Math can help uncover cancer's secrets | Irina Kareva

75,412 views ใƒป 2018-04-25

TED


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Yasushi Aoki ๆ กๆญฃ: Masaki Yanagishita
00:12
I am a translator.
0
12549
1243
็งใฏใ€Œ็ฟป่จณ่€…ใ€ใงใ™
00:14
I translate from biology into mathematics
1
14514
3191
็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ•ฐๅญฆใธ
00:17
and vice versa.
2
17729
1150
ใพใŸใใฎ้€†ใฎ ใ€Œ็ฟป่จณใ€ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™
00:19
I write mathematical models
3
19588
1790
็งใฏๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใชใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใ‚’ ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใฆโ€”
00:21
which, in my case, are systems of differential equations,
4
21402
2847
็งใฎๅ ดๅˆ ๅพฎๅˆ†ๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใงใ™ใŒ
00:24
to describe biological mechanisms,
5
24273
1947
ใใ‚Œใง็ดฐ่ƒžใฎๆˆ้•ทใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ใ‚’่จ˜่ฟฐใ—ใพใ™
00:26
such as cell growth.
6
26244
1158
00:28
Essentially, it works like this.
7
28122
1848
ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏ ใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ™
00:30
First, I identify the key elements
8
30573
2469
ใพใš ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ใ‚’ ๅ‹•ใ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒไฝ•ใ‹
00:33
that I believe may be driving behavior over time
9
33066
2777
ใใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„่ฆ็ด ใ‚’
00:35
of a particular mechanism.
10
35867
1539
ๆŽขใ—ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™
00:38
Then, I formulate assumptions
11
38230
1891
ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ฆ็ด ใŒ
00:40
about how these elements interact with each other
12
40145
2886
ใŠไบ’ใ„ๅŒๅฃซใ‚„ๅ‘จๅ›ฒใจ ใฉใ†็›ธไบ’ไฝœ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹
ไปฎ่ชฌใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใพใ™
00:43
and with their environment.
13
43055
1337
00:44
It may look something like this.
14
44916
1772
ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ™
00:46
Then, I translate these assumptions into equations,
15
46712
3317
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ ใใฎไปฎๅฎšใ‚’ ๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใซๆ›ธใ็›ดใ—ใพใ™
00:50
which may look something like this.
16
50610
1824
ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฎ
00:53
Finally, I analyze my equations
17
53434
1890
ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใใฎๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ—
00:55
and translate the results back into the language of biology.
18
55348
3101
็ตๆžœใ‚’ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใธใจ ็ฟป่จณใ—ใพใ™
01:00
A key aspect of mathematical modeling
19
60156
2420
ๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ไธŠใง ้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏ
01:02
is that we, as modelers, do not think about what things are;
20
62600
3908
็‰ฉไบ‹ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ
01:06
we think about what they do.
21
66532
1855
ใใฎๆŒ™ๅ‹•ใ‚’ ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
01:08
We think about relationships between individuals,
22
68411
2489
ๅฏพ่ฑกใŒ็ดฐ่ƒžใงใ‚ใ‚Œ ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚„ไบบ้–“ใงใ‚ใ‚Œ
01:10
whether they be cells, animals or people,
23
70924
2886
ๅ„่ฆ็ด ใฎ้–“ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒ ใฉใ†ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
01:13
and how they interact with each other and with their environment.
24
73834
3048
ไบ’ใ„ใ‚„ๅ‘จๅ›ฒใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ ใฉใ†็›ธไบ’ไฝœ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
01:17
Let me give you an example.
25
77639
1340
ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:19
What do foxes and immune cells have in common?
26
79719
3803
ใ‚ญใƒ„ใƒใจๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใซ ๅ…ฑ้€šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚ˆใ†๏ผŸ
01:24
They're both predators,
27
84793
1459
ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
01:26
except foxes feed on rabbits,
28
86744
2723
้•ใ†ใฎใฏ ใ‚ญใƒ„ใƒใŒ ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใง
01:29
and immune cells feed on invaders, such as cancer cells.
