Math can help uncover cancer's secrets | Irina Kareva

75,412 views ใƒป 2018-04-25

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Saechan Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I am a translator.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
I translate from biology into mathematics
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
and vice versa.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
00:19
I write mathematical models
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์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:21
which, in my case, are systems of differential equations,
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์ €์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉด์„œ
00:24
to describe biological mechanisms,
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์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ฐ™์€
00:26
such as cell growth.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Essentially, it works like this.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
First, I identify the key elements
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ํŠน์ • ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์—์„œ
00:33
that I believe may be driving behavior over time
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š”
00:35
of a particular mechanism.
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Then, I formulate assumptions
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ
00:40
about how these elements interact with each other
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ํ˜น์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์„
00:43
and with their environment.
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๊ณต์‹ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
It may look something like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:46
Then, I translate these assumptions into equations,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ€์ •๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
which may look something like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:53
Finally, I analyze my equations
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์„œ
00:55
and translate the results back into the language of biology.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
A key aspect of mathematical modeling
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
01:02
is that we, as modelers, do not think about what things are;
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์ €๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:06
we think about what they do.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
We think about relationships between individuals,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€
01:10
whether they be cells, animals or people,
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๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
and how they interact with each other and with their environment.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ , ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋“ , ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:17
Let me give you an example.
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์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
01:19
What do foxes and immune cells have in common?
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์—ฌ์šฐ์™€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:24
They're both predators,
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํฌ์‹์ž์ฃ .
01:26
except foxes feed on rabbits,
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์—ฌ์šฐ๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ ,
01:29
and immune cells feed on invaders, such as cancer cells.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์•”์„ธํฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์นจ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋นผ๋ฉด์š”.
01:33
But from a mathematical point of view,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:35
a qualitatively same system of predator-prey type equations
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ํฌ์‹์ž์™€ ํ”ผ์‹์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
01:39
will describe interactions between foxes and rabbits
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์—ฌ์šฐ์™€ ํ† ๋ผ
01:43
and cancer and immune cells.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•”๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
Predator-prey type systems have been studied extensively
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ํฌ์‹์ž์™€ ํ”ผ์‹์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ
01:48
in scientific literature,
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ํญ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
describing interactions of two populations,
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž์™€ ํ”ผ์‹์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
01:52
where survival of one depends on consuming the other.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ํฌ์‹์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด์€ ํ”ผ์‹์ž๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
And these same equations provide a framework
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹์€ ์•”๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
01:58
for understanding cancer-immune interactions,
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์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ‹€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
where cancer is the prey,
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์ด ์‹์—์„œ ํ”ผ์‹์ž๋Š” ์•”์ด,
02:02
and the immune system is the predator.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:04
And the prey employs all sorts of tricks to prevent the predator from killing it,
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ํ”ผ์‹์ž๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ–๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:08
ranging from camouflaging itself
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์œ„์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชธ์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
02:10
to stealing the predator's food.
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ํฌ์‹์ž์˜ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ํ›”์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
This can have some very interesting implications.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
For example, despite enormous successes in the field of immunotherapy,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฉด์—ญ ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
02:20
there still remains somewhat limited efficacy
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๊ณ ํ˜• ์ข…์–‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
02:23
when it comes solid tumors.
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๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
But if you think about it ecologically,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:28
both cancer and immune cells --
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์•”๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ,
02:30
the prey and the predator --
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์ฆ‰ ํ”ผ์‹์ž์™€ ํฌ์‹์ž ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š”
02:31
require nutrients such as glucose to survive.
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์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
If cancer cells outcompete the immune cells for shared nutrients
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋‚ด์˜ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
02:40
in the tumor microenvironment,
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์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:41
then the immune cells will physically not be able to do their job.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
This predator-prey-shared resource type model
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์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํฌ์‹์ž์™€ ํ”ผ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์›์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€
02:49
is something I've worked on in my own research.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์˜ค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
And it was recently shown experimentally
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:54
that restoring the metabolic balance in the tumor microenvironment --
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๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋‚ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
02:58
that is, making sure immune cells get their food --
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:01
can give them, the predators, back their edge in fighting cancer, the prey.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์•” ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
This means that if you abstract a bit,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,
03:10
you can think about cancer itself as an ecosystem,
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์•” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋กœ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
where heterogeneous populations of cells compete and cooperate
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์ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:18
for space and nutrients,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
interact with predators -- the immune system --
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ํฌ์‹์ž, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:22
migrate -- metastases --
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์ด์ฃผ, ์ฆ‰ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
all within the ecosystem of the human body.
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์ธ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:28
And what do we know about most ecosystems from conservation biology?
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๋ณด์กด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:32
That one of the best ways to extinguish species
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์„ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
03:35
is not to target them directly
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๊ทธ ์ข…์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:37
but to target their environment.
