎ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
00:55
how they actually look at one's role in
13
55330
3000
๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ• ๋•Œ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
00:58
sort of coming into this field of health sciences and medicine.
14
58330
4000
์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
It's really not a very friendly field for evolutionary biologists.
15
62330
3000
์ง„ํ™”์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์นœ๊ทผํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:05
You actually see a great potential,
16
65330
2000
์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:07
but you see a lot of people who are sort of defending their turf,
17
67330
3000
๋™์‹œ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:10
and may actually be very resistant, when one tries
18
70330
4000
๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ,
01:14
to introduce ideas.
19
74330
2000
๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
01:16
So, all of the talk today is going to deal with two general questions.
20
76330
5000
์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
One is that, why are some disease organisms more harmful?
21
81330
3000
"์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ๊ฐ€? " ์™€
01:24
And a very closely related question, which is,
22
84330
2000
๊ทธ์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ,
01:26
how can we take control of this situation once we understand
23
86330
4000
์ผ๋‹จ ์™œ ๋” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:30
the answer to the first question?
24
90330
1000
"๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?" ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
How can we make the harmful organisms more mild?
25
91330
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์„ ๋” ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:34
And I'm going to be talking, to begin with, as I said,
26
94330
2000
์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ,
01:36
about diarrheal disease organisms.
27
96330
2000
์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
And the focus when I'm talking about the diarrheal organisms,
28
98330
3000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌํƒ€์˜ ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฑด
01:41
as well as the focus when I'm talking about any organisms
29
101330
3000
์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ฑด
01:44
that cause acute infectious disease,
30
104330
2000
์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€
01:46
is to think about the problem from a germ's point of view,
31
106330
3000
๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
germ's-eye view.
32
109330
2000
์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ...
01:51
And in particular, to think about a fundamental idea
33
111330
4000
ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜, ๋ณ‘๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์œ ํ•ด์„ฑ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ
01:55
which I think makes sense out of a tremendous amount of variation
34
115330
3000
์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ,
01:58
in the harmfulness of disease organisms.
35
118330
3000
์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
And that idea is that from the germ's-eye point of view,
36
121330
4000
์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”
02:05
disease organisms have to get from one host to another,
37
125330
3000
๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
and often they have to rely on the well-being of the host
38
128330
4000
ํ•œ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:12
to move them to another host.
39
132330
2000
๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์•ˆ์œ„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
But not always.
40
134330
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
Sometimes, you get disease organisms
41
136330
2000
์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋„
02:18
that don't rely on host mobility at all for transmission.
42
138330
2000
์ „์—ผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
And when you have that, then evolutionary theory tells us
43
140330
3000
์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ท ๋“ค์€,
02:23
that natural selection will favor the more exploitative,
44
143330
4000
์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์  ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š”
02:27
more predator-like organisms.
45
147330
2000
ํ˜น์€, ๋” ํฌ์‹์ž์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ท ๋“ค์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
So, natural selection will favor organisms
46
149330
2000
์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ˆ™์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ
02:31
that are more likely to cause damage.
47
151330
2000
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:33
If instead transmission to another host requires host mobility,
48
153330
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์—ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ท ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:37
then we expect that the winners of the competition
49
157330
3000
์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์Šน์ž๋“ค์€
02:40
will be the milder organisms.
50
160330
2000
์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
So, if the pathogen doesn't need the host to be healthy and active,
51
162330
3000
๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ „์—ผ๊ท ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:45
and actual selection favors pathogens
52
165330
3000
์„ ํƒ์  ์••๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:48
that take advantage of those hosts,
53
168330
2000
์ˆ™์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์—ผ๊ท ์ด
02:50
the winners in the competition are those that exploit the hosts
54
170330
2000
๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
02:52
for their own reproductive success.
55
172330
2000
๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋“์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
02:54
But if the host needs to be mobile in order to transmit the pathogen,
56
174330
5000
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ์ˆ™์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ๋งŒ ์ „์—ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ณ‘๊ท ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
02:59
then it's the benign ones that tend to be the winners.
57
179330
2000
์ˆœํ•œ ๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ์˜ ์Šน์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
So, I'm going to begin by applying this idea to diarrheal diseases.
58
181330
4000
์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Diarrheal disease organisms get transmitted in basically three ways.
59
185330
3000
์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘๊ท ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์—ผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
They can be transmitted from person-to-person contact,
60
188330
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ „์—ผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:11
person-to-food-then-to-person contact,
61
191330
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์„๋•Œ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:13
when somebody eats contaminated food,
62
193330
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ - ์Œ์‹ - ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์—ผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:15
or they can be transmitted through the water.