29
89491
3330
ๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไพต็•ฅ่€…ใ ใจใ„ใ†็‚นใงใ™
01:33
But from a mathematical point of view,
30
93273
2345
ใงใ‚‚ๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใช่ฆ–็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
01:35
a qualitatively same system of predator-prey type equations
31
95642
4156
่ณช็š„ใซใฏ ๅŒใ˜ๆ•้ฃŸ่€…-่ขซๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใฎ ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’่กจใ™ๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
01:39
will describe interactions between foxes and rabbits
32
99822
3245
ใ‚ญใƒ„ใƒใจใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚‚
ใŒใ‚“ใจๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚‚ ่กจใ›ใพใ™
01:43
and cancer and immune cells.
33
103091
1774
01:45
Predator-prey type systems have been studied extensively
34
105609
2708
ๆ•้ฃŸ่€…-่ขซๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใฎ ใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ
็ ”็ฉถ่ซ–ๆ–‡ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Š
01:48
in scientific literature,
35
108341
1269
01:49
describing interactions of two populations,
36
109634
2378
๏ผ’ใคใฎ้›†ๅ›ฃใฎไธ€ๆ–นใฎ็”Ÿๅญ˜ใŒ ไป–ๆ–นใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซไพๅญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฎ
01:52
where survival of one depends on consuming the other.
37
112036
2775
็›ธไบ’ไฝœ็”จใจใ—ใฆ่จ˜่ฟฐใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:55
And these same equations provide a framework
38
115485
2620
ใใ‚ŒใจๅŒใ˜ๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใŒ
ใŒใ‚“ใจๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใฎ็›ธไบ’ไฝœ็”จใ‚’ ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆž ็ต„ใฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใใ‚Œ
01:58
for understanding cancer-immune interactions,
39
118129
2311
02:00
where cancer is the prey,
40
120464
1841
ใใ“ใงใฏ ใŒใ‚“ใŒ่ขซๆ•้ฃŸ่€…
02:02
and the immune system is the predator.
41
122329
2372
ๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใŒๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใงใ™
02:04
And the prey employs all sorts of tricks to prevent the predator from killing it,
42
124725
4032
่ขซๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใฏๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใซๆฎบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ„ใจใ—ใฆ ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™
02:08
ranging from camouflaging itself
43
128781
1820
่‡ชใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅฝ่ฃ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰
02:10
to stealing the predator's food.
44
130625
1839
ๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ ็›—ใ‚€ใ“ใจใพใง
02:13
This can have some very interesting implications.
45
133352
2562
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚้ข็™ฝใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ๅพ—ใพใ™
02:15
For example, despite enormous successes in the field of immunotherapy,
46
135938
4822
ใŸใจใˆใฐ ๅ…็–ซ็™‚ๆณ•ใฏ ๅคงใใชๆˆๅŠŸใ‚’ๅŽใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
02:20
there still remains somewhat limited efficacy
47
140784
2461
ๅ›บๅฝข่…ซ็˜ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏ
ไพ็„ถ ้™ๅฎš็š„ใชๅŠนๆžœใ—ใ‹ ไธŠใ’ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
02:23
when it comes solid tumors.
48
143269
1542
02:25
But if you think about it ecologically,
49
145423
2559
ใ—ใ‹ใ—็”Ÿๆ…‹ๅญฆ็š„ใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
ใŒใ‚“ใจๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžโ€”
02:28
both cancer and immune cells --
50
148006
2090
่ขซๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใจๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใฏ
02:30
the prey and the predator --
51
150120
1600
02:31
require nutrients such as glucose to survive.
52
151744
3031
ใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‚‚็”Ÿๅญ˜ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ ใƒ–ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆ็ณ–ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ „้คŠใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใพใ™
02:35
If cancer cells outcompete the immune cells for shared nutrients
53
155358
4789
่…ซ็˜ๅพฎๅฐ็’ฐๅขƒใงๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๆ „้คŠใฎ็ฒๅพ—ใซใŠใ„ใฆ
ใ‚‚ใ— ใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใŒ ๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใซๅ‹ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
02:40
in the tumor microenvironment,
54
160171
1793
02:41
then the immune cells will physically not be able to do their job.