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๊ทธ ์ข…์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
And so, once we have identified the key components
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„
03:43
of the tumor environment,
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์‹๋ณ„ํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:45
we can propose hypotheses
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
03:47
and simulate scenarios and therapeutic interventions
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๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
all in a completely safe and affordable way
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
and target different components of the microenvironment
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๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
in such a way as to kill the cancer without harming the host,
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์ €๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:01
such as me or you.
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์•”์„ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:05
And so while the immediate goal of my research
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์€
04:08
is to advance research and innovation
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ง„์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
04:10
and to reduce its cost,
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๊ทธ์— ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:12
the real intent, of course, is to save lives.
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
And that's what I try to do
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€
04:17
through mathematical modeling applied to biology,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™, ํŠนํžˆ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
and in particular, to the development of drugs.
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04:22
It's a field that until relatively recently has remained somewhat marginal,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:26
but it has matured.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
And there are now very well-developed mathematical methods,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์š”์ฆ˜์€ ์ž˜ ์งœ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๊ณผ
04:31
a lot of preprogrammed tools,
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์‚ฌ์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํˆด์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
including free ones,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
and an ever-increasing amount of computational power available to us.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:40
The power and beauty of mathematical modeling
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์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ํž˜๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์€
04:44
lies in the fact that it makes you formalize,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
04:46
in a very rigorous way,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
04:48
what we think we know.
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๊ณต์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
We make assumptions,
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๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:52
translate them into equations,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ •๋“ค์„ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ
04:53
run simulations,
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์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
all to answer the question:
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์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:57
In a world where my assumptions are true,
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"๋‚ด ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งž๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:59
what do I expect to see?
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ?"
05:01
It's a pretty simple conceptual framework.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
It's all about asking the right questions.
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๊ทธ์ € ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
But it can unleash numerous opportunities for testing biological hypotheses.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
If our predictions match our observations,
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์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋งž์•„๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:14
great! -- we got it right, so we can make further predictions
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์„ฑ๊ณต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ๋งž์•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•ด์„œ
05:17
by changing this or that aspect of the model.
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๋” ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
If, however, our predictions do not match our observations,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:24
that means that some of our assumptions are wrong,
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์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:27
and so our understanding of the key mechanisms
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ช… ์ž‘์šฉ์˜
05:29
of underlying biology
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์ฃผ์š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€
05:30
is still incomplete.
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์•„์ง ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Luckily, since this is a model,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:35
we control all the assumptions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
So we can go through them, one by one,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์งš์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
05:39
identifying which one or ones are causing the discrepancy.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์˜ ์›์ธ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
And then we can fill this newly identified gap in knowledge
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ
05:47
using both experimental and theoretical approaches.
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์‹คํ—˜์ ,์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
Of course, any ecosystem is extremely complex,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ 
05:53
and trying to describe all the moving parts is not only very difficult,
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์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:57
but also not very informative.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
There's also the issue of timescales,
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๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
because some processes take place on a scale of seconds, some minutes,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ดˆ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
06:05
some days, months and years.
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์—ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
It may not always be possible to separate those out experimentally.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
And some things happen so quickly or so slowly
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๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ํ˜น์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
06:14
that you may physically never be able to measure them.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
But as mathematicians,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์ธ ์ €ํฌ๋Š”
06:19
we have the power to zoom in on any subsystem in any timescale
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์–ด๋–ค ํ•˜์œ„ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋“ ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:25
and simulate effects of interventions
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๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋“ ์ง€
06:27
that take place in any timescale.
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๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Of course, this isn't the work of a modeler alone.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ œ์ž‘์ž ํ˜ผ์ž๋งŒ์˜ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
It has to happen in close collaboration with biologists.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
06:38
And it does demand some capacity of translation
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ผ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ
06:41
on both sides.
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'ํ†ต์—ญ'์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
But starting with a theoretical formulation of a problem
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:47
can unleash numerous opportunities for testing hypotheses
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ• 
06:50
and simulating scenarios and therapeutic interventions,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
all in a completely safe way.
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์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:56
It can identify gaps in knowledge and logical inconsistencies
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์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:02
and can help guide us as to where we should keep looking
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ ๋ง‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์€ ์–ด๋””์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ
07:05
and where there may be a dead end.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
In other words:
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
07:08
mathematical modeling can help us answer questions
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์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ œ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ๋“ค์—
07:12
that directly affect people's health --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
that affect each person's health, actually --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
07:18
because mathematical modeling will be key
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ œ์ž‘์ด
07:21
to propelling personalized medicine.
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๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
And it all comes down to asking the right question
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
07:27
and translating it to the right equation ...
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
07:30
and back.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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