63
195330
2000
๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ „์—ผ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
And when they're transmitted through the water,
64
197330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์—ผ์ด ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
03:19
unlike the first two modes of transmission,
65
199330
2000
์•ž์„œ ๋‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ „์—ผ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
03:21
these pathogens don't rely on a healthy host for transmission.
66
201330
4000
์ด ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์€ ์ „์—ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
A person can be sick in bed and still infect tens, even hundreds
67
205330
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์นจ๋Œ€์— ์•“์•„ ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ์–ด๋„
03:27
of other individuals.
68
207330
1000
์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ‘๊ท ์„ ์ „์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
03:29
To sort of illustrate that, this diagram emphasizes that
69
209330
3000
์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„ํ•ด๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
03:32
if you've got a sick person in bed,
70
212330
2000
๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„ํŒŒ์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฉด,
03:34
somebody's going to be taking out the contaminated materials.
71
214330
3000
๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
03:37
They're going to wash those contaminated materials,
72
217330
1000
์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์— ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ• ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
and then the water may move into sources of drinking water.
73
218330
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์€ ์‹์ˆ˜์›์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
03:42
People will come in to those places where you've got
74
222330
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ณณ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์— ์™€์„œ
03:45
contaminated drinking water,
75
225330
1000
์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ...
03:46
bring things back to the family,
76
226330
1000
์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋“ค๊ณ ๊ฐ€์„œ
03:47
may drink right at that point.
77
227330
1000
๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
03:48
The whole point is that a person who can't move
78
228330
3000
์š”์ปจ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค์† ์น˜๋”๋ผ๋„
03:51
can still infect many other individuals.
79
231330
2000
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ „์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
03:53
And so, the theory tells us that
80
233330
3000
์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
03:56
when diarrheal disease organisms are transported by water,
81
236330
5000
์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ๋ฌผ์—์˜ํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” (์ดํ•˜ ์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘) ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ก
04:01
we expect them to be more predator-like, more harmful.
82
241330
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋” ์œ ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ํฌ์‹์ž ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
And you can test these ideas.
83
243330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค์€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
So, one way you can test is just look at all diarrheal bacteria,
84
245330
2000
์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ, ์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด์„œ
04:07
and see whether or not the ones that tend to be
85
247330
2000
์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ ๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ๋” ๋…ํ•œ์ง€ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€
04:09
more transmitted by water, tend to be more harmful.
86
249330
2000
๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:11
And the answer is -- yep, they are.
87
251330
2000
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋„ต. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
04:13
Now I put those names in there just for the bacteria buffs,
88
253330
3000
์„ธ๊ท ๊ด‘์ด์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์„ธ๊ท  ์ด๋ฆ„๋“ค์„ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
but the main point here is that --
89
256330
3000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€
04:19
(Laughter)
90
259330
1000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:20
there's a lot of them here, I can tell --
91
260330
1000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ์š”....
04:21
the main point here is that those data points
92
261330
4000
๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‘
04:25
all show a very strong, positive association between
93
265330
2000
๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ์˜ ์ •๋„์™€
04:27
the degree to which a disease organism is transmitted by water,
94
267330
4000
์น˜์‚ฌ์œจ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:31
and how harmful they are,
95
271330
1000
๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์˜ ์œ ํ•ด์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š”
04:32
how much death they cause per untreated infection.
96
272330
3000
๋น„๋ก€์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
04:35
So this suggests we're on the right track.
97
275330
2000
์ผ๋‹จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ—›๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์งš์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹Œ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
But this, to me, suggests that we really need
98
277330
5000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
04:42
to ask some additional questions.
99
282330
1000
์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Remember the second question that I raised at the outset was,
100
283330
3000
๋งจ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ• ๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
04:46
how can we use this knowledge
101
286330
2000
์ด ์ง€์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
04:48
to make disease organisms evolve to be mild?
102
288330
3000
๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ์ˆœํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ๋” ์ง„ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
04:51
Now, this suggests that if you could just block waterborne transmission,
103
291330
2000
์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋“ค์€, ์ฆ‰, ์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ๋งŒ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:53
you could cause disease organisms to shift from
104
293330
3000
๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์„
04:56
the right-hand side of that graph to the left-hand side of the graph.
105
296330
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์šฐ์ธก์—์„œ ์ขŒ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
But it doesn't tell you how long.
106
299330
2000
๋‹ค๋งŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฑธ๋ฆด์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€์š”.
05:01
I mean, if this would require thousands of years,
107
301330
2000
๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„์”ฉ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
05:03
then it's worthless in terms of controlling of these pathogens.
108
303330
2000
๋ณ‘๊ท ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:05
But if it could occur in just a few years,
109
305330
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ˆ˜๋…„์•ˆ์—๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
05:07
then it might be a very important way to control
110
307330
4000
์ด๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ป ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜
05:11
some of the nasty problems that we haven't been able to control.