55
161988
3414
ๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใฏ ใใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ ๆžœใŸใ›ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:46
This predator-prey-shared resource type model
56
166291
2868
ใ“ใฎใ€Œๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใจ่ขซๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใŒๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒชใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚นใ€ ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขใฎใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใŒ
02:49
is something I've worked on in my own research.
57
169183
2297
็งใŒ็ ”็ฉถใง ๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
02:51
And it was recently shown experimentally
58
171504
2724
ๆœ€่ฟ‘ ๅฎŸ้จ“็š„ใซ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒ
02:54
that restoring the metabolic balance in the tumor microenvironment --
59
174252
4054
่…ซ็˜ๅพฎๅฐ็’ฐๅขƒใฎ ไปฃ่ฌใฎใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใ‚’ๅ›žๅพฉใ™ใ‚‹ใจโ€”
02:58
that is, making sure immune cells get their food --
60
178330
3531
ใคใพใ‚Š ๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใŒใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจ ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
03:01
can give them, the predators, back their edge in fighting cancer, the prey.
61
181885
5245
ๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใฏ ่ขซๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใ‚“ใจใฎๆˆฆใ„ใง ๅ„ชไฝใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๆˆปใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
03:08
This means that if you abstract a bit,
62
188440
2339
ใ™ใ“ใ—ๆŠฝ่ฑกๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
03:10
you can think about cancer itself as an ecosystem,
63
190803
2955
ใŒใ‚“็ต„็น”ใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒ ๏ผ‘ใคใฎ็”Ÿๆ…‹็ณปใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ›
03:13
where heterogeneous populations of cells compete and cooperate
64
193782
4287
ใใฎไธญใง ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใŒ ๅ ดๆ‰€ใจๆ „้คŠใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆ
็ซถๅˆใ‚„ๅ”ๅŠ›ใ‚’ใ—
03:18
for space and nutrients,
65
198093
2017
ๆ•้ฃŸ่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใจ ๆธกใ‚ŠๅˆใฃใŸใ‚Š
03:20
interact with predators -- the immune system --
66
200134
2672
03:22
migrate -- metastases --
67
202830
2241
็งปๅ‹• ใคใพใ‚Š่ปข็งปใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Š ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใง
03:25
all within the ecosystem of the human body.
68
205095
2467
ใ™ในใฆใŒไบบไฝ“ใจใ„ใ† ็”Ÿๆ…‹็ณปใฎไธญใง่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ™
03:28
And what do we know about most ecosystems from conservation biology?
69
208221
3869
ไฟๅ…จ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใฎ็Ÿฅ่ฆ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅคšใใฎ็”Ÿๆ…‹็ณปใซใคใ„ใฆ ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
03:32
That one of the best ways to extinguish species
70
212643
2852
็จฎใ‚’็ตถๆป…ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใซใฏ
03:35
is not to target them directly
71
215519
1952
็›ดๆŽฅใใ‚Œใ‚’็‹™ใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
03:37
but to target their environment.
72
217495
2439
ใใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใ‚’็‹™ใ†ใปใ†ใŒ ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
03:40
And so, once we have identified the key components
73
220880
3070
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰่…ซ็˜็’ฐๅขƒใฎ
03:43
of the tumor environment,
74
223974
1644
ไธป่ฆใช่ฆ็ด ใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใงใใ‚Œใฐ
03:45
we can propose hypotheses
75
225642
1948
ไปฎ่ชฌใฎไฝœๆˆใ‚„
03:47
and simulate scenarios and therapeutic interventions
76
227614
3294
ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒชใ‚ชใ‚„ๆฒป็™‚ๆณ•ใฎ ใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ
03:50
all in a completely safe and affordable way
77
230932
3425
ใพใฃใŸใๅฎ‰ๅ…จใง ๅฎ‰ไพกใซ่กŒใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Š
03:54
and target different components of the microenvironment
78
234381
3369
ๅพฎๅฐ็’ฐๅขƒใฎๆง˜ใ€…ใช่ฆ็ด ใ‚’ ๆจ™็š„ใซใ—ใฆ
03:57
in such a way as to kill the cancer without harming the host,
79
237774
3996
ใŒใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใ‚’ๆฎบใ—
็งใ‚„็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฎฟไธปใ‚’ ๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใชใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆŽขใ‚Œใพใ™
04:01
such as me or you.