111
311330
3000
๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
In other words, this suggests that we could
112
314330
2000
๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
05:16
domesticate these organisms.
113
316330
2000
์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๊ธธ๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:18
We could make them evolve to be not so harmful to us.
114
318330
3000
์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋œ ๋ผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:21
And so, as I was thinking about this, I focused on this organism,
115
321330
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” Vibrio Choleri El Tor ๊ท  ์—
05:24
which is the El Tor biotype of the organism called Vibrio cholerae.
116
324330
4000
์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
And that is the species of organism that is responsible
117
328330
4000
์ด ๊ท ์€ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
05:32
for causing cholera.
118
332330
2000
๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
And the reason I thought this is a really great organism to look at
119
334330
2000
์ด ๊ท ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์ข‹์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
05:36
is that we understand why it's so harmful.
120
336330
3000
์ด ๊ท ์ด ์™œ ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
It's harmful because it produces a toxin,
121
339330
3000
๋ฐ”๋กœ, ์ด ๊ท ์€ ๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
05:42
and that toxin is released when the organism
122
342330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ฆˆ์Œ ํ•ด์„œ
05:44
gets into our intestinal tract.
123
344330
1000
์ด ๋…์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
It causes fluid to flow from the cells that line our intestine
124
345330
4000
์ด๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฟœ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด
05:49
into the lumen, the internal chamber of our intestine,
125
349330
3000
๋‚ด๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์–ด ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:52
and then that fluid goes the only way it can, which is out the other end.
126
352330
3000
์ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ธธ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
And it flushes out thousands of different other competitors
127
355330
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋™์ข…๊ท ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ดด๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ
05:58
that would otherwise make life difficult for the Vibrios.
128
358330
3000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ท ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:01
So what happens, if you've got an organism,
129
361330
2000
์ผ๋‹จ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”
06:03
it produces a lot of toxin.
130
363330
1000
์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๋ชธ์— ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:04
After a few days of infection you end up having --
131
364330
3000
๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ช‡์ผ ํ›„, ์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
06:07
the fecal material really isn't so disgusting as we might imagine.
132
367330
2000
์„ค์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋“ฏ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—ญ๊ฒจ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
It's sort of cloudy water.
133
369330
2000
๋ฟŒ์—ฐ ๋ฌผ์— ๊ฐ€๊น์ง€์š”.
06:11
And if you took a drop of that water,
134
371330
2000
๊ทธ ๋ฌผ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:13
you might find a million diarrheal organisms.
135
373330
3000
๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
06:16
If the organism produced a lot of toxin,
136
376330
2000
์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:18
you might find 10 million, or 100 million.
137
378330
2000
์ฒœ๋งŒ์—์„œ ์–ต๋Œ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
06:20
If it didn't produce a lot of this toxin,
138
380330
2000
๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:22
then you might find a smaller number.
139
382330
2000
์ ์€ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
06:24
So the task is to try to figure out
140
384330
4000
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š”
06:28
how to determine whether or not you could get an organism like this
141
388330
4000
์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ์„ ๋ง‰์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ๊ท ์„
06:32
to evolve towards mildness by blocking waterborne transmission,
142
392330
3000
์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
thereby allowing the organism only to be transmitted
143
395330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์„ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
06:37
by person-to-person contact,
144
397330
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ-์Œ์‹-์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ
06:40
or person-food-person contact --
145
400330
1000
๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:41
both of which would really require that people be
146
401330
2000
๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ด์ƒ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ
06:43
mobile and fairly healthy for transmission.
147
403330
2000
์ „์—ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ง€์š”.
06:45
Now, I can think of some possible experiments.
148
405330
3000
์ด์ฏค๋˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด๋ด„์งํ•  ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
One would be to take a lot of different strains of this organism --
149
408330
3000
ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด
06:51
some that produce a lot of toxins, some that produce a little --
150
411330
2000
๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋…์„ฑ๊ท ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๋Š” ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์„
06:53
and take those strains and spew them out in different countries.
151
413330
5000
๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์— ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฟŒ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด
06:58
Some countries that might have clean water supplies,
152
418330
3000
๊ฐœ์ค‘์—” ์ข‹์€ ์ˆ˜๋„์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
07:01
so that you can't get waterborne transmission:
153
421330
1000
์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
07:02
you expect the organism to evolve to mildness there.
154
422330
3000
๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ชฝ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์€ ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
07:05
Other countries, in which you've got a lot of waterborne transmission,
155
425330
3000
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
07:08
there you expect these organisms to evolve
156
428330
2000
๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ๋”
07:10
towards a high level of harmfulness, right?
157
430330
4000
๋…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”? ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:14
There's a little ethical problem in this experiment.
158
434330
2000
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
I was hoping to hear a few gasps at least.
159
436330
3000
์ด์ฏค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ช‡๋ถ„ ์ •๋„๋Š” ํƒ„์‹์„ ํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ...
07:19
That makes me worry a little bit.
160
439330
2000
๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋„ค์š”.
07:21
(Laughter)
161
441330
1000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:22
But anyhow, the laughter makes me feel a little bit better.
162
442330
3000
์•„๋ฌดํŠผ, ์›ƒ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ˆ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋†“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
And this ethical problem's a big problem.
163
445330
3000
์ด ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Just to emphasize this, this is what we're really talking about.
164
448330
3000
๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
Here's a girl who's almost dead.
165
451330
2000
๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
She got rehydration therapy, she perked up,
166
453330
2000
์ˆ˜์•ก์ œ๋ฅผ ๋†“์•„์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
within a few days she was looking like a completely different person.
167
455330
3000
๋ช‡์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:38
So, we don't want to run an experiment like that.
168
458330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
But interestingly, just that thing happened in 1991.
169
460330
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด 1991๋…„๋„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
In 1991, this cholera organism got into Lima, Peru,
170
464330
4000
1991๋…„์— ์ด ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ท ์€ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
and within two months it had spread to the neighboring areas.
171
468330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๋‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜†์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
Now, I don't know how that happened,
172
471330
3000
์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ €๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
and I didn't have anything to do with it, I promise you.
173
474330
4000
๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋งน์„ธ์ฝ” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
07:58
I don't think anybody knows,
174
478330
2000
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
but I'm not averse to, once that's happened,
175
480330
3000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
to see whether or not the prediction that we would make,
176
483330
2000
์ ์–ด๋„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค์ด
08:05
that I did make before, actually holds up.
177
485330
3000
๋ง์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ธ์ง€ ์ •๋„๋Š” ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
Did the organism evolve to mildness in a place like Chile,
178
488330
3000
๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ
08:11
which has some of the most well protected water supplies
179
491330
3000
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ž์›์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ผ์žˆ๋Š”
08:14
in Latin America?
180
494330
1000
์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ด ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:15
And did it evolve to be more harmful in a place like Ecuador,
181
495330
4000
ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ
08:19
which has some of the least well protected?
182
499330
2000
์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:21
And Peru's got something sort of in between.
183
501330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ฆˆ์Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ๋Š” ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:23
And so, with funding from the Bosack-Kruger Foundation,
184
503330
4000
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ Bozack-Kruger ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
08:27
I got a lot of strains from these different countries
185
507330
3000
๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ท ์˜ ๋ณ€์ดํ˜• ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:30
and we measured their toxin production in the lab.
186
510330
2000
์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋…์„ฑ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
And we found that in Chile -- within two months of the invasion of Peru
187
513330
4000
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์—์„œ ๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ์ง€ ๋‘๋‹ฌ๋งŒ์—
08:37
you had strains entering Chile --
188
517330
2000
์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:39
and when you look at those strains,
189
519330
2000
์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ๋งจ ์ขŒ์ธก์˜
08:41
in the very far left-hand side of this graph,
190
521330
2000
๊ทธ ๋ณ€์ดํ˜•๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
08:43
you see a lot of variation in the toxin production.
191
523330
3000
๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Each dot corresponds to an islet from a different person --
192
526330
3000
์  ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์ž„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
a lot of variation on which natural selection can act.
193
529330
2000
์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
08:51
But the interesting point is, if you look over the 1990s,
194
531330
3000
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:54
within a few years the organisms evolved to be more mild.
195
534330
4000
๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ด ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
They evolved to produce less toxin.
196
538330
1000
ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:00
And to just give you a sense of how important this might be,
197
540330
2000
์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
09:02
if we look in 1995, we find that there's only one case of cholera,
198
542330
5000
1995๋…„์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” 2๋…„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ
09:07
on average, reported from Chile every two years.
199
547330
2000
ํ‰๊ท  1๋ช…์˜ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
So, it's controlled.
200
549330
2000
ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:11
That's how much we have in America,
201
551330
2000
์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„œ
09:13
cholera that's acquired endemically,
202
553330
2000
ํ’ํ† ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๊ณ 
09:15
and we don't think we've got a problem here.
203
555330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ "๋ฌธ์ œ"๋ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
They didn't -- they solved the problem in Chile.
204
557330
2000
์น ๋ ˆ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
But, before we get too confident, we'd better look at some of those other countries,
205
559330
3000
๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
and make sure that this organism doesn't just always evolve toward mildness.