80
241794
1570
04:05
And so while the immediate goal of my research
81
245029
3002
็งใฎ็ ”็ฉถใฎ็›ดๆŽฅใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใฏ
04:08
is to advance research and innovation
82
248055
2266
็ ”็ฉถใ‚„ใ‚คใƒŽใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’้€ฒใ‚
04:10
and to reduce its cost,
83
250345
1896
ใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ไธ‹ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒ
04:12
the real intent, of course, is to save lives.
84
252265
2517
ๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใฏ ไบบใฎๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๆ•‘ใ†ใ“ใจใชใ‚“ใงใ™
04:15
And that's what I try to do
85
255278
1771
็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’
ๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใ‚’็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆโ€” ็‰นใซ่–ฌใฎ้–‹็™บใซ้ฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง
04:17
through mathematical modeling applied to biology,
86
257073
2747
04:19
and in particular, to the development of drugs.
87
259844
2471
่กŒใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:22
It's a field that until relatively recently has remained somewhat marginal,
88
262895
4056
ใ“ใฎๅˆ†้‡Žใฏๆฏ”่ผƒ็š„ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใพใง ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆณจ็›ฎใ•ใ‚Œใฆใฏใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใŒ
04:26
but it has matured.
89
266975
1452
ไปŠใ‚„ ๆˆ็†Ÿใ—ใฆใ„ใฆ
04:28
And there are now very well-developed mathematical methods,
90
268451
3149
ใจใฆใ‚‚็™บๅฑ•ใ—ใŸ ๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ๆ‰‹ๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
04:31
a lot of preprogrammed tools,
91
271624
1899
็„กๆ–™ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ๅซใ‚
04:33
including free ones,
92
273547
1496
ๆฒขๅฑฑใฎใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚ขใŒ ไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆ
04:35
and an ever-increasing amount of computational power available to us.
93
275067
4047
ไฝฟใˆใ‚‹่จˆ็ฎ—่ƒฝๅŠ›ใฏ ๆ—ฅใ€…ๅข—ใˆ็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:40
The power and beauty of mathematical modeling
94
280718
3399
ๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใฎๅ‰ๅŠ›ใจ็พŽใฏ
04:44
lies in the fact that it makes you formalize,
95
284141
2641
็งใŸใกใŒ ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’
04:46
in a very rigorous way,
96
286806
2087
ๅŽณๅฏ†ใชๅฝขใง
04:48
what we think we know.
97
288917
1465
ๅฎšๅผๅŒ–ใงใใ‚‹็‚นใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:50
We make assumptions,
98
290904
1444
็งใŸใกใŒไปฎ่ชฌใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Š
04:52
translate them into equations,
99
292372
1568
ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใซๆ›ธใ็›ดใ—
04:53
run simulations,
100
293964
1311
ใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ
04:55
all to answer the question:
101
295299
1773
๏ผ‘ใคใฎ็–‘ๅ•ใซ ็ญ”ใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:57
In a world where my assumptions are true,
102
297096
2246
่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไปฎ่ชฌใŒ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰
04:59
what do I expect to see?
103
299366
1570
ไฝ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:01
It's a pretty simple conceptual framework.
104
301890
2086
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ™ใ”ใใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใช ๆฆ‚ๅฟต็š„ๆž ็ต„ใฟใงใ™
05:04
It's all about asking the right questions.