206
562330
3000
๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ˆœํ•œ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:25
Well, in Peru it didn't.
207
565330
2000
ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์น ๋ ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
And in Ecuador -- remember, this is the place where it has
208
567330
3000
์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด, ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ž์›์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€
09:30
the highest potential waterborne transmission --
209
570330
2000
๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:32
it looked like it got more harmful.
210
572330
1000
์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋” ๋…ํ•ด์ง„๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
In every case there's a lot of variation,
211
573330
2000
๋งค ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
09:35
but something about the environment the people are living in,
212
575330
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
09:38
and I think the only realistic explanation is that it's
213
578330
3000
์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€
09:41
the degree of waterborne transmission,
214
581330
2000
ํ•œ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด์ข…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด์ข…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ
09:43
favored the harmful strains in one place, and mild strains in another.
215
583330
4000
์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
So, this is very encouraging,
216
587330
2000
์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
it suggests that something that we might want to do anyhow,
217
589330
2000
์–ด์ฐจํ”ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ด
09:51
if we had enough money, could actually give us a much bigger bang for the buck.
218
591330
3000
๋ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š”, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:54
It would make these organisms evolve to mildness,
219
594330
2000
๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์„ ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
09:56
so that even though people might be getting infected,
220
596330
2000
์„ค์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„
09:58
they'd be infected with mild strains.
221
598330
2000
์ˆœํ•œ ๋ณ€์ดํ˜•๋“ค์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์–ด
10:00
It wouldn't be causing severe disease.
222
600330
2000
์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์ด๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:02
But there's another really interesting aspect of this,
223
602330
2000
์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:04
and this is that if you could control the evolution of virulence,
224
604330
3000
๋…์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰, ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„
10:07
evolution of harmfulness,
225
607330
2000
ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
10:09
then you should be able to control antibiotic resistance.
226
609330
2000
ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ๋‚˜ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:11
And the idea is very simple.
227
611330
1000
๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
If you've got a harmful organism,
228
612330
2000
์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
10:14
a high proportion of the people are going to be symptomatic,
229
614330
2000
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ท  ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
10:16
a high proportion of the people are going to be going to get antibiotics.
230
616330
2000
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ฝ”์ € ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
10:18
You've got a lot of pressure favoring antibiotic resistance,
231
618330
3000
์ด๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
so you get increased virulence leading to
232
621330
2000
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”
10:23
the evolution of increased antibiotic resistance.
233
623330
2000
ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘๊ท ๊ณผ ๋งž๋‹ฅ๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:25
And once you get increased antibiotic resistance,
234
625330
3000
์ผ๋‹จ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
10:28
the antibiotics aren't knocking out the harmful strains anymore.
235
628330
2000
ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ณ€์ดํ˜•๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
10:30
So, you've got a higher level of virulence.
236
630330
2000
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:32
So, you get this vicious cycle.
237
632330
2000
์•…์ˆœํ™˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
The goal is to turn this around.
238
634330
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ด ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์„ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
If you could cause an evolutionary decrease in virulence
239
636330
2000
์ˆ˜์ž์›์„ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
10:38
by cleaning up the water supply,
240
638330
2000
๋ณ‘๊ท ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:40
you should be able to get an evolutionary decrease
241
640330
2000
์ง„ํ™”์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ๋‚˜
10:42
in antibiotic resistance.
242
642330
2000
๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:44
So, we can go to the same countries and look and see.
243
644330
2000
์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ์ง€์š”.
10:46
Did Chile avoid the problem of antibiotic resistance,
244
646330
3000
์น ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:49
whereas did Ecuador actually have the beginnings of the problem?
245
649330
3000
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋Š” ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:52
If we look in the beginning of the 1990s,
246
652330
2000
1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
10:54
we see, again, a lot of variation.
247
654330
2000
์—ญ์‹œ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
10:56
In this case, on the Y-axis, we've just got a measure of antibiotic sensitivity --
248
656330
4000
์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Y์ถ•์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
and I won't go into that.
249
660330
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
11:02
But we've got a lot of variation in antibiotic sensitivity in Chile,
250
662330
3000
์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
Peru and Ecuador, and no trend across the years.
251
665330
2000
ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์™€ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด ์—ญ์‹œ๋‚˜, ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
But if we look at the end of the 1990s, just half a decade later,
252
667330
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 90๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง, 5๋…„์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋„˜์€ ๋•Œ,
11:11
we see that in Ecuador they started having a resistance problem.
253
671330
3000
์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
Antibiotic sensitivity was going down.
254
674330
2000
ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
And in Chile, you still had antibiotic sensitivity.
255
676330
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:19
So, it looks like Chile dodged two bullets.
256
679330
2000
๊ฐ€๋งŒ๋ณด๋ฉด ์น ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์•Œ์„ ํ”ผํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:21
They got the organism to evolve to mildness,
257
681330
2000
๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ด ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
11:23
and they got no development of antibiotic resistance.
258
683330
3000
ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
Now, these ideas should apply across the board,
259
686330
3000
์ด์   ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
as long as you can figure out why some organisms evolved to virulence.
260
689330
3000
์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:32
And I want to give you just one more example,
261
692330
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ๋“ค๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
because we've talked a little bit about malaria.
262
694330
2000
์˜ˆ์ „์— ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋„ ์ž ๊น ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:36
And the example I want to deal with is,
263
696330
2000
์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์€
11:38
or the idea I want to deal with, the question is,
264
698330
4000
ํ˜น์€ ์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€...
11:42
what can we do to try to get the malarial organism to evolve to mildness?
265
702330
3000
๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
Now, malaria's transmitted by a mosquito,
266
705330
2000
๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
and normally if you're infected with malaria, and you're feeling sick,
267
707330
4000
๋ณดํ†ต ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์–ด ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
11:51
it makes it even easier for the mosquito to bite you.
268
711330
2000
๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
And you can show, just by looking at data from literature,
269
713330
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ด๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:56
that vector-borne diseases are more harmful
270
716330
2000
๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด
11:58
than non-vector-borne diseases.
271
718330
2000
์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์œ ํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
But I think there's a really fascinating example
272
721330
3000
์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์—ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:04
of what one can do experimentally to try to actually demonstrate this.
273
724330
4000
๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
In the case of waterborne transmission,
274
728330
2000
์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
12:10
we'd like to clean up the water supplies,
275
730330
2000
์ˆ˜์ž์›์„ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
12:12
see whether or not we can get those organisms to evolve towards mildness.
276
732330
3000
๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:15
In the case of malaria, what we'd like to do is mosquito-proof houses.
277
735330
5000
๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ ์ง‘๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
And the logic's a little more subtle here.
278
740330
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๊ต๋ฌ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
If you mosquito-proof houses,
279
742330
2000
์ง‘์— ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:24
when people get sick, they're sitting in bed --
280
744330
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์„ค์‚ฌ ์•„ํŒŒ์„œ ์นจ๋Œ€์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
12:26
or in mosquito-proof hospitals, they're sitting in a hospital bed --
281
746330
2000
๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์นจ๋Œ€์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
12:28
and the mosquitoes can't get to them.
282
748330
2000
๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
So, if you're a harmful variant
283
750330
2000
์ฆ‰, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด๊ท ์ธ๋ฐ
12:32
in a place where you've got mosquito-proof housing, then you're a loser.
284
752330
4000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ „์‹  ๋งŒ์‹ ์— ๋‹ค๋“ค ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์ด ์™„๋น„๋œ ์ง‘๋“ค์— ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:36
The only pathogens that get transmitted
285
756330
3000
์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ „์—ผ๋˜๊ณ ๋„,
12:39
are the ones that are infecting people that feel healthy enough
286
759330
2000
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์œ ํ•ดํ•จ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค ๋งŒ์ด
12:41
to walk outside and get mosquito bites.
287
761330
3000
๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ „์—ผ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:44
So, if you were to mosquito proof houses,
288
764330
2000
์ฆ‰, ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์ด ์™„๋น„๋œ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„
12:46
you should be able to get these organisms to evolve to mildness.
289
766330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์„ ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:48
And there's a really wonderful experiment that was done
290
768330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹คํ–‰๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:51
that suggests that we really should go ahead and do this.
291
771330
3000
์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
And that experiment was done in Northern Alabama.
292
774330
3000
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์•Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋ถ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
Just to give you a little perspective on this,
293
777330
2000
์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:59
I've given you a star at the intellectual center of the United States,
294
779330
4000
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธ
13:03
which is right there in Louisville, Kentucky.
295
783330
3000
์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์— ๋ณ„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
13:07
And this really cool experiment was done
296
787330
2000
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ 200๋งˆ์ผ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์ธ
13:09
about 200 miles south of there, in Northern Alabama,
297
789330
3000
์•Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋ถ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
by the Tennessee Valley Authority.
298
792330
1000
ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ๊ณ„๊ณก ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์ง€์š”.
13:13
They had dammed up the Tennessee River.
299
793330
3000
์ˆ˜๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ•™๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
13:16
They'd caused the water to back up,
300
796330
2000
ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ๊ฐ•์—๋‹ค
13:18
they needed electric, hydroelectric power.
301
798330
3000
๋Œ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ
13:21
And when you get stagnant water, you get mosquitoes.