105
304000
2226
ใพใšๆญฃใ—ใ„่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ๅ•ใ†ใ“ใจใŒ ไฝ•ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้‡่ฆใงใ™ใŒ
05:06
But it can unleash numerous opportunities for testing biological hypotheses.
106
306603
4095
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใชไปฎ่ชฌใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ ๅคšใใฎๆฉŸไผšใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™
05:11
If our predictions match our observations,
107
311696
2600
ใ‚‚ใ—ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰ไบˆๆธฌใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ่ฆณๅฏŸใจไธ€่‡ดใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
05:14
great! -- we got it right, so we can make further predictions
108
314320
3027
ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใŒใ†ใพใ ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใง
ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใฎใใ“ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใฆ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซไบˆๆธฌใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
05:17
by changing this or that aspect of the model.
109
317371
2560
05:20
If, however, our predictions do not match our observations,
110
320733
3700
ใงใ‚‚ไบˆๆธฌใŒ ่ฆณๅฏŸใจไธ€่‡ดใ—ใชใ„ใชใ‚‰
05:24
that means that some of our assumptions are wrong,
111
324457
2585
ไปฎๅฎšใŒใฉใ“ใ‹ ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
05:27
and so our understanding of the key mechanisms
112
327066
2433
่ƒŒๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ ใƒกใ‚ซใƒ‹ใ‚บใƒ ใฎ็†่งฃใŒ
05:29
of underlying biology
113
329523
1439
ใฉใ“ใ‹ใพใ 
05:30
is still incomplete.
114
330986
1270
ไธๅฎŒๅ…จใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
05:32
Luckily, since this is a model,
115
332829
2362
ใ•ใ„ใ‚ใ„ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใชใฎใง
05:35
we control all the assumptions.
116
335215
1889
ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ไปฎๅฎšใ‚’ ๅˆถๅพกใงใใพใ™
05:37
So we can go through them, one by one,
117
337128
2140
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปฎๅฎšใฎ ๏ผ‘ใคใฒใจใคใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆ
05:39
identifying which one or ones are causing the discrepancy.
118
339292
3829
ใฉใ“ใง้ฝŸ้ฝฌใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ ็‰นๅฎšใงใใพใ™
05:43
And then we can fill this newly identified gap in knowledge
119
343637
3356
ๆ–ฐใŸใซ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใฃใŸ ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใฎ็ฉดใ‚’ๅŸ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใซใฏ
ๅฎŸ้จ“็š„ๆ‰‹ๆฎตใจ ็†่ซ–็š„ๆ‰‹ๆฎตใฎ ไธกๆ–นใŒไฝฟใˆใพใ™
05:47
using both experimental and theoretical approaches.
120
347017
2715
05:50
Of course, any ecosystem is extremely complex,
121
350699
2821
ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“็”Ÿๆ…‹็ณปใฏ ็š†ใจใฆใ‚‚่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใง
05:53
and trying to describe all the moving parts is not only very difficult,
122
353544
3843
ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ๅค‰ๅ‹•่ฆๅ› ใ‚’่จ˜่ฟฐใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ๅคงๅค‰ใชใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
05:57
but also not very informative.
123
357411
1662
ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅฝนใซใ‚‚็ซ‹ใกใพใ›ใ‚“
05:59
There's also the issue of timescales,
124
359518
2066
ๆ™‚้–“็š„ๅฐบๅบฆใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:01
because some processes take place on a scale of seconds, some minutes,
125
361608
3668
ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ๆ•ฐ็ง’้–“ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
ๆ•ฐๅˆ† ๆ•ฐๆ—ฅ ๆ•ฐๅนดใฎ ใ‚‚ใฎใพใงใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:05
some days, months and years.
126
365300
1948
06:07
It may not always be possible to separate those out experimentally.
127
367272
3199
ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใง ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใฎใฏ ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:11
And some things happen so quickly or so slowly
128
371143
3384
ใพใŸ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซๆ—ฉใ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจ่ตทใใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
06:14
that you may physically never be able to measure them.