302
801330
2000
๊ณ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
They found in the late '30s -- 10 years after they'd made these dams --
303
803330
4000
1930๋…„๋Œ€๋ง ์ฏค, ๋Œ์„ ์ง€์€์ง€ 10๋…„ ํ›„,
13:27
that the people in Northern Alabama were infected with malaria,
304
807330
6000
์•Œ๋ผ๋ฐฐ๋งˆ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
about a third to half of them were infected with malaria.
305
813330
3000
๊ฑฐ์˜ 1/2~1/3์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
13:36
This shows you the positions of some of these dams.
306
816330
3000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
OK, so the Tennessee Valley Authority was in a little bit of a bind.
307
819330
4000
ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ๊ณ„๊ณก ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
There wasn't DDT, there wasn't chloroquines: what do they do?
308
823330
4000
DDT๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , Chloroquins(๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํŠนํšจ์•ฝ) ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:47
Well, they decided to mosquito proof every house in Northern Alabama.
309
827330
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•Œ๋ผ๋ฐฐ๋งˆ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง‘๋“ค์— ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
So they did. They divided Northern Alabama into 11 zones,
310
830330
3000
์•Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋ฅผ 11๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋‹ค์Œ
13:53
and within three years, about 100 dollars per house,
311
833330
2000
3๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ, ํ•œ์ง‘ ๋‹น 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์”ฉ์„ ๋“ค์ธ ๋์—
13:55
they mosquito proofed every house.
312
835330
2000
๋ชจ๋“  ์ง‘๋“ค์— ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
And these are the data.
313
837330
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํƒ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
Every row across here represents one of those 11 zones.
314
839330
4000
์ด ํ‘œ์˜ ๊ฐ ์—ด์€ 11 ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
And the asterisks represent the time at which
315
843330
2000
๋ณ„ํ‘œ๋“ค์€
14:05
the mosquito proofing was complete.
316
845330
2000
๋ฐฉ์ถฉ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์‹œ์ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
And so what you can see is that
317
847330
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:09
just the mosquito-proofed housing, and nothing else,
318
849330
3000
์ง‘์ง‘๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„
14:12
caused the eradication of malaria.
319
852330
2000
๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
And this was, incidentally, published in 1949,
320
854330
2000
์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 1949๋…„์—
14:16
in the leading textbook of malaria, called "Boyd's Malariology."
321
856330
3000
"๋ณด์ด๋“œ์˜ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ•™"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
But almost no malaria experts even know it exists.
322
859330
3000
์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋„ ์ด ์ฑ…์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋“ฏ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
This is important,
323
862330
2000
์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
because it tells us that if you have moderate biting densities,
324
864330
2000
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ๋ผ๋„
14:26
you can eradicate malaria by mosquito proofing houses.
325
866330
2000
์ง‘์—๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ ˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
14:28
Now, I would suggest that you could do this in a lot of places.
326
868330
3000
์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์—๋‹ค ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
Like, you know, just as you get into the malaria zone,
327
871330
4000
๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”
14:35
sub-Saharan Africa.
328
875330
2000
์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์ด๋‚จ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
14:37
But as you move to really intense biting rate areas, like Nigeria,
329
877330
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
14:40
you're certainly not going to eradicate.
330
880330
2000
๊ทผ์ ˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
14:42
But that's when you should be favoring evolution towards mildness.
331
882330
4000
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—๋ผ๋„ ๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
14:46
So to me, it's an experiment that's waiting to happen,
332
886330
3000
์ด๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๊ณง ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
and if it confirms the prediction, then
333
889330
2000
์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๋งž์•„ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ์ œ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:51
we should have a very powerful tool.
334
891330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
In a way, much more powerful than the kind of tools we're looking at,
335
893330
3000
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
because most of what's being done today is
336
896330
2000
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์š”์ฆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š”
14:58
to rely on things like anti-malarial drugs.
337
898330
2000
ํ•ญ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ •๋„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
15:00
And we know that, although it's great to make those
338
900330
3000
๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ฝํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด
15:03
anti-malarial drugs available at really low cost and high frequency,
339
903330
5000
์ข‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
15:08
we know that when you make them highly available
340
908330
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก
15:11
you're going to get resistance to those drugs.
341
911330
2000
๋ณ‘๊ท ์˜ ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ์ค„ ํ…Œ์ด๋‹ˆ...
15:13
And so it's a short-term solution.
342
913330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์—” ์—†์ง€์š”.
15:15
This is a long-term solution.