129
374551
2720
็‰ฉ็†็š„ใซ่จˆๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใงใใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
06:17
But as mathematicians,
130
377295
2288
ใงใ‚‚ๆ•ฐๅญฆ่€…ใซใฏ
06:19
we have the power to zoom in on any subsystem in any timescale
131
379607
5645
ใฉใ‚“ใชๆ™‚้–“ๅฐบๅบฆใฎ ใฉใ‚“ใชใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใซใ‚‚ ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ—
06:25
and simulate effects of interventions
132
385276
2124
ใฉใ‚“ใชๆ™‚้–“ๅฐบๅบฆใง่ตทใใ‚‹ ๅŠนๆžœใ ใ‚ใ†ใจ
06:27
that take place in any timescale.
133
387424
2701
ใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใใพใ™
06:31
Of course, this isn't the work of a modeler alone.
134
391942
2934
ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซไฝœๆˆ่€…ใŒ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงใ‚„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใฏใชใ
06:34
It has to happen in close collaboration with biologists.
135
394900
3289
็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ่€…ใจใฎๅฏ†ใชๅ”ๅŠ›ใฎๅ…ƒใง ่กŒใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:38
And it does demand some capacity of translation
136
398213
3004
ใใ—ใฆ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๅดใซใ‚‚
ใ‚ใ‚‹็จ‹ๅบฆใฎ็ฟป่จณ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใŒ ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
06:41
on both sides.
137
401241
1204
06:43
But starting with a theoretical formulation of a problem
138
403550
3788
ๅ•้กŒใ‚’็†่ซ–็š„ใซ ๆ•ฐๅผๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง
06:47
can unleash numerous opportunities for testing hypotheses
139
407362
3497
ไปฎ่ชฌใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚„ ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒชใ‚ชใ‚„ๆฒป็™‚ใฎใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’
06:50
and simulating scenarios and therapeutic interventions,
140
410883
3239
ใพใฃใŸใๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซ่กŒใˆใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†
06:54
all in a completely safe way.
141
414146
2070
ๅคšใใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™
06:56
It can identify gaps in knowledge and logical inconsistencies
142
416977
5175
ใฉใ“ใซ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใฎ็ฉดใ‚„ ่ซ–็†็š„้žไธ€่ฒซๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใงใ
07:02
and can help guide us as to where we should keep looking
143
422176
2839
ใฉใ“ใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹ในใใ‹
07:05
and where there may be a dead end.
144
425039
1895
ใฉใ“ใŒ่กŒใๆญขใพใ‚Šใ‹ใ‚’ ๆŒ‡ใ—็คบใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
07:07
In other words:
145
427632
1247
ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
07:08
mathematical modeling can help us answer questions
146
428903
3494
ๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใŒ
ไบบใฎๅฅๅบทใซ็›ดๆŽฅ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹็–‘ๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ ๅŠฉใ‘ใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
07:12
that directly affect people's health --
147
432421
2388
07:15
that affect each person's health, actually --
148
435942
2704
ๅ€‹ใ€…ไบบใฎๅฅๅบทใจ่จ€ใฃใŸๆ–นใŒ ่‰ฏใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
07:18
because mathematical modeling will be key
149
438670
2676
ๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใŒ
ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใƒกใƒผใƒ‰ๅŒป็™‚ใ‚’ๆŽจ้€ฒใ™ใ‚‹ ้ตใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
07:21
to propelling personalized medicine.
150
441370
1834
07:24
And it all comes down to asking the right question
151
444112
3067
ใใ—ใฆ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ๆญฃใ—ใ„่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ๅ•ใ„
07:27
and translating it to the right equation ...
152
447711
2075
้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Š
ใใ‚Œใ‚’็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใซ ๆ„ๅ‘ณไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
07:30
and back.
153
450670
1150
07:32
Thank you.
154
452533
1151
ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
07:33
(Applause)
155
453708
3299
(ๆ‹ๆ‰‹)
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7