343
915330
2000
์œ„์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
What I'm suggesting here is that we could get evolution
344
917330
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ € ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:19
working in the direction we want it to go,
345
919330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”์  ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
rather than always having to battle evolution as a problem
346
921330
3000
๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์•ฝ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ดค๋“ฏ,
15:24
that stymies our efforts to control the pathogen,
347
924330
3000
๋ณ‘๊ท ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ํ›ผ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋†“๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
15:27
for example with anti-malarial drugs.
348
927330
2000
์‹ธ์›Œ์•ผํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
15:29
So, this table I've given just to emphasize
349
929330
3000
์ด ํ‘œ๋Š” ์œ„์—์„œ ๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋“ค์„
15:32
that I've only talked about two examples.
350
932330
3000
๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
But as I said earlier, this kind of logic applies across the board
351
935330
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์—๋„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ
15:38
for infectious diseases, and it ought to.
352
938330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
15:40
Because when we're dealing with infectious diseases, we're dealing with living systems.
353
940330
4000
๊ฐ์—ผ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
We're dealing with living systems;
354
944330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
we're dealing with systems that evolve.
355
946330
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์„œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
15:48
And so if you do something with those systems,
356
948330
2000
๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด
15:50
they're going to evolve one way or another.
357
950330
2000
๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
And all I'm saying is that we need to figure out how they'll evolve,
358
952330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:55
so that -- we need to adjust our interventions
359
955330
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ "๊ฐœ์ž…"์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”
15:57
to get the most bang for the intervention buck,
360
957330
3000
์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”
16:00
so that we can get these organisms to evolve in the direction we want them to go.
361
960330
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
16:03
So, I don't really have time to talk about those things,
362
963330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์žฅ์— ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ
16:05
but I did want to put them up there,
363
965330
2000
์ €๊ธฐ์—๋‹ค ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:07
just to give you a sense that there really are solutions
364
967330
3000
์ ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
16:10
to controlling the evolution of harmfulness
365
970330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”
16:13
of some of the nasty pathogens that we're confronted with.
366
973330
4000
"ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…"๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ตฌ์š”.
16:19
And this links up with a lot of the other ideas that have been talked about.
367
979330
4000
์ด๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
So, for example, earlier today there was discussion of,
368
983330
5000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ข€ ์ „์—
16:28
how do you really lower sexual transmission of HIV?
369
988330
6000
HIV์˜ ์ „์—ผ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค
16:34
What this emphasizes is that we need to figure out how it will work.
370
994330
3000
์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ• ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ์•ˆ์„ ๋‘ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
16:37
Will it maybe get lowered if we alter the economy of the area?
371
997330
3000
๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:40
It may get lowered if we intervene in ways that
372
1000330
2000
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ์œ ๋„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
16:42
encourage people to stay more faithful to partners, and so on.
373
1002330
4000
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
16:46
But the key thing is to figure out how to lower it,
374
1006330
2000
ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆด๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€... ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
because if we lower it, we'll get an evolutionary change in the virus.
375
1008330
3000
๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
16:51
And the data really do support this:
376
1011330
2000
์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋„ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ›์ณ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
that you actually do get the virus evolving towards mildness.
377
1013330
3000
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋„ ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:56
And that will just add to the effectiveness of our control efforts.
378
1016330
5000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด์ง€์š”.
17:01
So the other thing I really like about this,
379
1021330
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
17:03
besides the fact that it brings a whole new dimension
380
1023330
2000
์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ํ†ต์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
17:05
into the study of control of disease,
381
1025330
4000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจ์›์„ ์—ด์–ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
17:09
is that often the kinds of interventions that you want,
382
1029330
3000
ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด๊ณ ,
17:12
that it indicates should be done,
383
1032330
2000
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด๊ณ 
17:14
are the kinds of interventions that people want anyhow.
384
1034330
2000
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ž…,
17:16
But people just haven't been able to justify the cost.
385
1036330
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ์ž…๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
17:19
So, this is the kind of thing I'm talking about.
386
1039330
3000
๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
17:22
If we know that we're going to get extra bang for the buck from providing clean water,
387
1042330
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๋น„ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ผ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
then I think that we can say,
388
1045330
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
17:27
let's push the effort into that aspect of the control,
389
1047330
4000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ œ์–ด์—๋„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
17:31
so that we can actually solve the problem,
390
1051330
3000
๋•Œ๋ก  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
even though, if you just look at the frequency of infection,
391
1054330
3000
๋น„๋ก ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋งŒ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด
17:37
you would suggest that you can't solve the problem well enough
392
1057330
4000
๋ฌผ์„ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
17:41
just by cleaning up water supply.
393
1061330
2000
๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„์ง€๋ผ๋‘์š”.
17:43
Anyhow, I'll end that there, and thank you very much.
394
1063330
2000
์•„๋ฌดํŠผ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋๋งˆ์น˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
(Applause)
395
1065330
2000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7